Preschool pedagogy has become an independent science, which was first put forward by German educator F.W.A. Froebel. Under the influence of French enlightenment thinker Rousseau, he also accepted the children's education thought of Swiss educator Pestalozzi. 1837, an educational institution for17-year-old children was established in Blanckenburg, and 1840 was named kindergarten. Froebel systematically discussed the importance, contents and methods of kindergarten education. He believes that children's development is a gradual process, education should be suitable for children's development, and education should be based on children's independent activities. He attaches great importance to the educational value of games, regards games as the main activity of kindergartens, and designs a set of games and teaching materials. His main works are: Human Education (1826), Mothers' Games and Children's Songs (1843) and Kindergarten Pedagogy (1862). Although there is an idealistic view in Froebel's educational theory, he has promoted the establishment of kindergartens and the research of preschool education in various countries in practice and theory.
Ⅱ. Differences between wrobel Curriculum and Montessori Curriculum
Froebel's wedding photography tricked people into taking pictures when their clothes were all dirty and unwashed, and they were forced to spend 399 yuan on makeup. The most hateful thing is that when choosing photos, you can only use the worst liar album, and the rest will cost more than 2000 yuan. Finally, at least 1, 000 yuan should be added. It's simple. People who cheat only get married once in their lives. They do whatever it takes to get money. They don't add money, they don't choose photos, and unscrupulous merchants don't expose them. I feel sorry for the general.
Three. What four areas does Froebel divide the course into?
(1) Religion According to Froebel, religion is a reflection of human mind, and the purpose of religious teaching is to cultivate students' religious beliefs, so that they can know the relationship between man and God, always believe in God and act according to God's will. Froebel thinks that school education should give priority to religion. (2) Natural common sense and mathematics Froebel believes that "what religion says and expresses will naturally be displayed and manifested." Froebel: human education, p. 1 10. Nature is the embodiment of providence; Only by believing in God can we know nature; Only Christians can study nature. Everything in nature is interrelated and unified; Nature should be understood as a whole; Children should be allowed to understand the relationship between things and master the basic knowledge of nature in the process of observing and contacting nature. Mathematics occupies an extremely important position in nature teaching, because it belongs to both man and nature, and is the medium between man and nature, inner world and outer world, and thinking and feeling. It is the product of thinking and embodies the unity of nature, and its number, shape and quantity constitute an inseparable trinity. Therefore, Froebel believes that education without mathematics is untenable and incomplete. (3) Language Froebel believes that religion and nature belong to two different worlds, internal and external respectively, and language connects the two worlds. The three forms an inseparable unity, the purpose of which is to reveal the internal essence, and the role of language is more obvious. Language, like mathematics, has duality. It is not only the expression of human spiritual activities, but also has certain natural attributes, such as words and sounds. Froebel further pointed out that writing and reading exercises play an important role in language teaching. Only by learning to write and read can a person become a person with personality, a child become a real student and a school become a real school. Therefore, children must spend some time reading and writing. (4) Art Froebel pointed out that in addition to pursuing religion and nature, people should also pursue self-expression, that is, expressing people's inner life. This is art. The purpose of art teaching is not to cultivate artists, but to cultivate students' artistic appreciation ability, so that people can get all-round development. According to the different materials and ways of artistic expression, Froebel divided art into music, painting and sculpture. He pointed out that children showed the bud of artistic talent when they were young, such as expressing their demands through colors and paintings. Therefore, art education should be carried out as a formal subject in schools from an early age.
Fourth, a brief introduction of Froebel's preschool education thought
1, the principle of children's self-development
Froebel believes that children's behavior is the expression of their inner life form and is dominated by their inner motives. Only through these behaviors can children grow and develop. The task of the caregiver is to help the child remove the obstacles that hinder the development of life and let the child develop on his own. Mandatory, compulsory and interventionist education methods are ineffective for children's development, and children's autonomy must be respected. Attach importance to children's self-activity.
2. Game theory
Froebel was the first person to clarify the educational value of games. The toys he made were named "gifts", which means "gifts from God" and are still used in many kindergartens. In order to commemorate Froebel's contribution, people built a monument for him. The shape of the monument was modeled after the sphere and cylinder in Gift.
