The floods in China are very frequent. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the main floods in China are as follows. 195 1 year: Liaohe flood. There are 434,000 square meters of flooded farmland in Liaoning and Jilin provinces, with 876,000 people affected and more than 31000 people killed. 1954: the Yangtze River and Huaihe River floods. The flooded farmland in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 3 1.7 million hm2, with a population of 1.88 million, and more than 30,000 people died. There are 4.082 million hectares of cultivated land in Huaihe River Basin. 1858: The Yellow River overflowed. The biggest flood occurred in Huayuankou Station of the Yellow River since the measured data, and the beach area and Dongping Lake were flooded. 1963: Haihe River flood. A catastrophic flood occurred in the south of Haihe River, which flooded 4.4 million hectares of farmland and interrupted the Beijing-Guangzhou railway. 1975: Huaihe River is in the water. At the beginning of August, a rare rainstorm occurred in the upper reaches of Huaihe River. The rainfall in Zhuanglin, Biyang County, Henan Province reached 1605.3mm in three days, and two large reservoirs in the center of the rainstorm burst. There are 8.2 million people in Henan province, and 6.5438+0.06 million square meters of cultivated land suffered from severe floods, with 5.6 million houses collapsed and 26,000 people died. 198 1 year: the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were flooded. Sichuan province 138 counties and cities were affected. 1982: Yellow River flood. 199 1 year: Huaihe River and Taihu Lake are flooded. The Huaihe River is flooded with 40 1 10,000 hm2 of cultivated land, 54.23 million people affected by the disaster, and10.96 million houses collapsed. 1994: Xijiang flood. 1995: The Yangtze River, Liaohe River and Songhua River are flooded. The farmland in Jiangchuan, Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces was flooded by 32 1.4 million square meters, with a population of 85.26 million. The farmland in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in Northeast China was flooded by 2.232 million hm2, and the affected population was 6.5438+0.0786 million. 1996: floods in Pearl River, Yangtze River and Haihe River. In that year, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) suffered from floods in different degrees, and more than half of the provinces (autonomous regions) were seriously affected. There are 3 1 1 cities above the county level, the affected area is11823,300 hm2, the affected population is 267 million, and the direct economic loss is 220.836 billion yuan. 1998: The Yangtze River, Nenjiang River, Songhua River, Pearl River and Minjiang River are flooded.
According to the National Seismological Network, an earthquake of magnitude 8 occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province on May 2, 2008 at 14: 28 Beijing time. At the same time, Chengdu felt a strong earthquake, and Chengdu citizens took refuge in the streets. The earthquake was felt in Beijing, Shanghai and Taiwan Province provinces, and it was obvious in most parts of the country. The epicenter was located in Wenchuan County, Aba Prefecture, and the earthquake caused serious loss of life and property.
Mianyang City 1 1874 people died and 67579 people were injured.
Deyang Deyang has been killed 1034 1 person.
More than 6,730 people died in Mianzhu, 3 1.560 people were injured, 4 1.566 people died in Chengdu and 0/.7802 people were injured.
Shifang 35 10 killed or injured more than 70 people, Dujiangyan 3 1970 people and more than 3060 people.
More than 287 people were killed and 24,625 injured in Aba Prefecture, including 20 in Wenchuan County, 2,586 in Guangyuan, 2 20 10/682 injured and 2 in Qingchuan County.
More than 870 people were killed and 3090 injured in Pengzhou.
Total: The Wenchuan earthquake has caused 40,075 deaths and 247,645 injuries.
According to the report of the Ministry of Health, 52,934 people were hospitalized due to injuries, 7,979 people were discharged and 3,304 people died in hospitals.
According to the report of Seismological Bureau of China, as of 19, at 13, * * * detected aftershocks of magnitude 4 or above 155, including 24 aftershocks of magnitude 5 or above and 4 aftershocks of magnitude 6 or above.
