Other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere-Middle East
knowledge frame
Summary of knowledge points
1, long-term hotspot
Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been the focus of the whole world. Frequent wars and conflicts have brought profound disasters to the people here. The reason is:
(1) "Three continents and Five Seas" is a battleground for military strategists;
(2) Abundant oil resources, which are necessary for developed countries and countries such as the United States and Japan to compete for resources;
(3) Water resources are scarce, and the country is fighting for survival;
(4) Differences in cultural beliefs, the country fights for religion; A few developed countries are afraid of chaos in the Middle East. They like to profit from chaos, so how can there be peace in the Middle East?
2. Land of two oceans, three continents and five seas (Figure 8.3 in P5 1)
Two oceans: the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
Three countries: Asia, Africa and Europe
Five oceans: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Red Sea and Arabian Sea.
Middle East: Middle East = West Asia-Afghanistan+Egypt+Turkey Europe, 20-40 north latitude, belonging to tropical and subtropical areas.
Two strategic locations: Suez Canal (which greatly shortens the voyage from Asian ports to Europe) and Turkey Strait (which is the only passage for the Black Sea to enter and leave the Mediterranean Sea, and is also an important passage for communication between Asia and Europe. )
3. Abundant oil resources
The world's largest oil treasure house: reserves, output and output rank first in the world;
Distribution: Persian Gulf and its coastal areas
Three important oil export transportation lines: (P53 Figure 8.6)
3. Lack of water resources
The climate is hot and dry → rivers are scarce → distribution and competition of rivers and lakes → war.
Distribution characteristics of water resources: uneven distribution and multi-country utilization.
Solutions to water shortage: seawater desalination project in Saudi Arabia, water-saving agriculture in Israel and inter-basin water transfer in Egypt.
4. Cultural differences
Arab world: The residents of most countries and regions in the Middle East, mainly Arabs, believe in Islam.
The birthplace of the three major religions:
Three major religions: Islam, Christianity and Judaism.
Two holy places: Jerusalem (Islam, Christianity, Judaism) and Mecca (Islam).
Arab-Israeli conflict: The key to the Middle East issue is the conflict between Arab countries and Israel, and the focus of the Arab-Israeli conflict is in the Palestinian area.
Summary of geographical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade: 8.4 Australian Education Edition
Summary of some knowledge points of other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere-Australia. The main knowledge points include Australia's natural environment, natural conditions and climate.
Other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere-Australia
knowledge frame
Summary of knowledge points
1, World Museum of Living Fossils (many ancient and unique creatures)
Animals on the national emblem: kangaroos and emus.
Ancient and primitive creatures: ① representative animals: kangaroo, emu, platypus, koala (koala); ② There are 9,000 endemic plants, 450 endemic birds and 0/40 marsupials.
The reason for the existence of ancient creatures: the Australian continent has been alone in the ocean of the southern hemisphere for a long time, slowing down the pace of biological evolution.
Geographical location of Australia: Australia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere, with a latitude of about10s–43s, and the Tropic of Capricorn passes through the central part of the country. Mostly tropical, the south belongs to the south temperate zone; Australia borders the Indian Ocean to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the east, Asia to the north and Antarctica to the south.
Australia: Australia includes mainland Australia, Tasmania and some nearby islands, covering an area of 7.68 million square kilometers. It is the only country in the world that monopolizes a continent.
2. countries that "ride on the back of sheep" (there are a lot of sheep)
Natural conditions (Figure 8.38 in Australian topographic map P75)
Topography and rivers and lakes: there is a great watershed in the east and murray river runs through from north to south; There is a world-famous Great Barrier Reef on the northeast coast. The west is a vast low plateau, accounting for about half of the country's area; The middle is a large area of plain, and the lowest place is Lake Ayr. There are few rivers on the plain, but groundwater is abundant. There are artesian wells in the low-lying areas of the central plain, so it is also called "great artesian basin".