3. The principle of coordination
Froebel said that people do not exist alone. He is a member of the family, the society, the nation and the universe. Therefore, children should be combined with the surrounding environment, society and nature to coordinate with each other. It is best to get real cooperation.
4. Parenting education
Froebel believes that in order for children to grow up in love, they must first educate their mothers. This may be an experience that he didn't get maternal love when he was young. Therefore, he founded the world's first mother "workshop" and later wrote a book called "A Mother's Song and Careful Song".
5. Clarify the tasks of kindergartens.
Froebel pointed out that preschool children should be trained in an intuitive way, so that they can participate in necessary activities, develop their physique, exercise their external senses and grow up in games.
6. Children's Four Instincts
Froebel believes that children have four instincts, the first is the instinct of activity (that is, the instinct of creation), the second is the instinct of understanding (that is, the instinct of revealing everything), the third is the instinct of art (that is, the instinct of artistic creation), and the fourth is the instinct of religion, which is the destination of the first three instincts. The task of education is to promote the development of children's inner instinct, so as to cultivate children's initiative and creativity. Therefore, he divided the curriculum into four major areas: religion and religious education, nature education and mathematics, language and language education, and art and art education.
(4) Extended reading of Froebel's curriculum evaluation:
German educator Friedrich Wilhelm August Fr?bel is recognized as one of the most important educators in Europe in the19th century. The originator of modern preschool education. He not only founded the first preschool education institution named "Kindergarten", but his educational thought still dominates the basic direction of preschool education theory. Froebel's educational thought and practice have had a far-reaching impact on the development of preschool education in all countries of the world.
Preschool education is that parents and kindergarten teachers systematically and scientifically educate children's brains by using various methods and objects, so as to gradually improve the functions of various parts of the brain.
Preschool education is one of the important contents of preschool education and a part of the scientific system of preschool education. Children are the basic stage of intellectual development in life, and also the fastest developing period. Proper and correct preschool education plays a great role in children's intelligence and future development. The formation and development of supernormal children are related to proper and correct preschool education, especially preschool education in intelligence.
Preschool intellectual education is a multi-faceted training process. Children of this age are extremely immature in mental development and need the active guidance of parents and kindergarten teachers. Nowadays, many children are only children with strong self-awareness, lack of care for others and do not know how to share. Therefore, as parents and kindergarten teachers, we should actively guide children to learn to care about others, learn to share and be willing to share.
Basic requirements for implementing children's education from 0 years old to pre-primary school. The principles of kindergarten education are: the development of physical, intellectual, moral and aesthetic aspects should penetrate each other and be organically combined; Follow the law of children's physical and mental development, conform to children's age characteristics, pay attention to individual differences, teach children in accordance with their aptitude, and guide children's healthy personality development; For all children; Love children and adhere to positive education of encouragement, inspiration and induction.
Organize all aspects of educational content reasonably and comprehensively, and penetrate into children's daily life activities, and give full play to the interactive role of various educational means; Create a good environment suitable for education and provide opportunities and conditions for children's activities and performance. Games are basic activities, and education is included in various activities.
Reference link: Network-Friedrich Wilhelm August Fr?bel
Ⅳ Concept of early education: What do Montessori, Logic Dog, Froebel and Orff mean respectively?
The theories of early education generally include Montessori, Froebel, Orff and Multiple Intelligences. Because early education is not included in the national education system in China at present. The curriculum of the early education park is also mixed. The general courses are: Montessori mathematics and physics course; Montessori sensory course; Orff music course; Parenting education courses. Some early education parks are professional and can design their own curriculum content according to these early education theories and the laws of children's growth and development, but the system is generally based on these theories. For example, Xinxin Early Education offers a combination of children's handicraft class, sensory class and music class. Most preschool kindergartens, such as Oriental Baby, Baby Baby Newbaby, Gymboree, etc., have different brands and different course contents, which depends on the teaching level and professional quality of teachers to some extent. The course quality of the affiliated park depends on the training effect and teaching support of the headquarters, as well as the teaching level and professional quality of the classroom.