According to the Ministry of Civil Affairs, by the end of June, 19, 13, the whole country had received donations of 10834 billion yuan, of which 8.927 billion yuan was donated, equivalent to19.09 million yuan.
By 2 18, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the army and local civil affairs departments * * * had dispatched 2,543190,000 disaster relief tents, 723,500 beds of quilts, 783,600 pieces of cotton-padded clothes1783,600 pieces, and the value of food and drinking water was 3.421500 yuan and 65,000 yuan.
Earthquakes, floods and epidemics have brought us great losses. How to prevent and reduce disasters has become a hot topic in the world today. All countries are using various methods to predict the formation of disasters.
At present, China has established a relatively complete and wide-ranging ground monitoring and observation network for meteorology, ocean, earthquake, hydrology, forest fires, pests and diseases, and established meteorological satellites, marine satellites and land satellites, and is building a small satellite constellation system for disaster reduction. In terms of meteorological monitoring and forecasting, an advanced atmospheric detection system consisting of ground meteorological observation stations, space stations, various weather radars and meteorological satellites has been built, and a meteorological satellite data receiving and processing system, a modern meteorological communication system and a medium-term numerical forecasting operational system have been established. China has formed a basic meteorological information processing, analysis and forecasting system with reasonable division of labor, organic combination and step-by-step guidance. In order to monitor river floods, the state has established a hydrological monitoring network consisting of a large number of hydrological stations, water level stations and rainfall stations, and established remote sensing databases of early warning waters in seven flood-prone areas of rivers, and applied remote sensing technology to flood monitoring during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. Significant progress has been made in flood control and drought relief engineering technology, and some areas have reached the world advanced level. In addition, modern science and technology are used to actively carry out comprehensive management of small watersheds, such as artificial precipitation enhancement, artificial hail suppression and drip irrigation projects in agricultural areas. These technical measures have played a very positive role in disaster prevention and mitigation to a certain extent. In earthquake monitoring and earthquake resistance, more than 400 earthquake observation stations have been established and digitized during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. The China Digital Seismological System is composed of the National Digital Seismological Network composed of 48 national digital seismographic stations, 20 regional digital seismographic networks composed of more than 300 regional digital seismographic stations, several mobile digital seismographic networks and digital strong earthquake networks, and a strong earthquake early warning system and an earthquake precursor observation system have been established. A relatively complete monitoring and forecasting system has been formed, the national seismic intensity zoning map and earthquake damage prediction map have been compiled, 52 cities have been identified as national key cities for seismic fortification, comprehensive earthquake damage prevention has been carried out for engineering buildings in areas with national seismic intensity above 6 degrees, seismic fortification has been carried out for new projects in cities and large and medium-sized industrial and mining enterprises, and several railway trunk lines, main oil pipelines, several backbone power plants, large refineries, a number of key backbone iron and steel enterprises, super-large ethylene projects and large reservoirs have been strengthened. In the prevention and control of geological disasters, we have strengthened the investigation and prevention of geological disasters such as landslides, mudslides, collapses, ground subsidence and ground fissures, and adopted a comprehensive defense system including engineering defense system, biological soil and water conservation defense system, management protection system, social management system and prediction and alarm system, which has achieved certain results. At the same time, we should combine ecological construction with disaster prevention and mitigation, and implement closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, returning farmland to forests and returning farmland to lakes. Twenty-five national key prevention and control areas of soil erosion have been established, soil and water conservation projects have been implemented in seven major river basins, and comprehensive management of landscape fields and forests has been carried out in more than 1 10,000 small river basins with serious soil erosion. Ten major forestry ecological projects have been built successively, including "Three North" shelterbelts, shelterbelts in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, coastal shelterbelts, plain farmland shelterbelts, shelterbelts in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, shelterbelts in the Pearl River basin, shelterbelts in the Liaohe River basin, shelterbelts in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Taihang Mountain greening projects and desertification control projects. In addition, "Resource 1" and "Resource 2" satellites have been launched, which are widely used in resource exploration, disaster prevention and mitigation, geological disaster monitoring and scientific experiments.