Climate in Australia (Figure 8.39 on page 76)
Developed agriculture and animal husbandry: ① the country that exports the most sheep and wool in the world, because there are many sheep, Australia is called "riding on the back of sheep"; ② Important beef and wheat exporting countries; ③ Mechanization of production has been realized.
Relationship between distribution of agriculture and animal husbandry in Australia and topography and climate
① Relationship with topography: The western, northern and central parts of Australia are low plateaus and great plains, with excellent pastures and no large wild carnivores, which are suitable for grazing in open fences. The southeast and southwest coastal areas are suitable for grazing and farming, and there is no conflict in time, so mixed agriculture is developed.
② Relationship with climate: the central, western and northern regions have a vast tropical desert climate and savanna climate, which is relatively dry and suitable for livestock wintering and reproduction; The southeast region has a temperate maritime climate, and the subtropical humid climate is hot and rainy in summer. The southwest region has a Mediterranean climate, which is humid in winter and hot and dry in summer. Such climatic characteristics are suitable for both animal husbandry and agriculture, so mixed agriculture has been developed in these areas.
3. Countries that are "sitting on the harvester" (mineral exports account for a large proportion of total exports)
Rich in mineral resources: iron ore-west, coal mine-east coast, bauxite-northeast.
Industry and mining industry: On the basis of abundant mineral resources, Australia's mining industry, metallurgy industry and machinery manufacturing industry developed rapidly after the Second World War and have become important pillar industries of the national economy. More than half of the minerals mined in Australia are exported, and Australia is one of the major exporters of mineral products in the world. Because mineral products account for a large proportion of total exports, Australia is called a country sitting on a mine car.
Service industry: becoming the economic pillar of Australia.
Major cities: (Figure 8.40 on page 77)
Canberra: the capital
Sydney: the largest industrial center and port city.
Melbourne: the second largest city in China.
Distribution law of population and cities: Southeast coastal areas
Summary of geographical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade: 8.3 Sub-Saharan Africa Education Edition
Summary of knowledge points in sub-Saharan Africa, other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere. The main knowledge points include the relationship between the natural environment in sub-Saharan Africa, the economy dominated by single commodity, population and food environment.
Other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere-Sub-Saharan Africa
knowledge frame
Summary of knowledge points
1, the hometown of blacks (P67 figure 8.26)
Population: More than 600 million people, more than 90% are black, so sub-Saharan Africa is also called "black Africa".
natural environment
2. Single commodity economy.
Two concepts: ① Primary products: unprocessed or simply processed raw materials and semi-finished products; ② Single commodity economy: an economy that relies too much on the production of one or several products.
Features: Over-reliance on one or several primary products.
Reason: long-term occupation and crazy plunder by colonialists.
Disadvantages: the export of low-priced industrial raw materials and semi-finished products, the import of expensive industrial finished products, and the export commodity prices are affected by developed countries, which restricts the development of China.
Way out: C? te d 'Ivoire in West Africa, for example, is called "the successful experience of Africa". (1) develop national industries in the region and reduce the import of industrial products; ② Developing diversified agriculture and agricultural products processing; (3) Unite, unite and cooperate, give full play to the resource advantages of the region and safeguard the basic interests of all countries.
3. Population, food and environment
Population: The natural growth rate ranks first among all continents in the world, reaching 2.2%.
Grain: backward production and low output.
Environment: Reclaiming grassland, deforestation and overgrazing lead to the loss of land fertility, grassland degradation, land desertification and ecological environment deterioration.
The internal relationship among population, food and environment;
Solution: control the population growth rate, improve the production level of agriculture and animal husbandry and protect the natural environment.
The savanna climate in sub-Saharan Africa
Features: high temperature all year round, precipitation can be divided into obvious dry and wet seasons, with abundant precipitation in rainy season and little precipitation in dry season.
Distribution: It is distributed in the north and south sides of the tropical rain forest in Africa, showing horseshoe shape, which is the largest distribution area of tropical grassland in the world.
Impact: it is easy to form a serious drought.