However, there are still various problems in the application and construction of disaster prevention and mitigation technology in China.
1. Lack of comprehensive coordination in management.
For a long time, China's disaster management system is basically a single disaster-oriented and departmental management model, and each disaster-related management department has its own system and its own way. Because there is no permanent comprehensive management organization, there is a lack of unified coordination among disasters, and there is a lack of communication and linkage between departments, resulting in the lack of comprehensive and systematic laws and regulations, technical system policies and overall scientific and technological development plans for disaster prevention and mitigation. Lack of systematic and continuous ideological guidance on disaster prevention and mitigation is not conducive to inter-departmental coordination; Lack of comprehensive emergency technical system for disaster prevention and mitigation; Lack of comprehensive rescue experts and technical teams specializing in disaster relief; A relatively complete scientific and technological system for disaster prevention and mitigation has not yet been formed; Poor information disclosure and communication channels; Resources and information cannot be enjoyed; Scientific decision-making evaluation support system and financial guarantee system have not been established, which directly affects the effectiveness of disaster prevention and mitigation.
2. Insufficient investment and single funding channel.
China's annual investment in research and development and application of disaster prevention and mitigation technologies is very limited, and the investment in disaster prevention and mitigation infrastructure construction, scientific research equipment purchase, disaster prevention engineering construction, basic research on disaster prevention and mitigation and popularization and application of advanced technologies is insufficient. The main reason is that China's scientific research on disaster prevention and mitigation basically depends on financial allocation, and the source of funds is single. Because the social benefits of scientific research on disaster prevention and mitigation are far greater than the recent economic benefits, it is difficult to attract active investment from enterprises and social funds, which leads to the lag of scientific development and technology promotion of disaster prevention and mitigation. In addition, the promotion of scientific research results lacks intermediate links and operating mechanisms suitable for disaster prevention and mitigation laws, and the conversion rate of scientific research results for disaster prevention and mitigation is low. The popularization and application rate of some scientific research achievements in disaster prevention and mitigation is not enough 10%, which seriously affects the in-depth development of disaster prevention and mitigation work and the further improvement of the national disaster prevention and mitigation level.
3. The allocation of scientific and technological resources needs to be optimized.
The scientific and technological resources for disaster prevention and reduction in China are mainly concentrated in the fields of meteorology, earthquake, geology and environmental protection. Due to the lack of macro-coordinated management and traditional compartmentalization, on the one hand, all fields mainly focus on the development of disaster prevention and mitigation technology in this field, and research and development work is mainly limited to solving technical problems in this field. In different disasters and different links of disaster prevention and mitigation, the allocation of scientific and technological resources is unreasonable, and the level of scientific and technological development and application is uneven, which leads to serious low-level redundant construction in basic geographic information, disaster relief equipment and team building. On the other hand, instruments, equipment, materials, data, etc. All of them are owned by departments, units and even individuals, so it is impossible to realize the * * * utilization of resources, to systematically integrate resource conditions to form an efficient * * * shared social service system, and to form joint forces and overall innovation advantages.
4. The development of science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation is slow.
First, in different types of disasters and different links of disaster prevention and mitigation, the level of scientific and technological development and application is very uneven; Second, the level of emergency research and operation of various disasters is quite different, and there are many low-level repeated studies; Third, the technical means and equipment are backward, the monitoring ability is not strong, and the short-term forecasting ability is still low; Fourth, there is a lack of scientific evaluation models and methods for various disasters, and the technology of disaster information sharing and evaluation needs to be improved urgently; Fifth, the understanding and prevention technology of some major disasters have been lingering for a long time; Sixth, the existing scientific research is not closely integrated with the actual situation of the country, and the overall supporting capacity of science and technology needs to be improved.