Knowledge expansion of senior high school entrance examination
The Relationship among Population, Food and Environment
Similarities and differences between tropical grassland climate and tropical monsoon climate
Similarities: high temperature all year round, obvious in dry and wet seasons.
Difference:
Summary of geographical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade: 8.2 European Westerner Education Edition
Summary of some knowledge points in other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere-Western Europe. The main knowledge points are the geographical location of western Europe, tourism resources, and knowledge expansion of senior high school entrance examination.
Other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere-Western Europe
knowledge frame
Summary of knowledge points
1, where developed countries are concentrated.
Location: the western part of Eurasia is surrounded by the sea on three sides, mostly at 40 ~ 60 degrees north latitude.
Scope: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe except the former Soviet Union, with an area of about 5 million square kilometers, accounting for about half of Europe.
Dense population and many countries, including more than 30 countries. Judging from the level of economic development, most of them belong to developed countries, especially Britain, France and Germany, which have the greatest influence and are called "Troika".
A highly integrated regional organization-EU: In order to further strengthen the ties between western European countries, this region has formed a regional international organization called the EU. The establishment of the European Union has strengthened the political and economic ties between countries in the region, issued the same voice, and played an important role in the world economic field and the international political arena. At present, the EU has 27 member states. (Figure 8 in P59.15)
2. Industries oriented to manufacturing
Manufacturing: the industrial sector that processes raw materials and makes them into various products.
Features: The industries in this area are mainly manufacturing, and the proportion of people engaged in manufacturing is very high. Many countries import raw materials, fuel and grain from abroad, and export finished products such as machinery, automobiles, chemicals and food, which bring wealth to their own countries.
Characteristics of industrial distribution: many and dense, cross-shaped distribution. From Britain to Poland, from southern Scandinavia to Italy, it has formed a world-famous industrial intensive area.
3. Traditional animal husbandry
Developed animal husbandry: ① The output value of animal husbandry accounts for a high proportion of agricultural output value in many countries; ② Production has reached the level of mechanization and specialization; Western Europeans call pasture "green gold"
Favorable conditions for developing animal husbandry
Main terrain area (Figure 8.23 on page 64)
4. Prosperous tourism
A variety of natural conditions: ① beautiful seaside beaches; ② the deep and tortuous fjord landscape; (3) the towering steep Alps.
Rich and diverse cultural landscapes: ① numerous ancient architectural sites, cultural and artistic cities and museums; ② Unique local conditions and customs
scenic spot
Tower Bridge of England in London; Netherlands-windmill; Nordic-fjord scenery; Switzerland-alpine skiing; Greece-the Parthenon in Athens; Italy-sunny beaches along the Mediterranean coast; Spain-bullfighting; France-Paris Eiffel Tower
Knowledge expansion of senior high school entrance examination
Climate type: from west to east, the ocean is getting weaker and weaker.
A temperate maritime climate: mainly distributed in western Europe (caused by the west wind and the North Atlantic warm current).
B Subtropical Mediterranean climate: mainly distributed in Mediterranean coastal areas.
C temperate continental climate: mainly distributed in Central Europe and Northern Europe.
Characteristics and causes of temperate maritime climate in Europe
Climatic differences and changing rules in western Europe
Rivers: A Danube, which flows through the country the most, is the second largest river in Europe and flows into the Black Sea; The largest river in Europe is the Volga River, which flows into the Caspian Sea. The most developed river in the world is the Rhine, which flows into the North Sea.
The influence of the ocean on western Europe;
There are many excellent harbors along the winding coastline (Rotterdam in the Netherlands is the largest port in the world).
② Convenient shipping conditions are provided for this area: ocean routes: North Atlantic routes, Asia-Europe routes; Inland waterways: Danube and Rhine.
③ A typical temperate maritime climate has formed in this area: animal husbandry is developed, and pasture is called "green gold".
④ The coastal countries in this area are provided with a large number of fishery products, and the fishery is developed: Beihai Fishing Ground is one of the four largest fishing grounds in the world.
(Four major fishing grounds in the world: Beihai Fishing Ground, Hokkaido Fishing Ground, Newfoundland Fishing Ground and Peru Fishing Ground).
Summary of geography knowledge points in the second volume of grade seven: 7.4 Russian education edition [1]
Abstract: Russia, our neighbor and region, is one of the BRIC countries. The main knowledge points include Russia's natural environment, natural resources, transportation and cities.
Our neighbor and region-Russia
knowledge frame
Summary of knowledge points
1, with a vast territory (Figure 7.45 in P4 1)
The largest country in the world: Russia has a vast territory, with a length of 10000 kilometers from east to west, a width of about 4000 kilometers from north to south, and an area of17 million square kilometers. It is the largest country in the world, and it is also the only country that spans two continents of Europe and Asia and the eastern and western hemispheres.
Characteristics of natural environment: the terrain is high in the south and low in the north, high in the east and low in the west, with relatively flat terrain, mainly plains and plateaus, and rivers and mountains become important dividing lines of topographic areas.
The meaning of the Russian national flag "tricolor flag": it consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, and white represents the natural landscape in the cold zone all year round; Blue not only represents the sub-cold zone, but also symbolizes Russia's rich underground mineral deposits and natural resources such as forests and hydropower. Red is a symbol of temperate zone, and it also symbolizes Russia's long history and contribution to human civilization.
2. Rich in natural resources and developed in industry.
Abundant natural resources (Figure 7.48 on page 44)
Features: Russia has a complete range of natural resources and huge reserves. It is one of the few big countries in the world that can be self-sufficient in resources.
Distribution: The area east of the Ural Mountains accounts for 3/4 of the whole country, and the resource reserves account for 80% of the whole country.
Important origin: Kuzbas-coal; Kursk-iron; Tyumen oilfield, the second Baku oil.
Abstract: Russia, our neighbor and region, is one of the BRIC countries. The main knowledge points include Russia's natural environment, natural resources, transportation and cities.
Four major industrial zones
Industrial characteristics: heavy industry is developed and light industry is backward.
3. Transportation and cities
Developed transportation: ① Features: Russia has a complete transportation department, with developed railway, highway, aviation, inland river, ocean and pipeline transportation, mainly railway transportation. ② Distribution: Europe (very dense, with Moscow as the radiation point) and Asia (sparse, but with a very important railway-Eurasian Continental Bridge) are unevenly distributed. ③ River transportation: Volga River; Shipping: St. Petersburg (Baltic Sea), Murmansk (Arctic Ocean), Vladivostok (Pacific Ocean); ④ The reasons for the construction of trans-siberian railway along the southern mountainous areas are: rich mineral resources; The frozen soil in the northern region is deep and difficult.
Important cities: Moscow: the capital, the largest city in China, the national political, economic, cultural and transportation center, with the famous Red Square and the Kremlin;
St Petersburg: the largest port and the second largest city.
Murmansk: a year-round ice-free port
Vladivostok: Pacific coastal port, also known as Vladivostok.
Knowledge expansion of senior high school entrance examination
The reason why the climate in Russia is long and cold in winter and short and warm in summer.
(1) is located in high latitudes, mostly above 60 N. The sun is small and receives less sunlight and heat, so the temperature is low and cold.
(2) Located in the northernmost part of the Asian continent, with low terrain in the northwest and high terrain in the southeast, northern Siberia is greatly influenced by the Arctic Ocean and controlled by polar air masses all the year round, with a cold climate, especially in winter.
(3) The eastern and southern parts are relatively high, and a series of mountains become natural barriers, which block the infiltration of warm and humid air currents in the Pacific Ocean and aggravate the cold degree in northern Siberia in winter.
(4) Some places in northern Siberia, such as Oymyakon and Vilhorsk, are closed basins, which have accumulated a large amount of cold air and cold air from the mountains, making them cold centers.