5. Lack of high-level scientific and technological talents for disaster prevention and mitigation.
China's scientific and technological talents for disaster prevention and reduction are mainly concentrated in professional management departments and scientific research institutions. Grass-roots disaster prevention and mitigation institutions generally lack technical applied talents, which are not closely integrated with China's disaster prevention and mitigation work, especially high-level academic and technical leaders and engineering applied talents in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation. In addition, the poor scientific research funds and treatment conditions have affected the stability and development of scientific and technological personnel for disaster prevention and reduction in China.
6. Science popularization is not strong enough
The lack of unified science popularization plan, fixed science popularization education base and regular science popularization activities makes the science popularization of disaster prevention and mitigation lack of systematicness and continuity, which leads to the low level of science popularization education of knowledge and consciousness of disaster prevention and mitigation in China and the low awareness of ecological environment protection in the whole society.
The following are my suggestions on scientific and technological support for disaster prevention and reduction in China.
1. Establish a unified and perfect organizational guarantee system for disaster prevention and mitigation.
Establish a unified comprehensive disaster prevention and mitigation management organization with crisis management nature, be responsible for major policy decisions of national disaster prevention and mitigation work, and gradually realize the transformation from a single disaster management system led by departments to a comprehensive emergency management system linked by the government and departments.
Strengthen the cooperation between science and technology authorities and disaster-related management departments, and form cross-departmental, cross-regional, interdisciplinary, multi-level and distributed collaborative management functions and mechanisms.
Set up an advisory group to gather experts from various disasters, professions and relevant management departments; Establish an expert consultation system for disaster prevention and mitigation decision-making, and provide intellectual support for the government's decision-making on disaster prevention and mitigation.
2. Improve scientific and technological progress policies and innovation mechanisms for disaster prevention and mitigation.
Formulate disaster prevention and mitigation measures and policies supported by science and technology, increase investment in science and technology, and give support in scientific research, technology development, science and technology infrastructure construction, and training and selection of scientific and technological talents; Incorporate popular science knowledge of disaster prevention and mitigation into the national quality education system and work plan, improve the awareness and ability of disaster prevention and mitigation of the whole people, and appropriately incorporate disaster prevention and mitigation courses and reading materials into school education at all levels.
Establish an efficient and reasonable allocation mechanism of scientific and technological innovation resources, scientific and technological investment mechanism, achievement transformation mechanism, policy incentive mechanism and personnel training mechanism for disaster prevention and mitigation; Strengthen the research of basic science and applied science, and carry out joint research on key technologies and processes; Accelerate the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation.
3. Increase investment in science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation through multiple channels.
Incorporate the investment required for disaster prevention and mitigation into the annual science and technology budget, and support research and development, science and technology infrastructure construction, technical equipment improvement, and participation in international exchanges according to a certain proportion. And make the growth rate of science and technology investment in disaster prevention and mitigation not lower than the overall level of science and technology funding growth.
Establish a social disaster prevention and mitigation fund to absorb donations from enterprises, social organizations, citizens and overseas people, and use part of the fund for scientific and technological investment in proportion.
By giving guidance funds, we will urge local governments to increase investment in science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation, and guide technology development institutions and enterprises to invest in the research and development and industrialization of disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and products.
4. Promote the construction of a platform for sharing scientific and technological resources for disaster prevention and reduction.
With the help of the construction of the national science and technology basic platform, by formulating unified standards and norms, we will integrate the classified disaster information resources of various disaster management departments across the country and monitor the all-weather operation of the network; With network technology as the link, we will actively promote the application of geographic information system (GIS), remote control system (RS) and global positioning system (GPS) technologies to build a real-time monitoring and early warning system for major disasters covering all villages in China; Make full use of digital technology and network technology, comprehensively integrate disaster information reported by disaster prevention and mitigation units, and build a disaster prevention and mitigation technology and information resource platform including disaster emergency response, disaster information analysis, disaster rescue decision-making, and rescue information feedback.
5. Strengthen scientific and technological capacity and team building for disaster prevention and reduction.
Through the reform of scientific research system and the construction of modern research institute system, the scientific research management system of disaster prevention and mitigation scientific and technological institutions such as subject system, chief expert responsibility system and scientific research fund budget will be constructed; Encourage scientific research to be closely integrated with local disaster prevention and mitigation needs, and carry out comprehensive research and management of natural disasters; Encourage scientific research institutions and enterprises to jointly develop disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and equipment to realize industrialization; Cooperate with management departments, try to popularize advanced disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and management methods, and explore the comprehensive management model of regional disaster prevention and mitigation; Participate in key disaster prevention and mitigation projects, infrastructure construction and experimental demonstration area construction.
On the basis of training and selecting high-level talents, we will vigorously train technicians and managers of disaster prevention and reduction in front-line work and improve the working and living conditions of grassroots technicians; Attract and stabilize the talent team through scientific research projects, incentive measures, distribution system, assessment and selection, cultivate competitive research groups and strengthen the construction of innovative teams; Cultivate reserve talents for disaster prevention and mitigation, and gradually set up professional education for disaster prevention and mitigation in colleges and universities across the country.
6. Strengthen scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation in disaster prevention and reduction at home and abroad.
Encourage scientific research institutions and management departments of disaster prevention and reduction to carry out exchanges and cooperation at home and abroad, acquire advanced application technology and management experience, and follow up the latest technology. In the construction of transnational and trans-regional disaster prevention and mitigation projects, the government should actively coordinate and provide help and guarantee for the project implementation.
On may 12, a sudden earthquake instantly overthrew schools, hospitals and hometown ... in the face of natural disasters, human beings became smaller and smaller. This unexpected event has dealt a blow to our useless preparations. Disaster awareness is not enough? We can't change the earthquake. Then, sandstorm, a devastating disaster called natural disaster, will be isolated in the hot desert forever if humans don't cut down trees and destroy the land like that? There is also the Yellow River, the mother river of Chinese children. With the uncontrolled cultivation and grazing of human beings, the sediment flows into the Yellow River every year, which makes us even dare not imagine that the turbid Yellow River may have been as clear as a pair of naked eyes a long time ago ... Friend, do you know that the real source of the so-called natural disaster is the greedy heart of human beings! ! Slaughtering and caring for animals destroys a link in the ecological balance. The ultimate victim is himself! ! In the face of trees, the eyes of timber merchants are full of endless desires, but they don't know that wood will be cheap again in ten years ... You know, in the innocent mouth of children, the proverb "predecessors planted trees, and future generations enjoyed the cool" has become as helpless and unsightly as "predecessors cut down trees and future generations suffered". Know your situation? Can you take responsibility for your actions? Understand that the relationship between man and nature is either interdependent or trampling on each other? Nature is passive, it retaliates with the ecology destroyed by human beings, in fact, it is to make these people who will not be prepared for danger in times of peace wake up quickly! ! Don't let the predictions in public service advertisements come true. I believe that as long as we start from ourselves instead of empty talk, we will put it into action, and the last drop of water will definitely be a tear touched by heaven.
At present, it is urgent to protect the environment, and it is even more urgent to understand various disasters and reduce them. We should pay attention to the natural changes around us. Once we find some abnormal natural phenomena, we don't have to panic. We should report to the relevant departments as soon as possible, and the professional departments will make authoritative judgments for us. Once a disaster happens, we should first carry forward the fearless spirit, call on the masses and organize everyone and individuals to defend themselves. At the same time, we should also learn some medical knowledge and prepare necessary drugs, so that when a disaster occurs and the medical system fails to work normally, we can help ourselves and others in time.
Although the occurrence of disasters is beyond our control, I believe that the nature that will no longer be destroyed and trampled will bring us a beautiful and harmonious ecology. This hometown, which loves our life, is our first and last Eden.