Russia's main industrial center
Differences between Asian and European parts of Russia
Summary of geographical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade: 7.3 Indian Education Edition
Abstract: India, our neighbor and region, is one of the BRIC countries. The main knowledge points include population, topography, climate, agricultural production and industry in India.
Our neighbor and region-India
knowledge frame
Summary of knowledge points
1, the second most populous country in the world.
Geographical location: ① India is located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere; ② Latitude position: mostly between 10 N ~ 30 N, located in tropical and subtropical areas; ③ Land and sea location: India is located in the south of Eurasia, bordering the Arabian Sea in the west, the Bengal Sea in the east and the Indian Ocean in the south; (4) Seven neighboring countries of India.
At present, the population of India has exceeded 654.38+billion, ranking second in the world after China. At the same time, India is also the largest country in South Asia and one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. The Taj Mahal is a symbol of India. The huge population has put great pressure on the development of resources, environment and economy.
2. Frequent floods and droughts (Figure 7.34 on page 35)
Topography and climate
Impact of tropical monsoon climate on agricultural production in India: (see P37 Figures 7.39 and 7.40)
3. Self-sufficient food production (Figure 7.4 1 in P38)
In 1960s, India implemented the "Green Revolution", improved grain production technology and gradually improved grain supply. Now, India's agricultural production technology has been greatly improved, and food is not only self-sufficient, but also has a certain surplus for export.
Main food crops: rice and wheat.
Distribution of main grain crops and its relationship with natural conditions
4. Develop industry (Figure 7.43 on page 40)
Industrial changes before and after independence
Relationship between industrial distribution and raw material producing area
Major city
New Delhi: the capital
Kolkata: India's largest hemp textile center
Mumbai: India's largest cotton textile center
Bangalore: India's Software Capital
Summary of geographical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade: 7.2 Southeast Asia Education Edition
Summary of knowledge points of a neighboring country and region in Southeast Asia. The main knowledge points include the geographical location of Southeast Asia, tropical climate and agricultural production.
Our neighbors and regions-Southeast Asia
knowledge frame
Summary of knowledge points
1, location of intersection (Figure 7 in P27.18)
Geographical location of Southeast Asia: Southeast Asia, latitude geographical location: most of them are located between the equator and the Tropic of Cancer, belonging to the tropics; Land and Sea Location: Located at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
Southeast Asia: including zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago (the largest archipelago in the world).
Traffic in Southeast Asia: Malacca Strait is called the "crossroads" connecting Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and is called the "lifeline of the sea" by the Japanese.
2. Tropical climate and agricultural production
Two tropical climates
The reasons why Southeast Asians like to eat rice;
(1) Dense population, large grain demand and large rice yield;
② The high temperature and rainy climate is favorable for rice growth;
This area has a long history of planting rice.
Agricultural production: It is one of the important tropical crop production bases in the world.
3. Mountains and rivers and urban distribution.
Topographic features: The mountains and rivers in Indo-China Peninsula in Southeast Asia are mostly north-south, with the characteristics of alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution between north and south.
Major rivers: Most of them originate from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, such as Mekong River and salween.
The population and cities are mainly distributed along the Yangtze River and the estuary delta.
Advantages and disadvantages of cities along the Yangtze River.
Advantages: ① providing a large number of urban construction land; (2) Providing sufficient water for urban production and life; ③ Waterway; (4) If the city is located upstream, you can use cheap and clean water.
Disadvantages: ① River flooding; (2) River pollution and urban environment deterioration.
3. Areas where overseas Chinese are concentrated
The significance of China people and overseas Chinese
① China people: people from China who have settled abroad and obtained the nationality of the host country are called China people.
② Overseas Chinese: China people who have lived abroad for a long time and retained China nationality are called overseas Chinese.
Southeast Asia is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world, and it is also the most concentrated settlement of overseas Chinese.
Tourist attractions: Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar; Borobudur in Indonesia; Angkor Wat in Cambodia; Water market in Bangkok, Thailand; Halong Bay in Vietnam; Singapore's garden city.