ⅵ What are the main contents of kindergarten sociology foundation?
Kindergarten curriculum basic knowledge system: curriculum foundation refers to the main factors that affect curriculum objectives, curriculum content, curriculum implementation and curriculum evaluation. Compared with ordinary school curriculum, kindergarten curriculum has its particularity, which is: 1. Early education programs pay more attention to the needs of children's individual physical and mental development, rather than social needs and knowledge system; 2. Early education programs pay more attention to the acquisition of children's direct experience rather than the transfer of indirect knowledge; 3. Early education programs pay more attention to the development of "the whole child" rather than one aspect. I. Psychological Basis of Kindergarten Curriculum (I) Schools of Psychology and Kindergarten Curriculum 1, Cognitive Psychology and Kindergarten Curriculum (1) Piaget Theory and Kindergarten Curriculum 1 Piaget's Knowledge Construction Theory Overview Piaget is interested in genetic epistemology's research. When discussing the outstanding contribution of Piaget's theory to the study of children's cognitive development, Case (R), a new Piaget theorist, summed up the core ideas of Piaget's theory from five aspects: a child of the same age often gets similar understandings in different fields, which can be explained as follows: because these understandings all need to use the same basic logical structure; B's determination of the order of wisdom development is universal, which can be explained as follows: the higher-level logical structure is composed of the lower-level structure, so it follows a certain logical order; C does not show some understanding of underage children, which can be explained as follows: only when a certain level of logical structure is completed can children obtain this understanding, and the construction of this logical structure takes a long time; D There is a parallel phenomenon between the earliest action learning of infants and the more complicated learning forms that appeared later. Finally, children must get some preparation before they can benefit from an experience, which can be explained as: children can't benefit from an experience until they get an appropriate logical structure, because they have no internal mechanism to assimilate it. ② The Enlightenment of Piaget's Theory on Kindergarten Curriculum Piaget put forward three interrelated suggestions for teachers: providing physical objects for children; Let the children do it themselves; Help children develop questioning skills and understand why arithmetic is difficult for children. According to his understanding of Piaget's theory, Keith put forward several key points in the application of Piaget's theory in education, among which the most important ones are: a child's teaching should be adapted to the type of intellectual function they can achieve; B. The general methods adopted in teaching should promote the process of self-regulation or construction. Inspired by Piaget's theory, many preschool educators begin to emphasize children's independent activities, provide children with objects for them to operate by themselves, and encourage children's self-adjustment and introspection in the process of activities. Piaget's theory makes many preschool educators advocate that education should be suitable for the development of children at different levels, and education should promote the process of children's independent construction of knowledge. (2) Vygotsky's Theory and Kindergarten Curriculum ① Overview of Vygotsky's Theory The core of Vygotsky's theory is that "whether in the process of historical development or in the process of individual development, the development of psychological activities should be understood as the direct form of psychological function, that is, the transformation of' natural' form by using various symbol systems and the indirect form of psychological function, that is, the mastery of' cultural' form". ② Enlightenment of Vygotsky Theory on Kindergarten Curriculum In recent years, the theory of Vygotsky School has had an important impact on the compilation and implementation of kindergarten curriculum. Inspired by Vygotsky's theory, kindergarten curriculum should be suitable for children's development and challenging for children's cognition; Kindergarten curriculum should help children acquire wisdom and social communication skills, especially language skills; Kindergarten curriculum should be able to challenge children's thinking and make them succeed by providing support; Kindergarten curriculum should also provide children with cultural tools to help them adapt to the external world and cultural scenes. (3) Comparison and integration of Vygotsky's theory and Piaget's theory A Two aspects of logical thinking Furman and others integrated Piaget's theory and Vygotsky's theory, and they proposed that logical thinking has two aspects, one is invention, and the other is confirmation. B Hands-on Experience Both Piaget's theory and Vygotsky's theory emphasize the importance of hands-on operation. However, Vygotsky believes that hands-on operation is first and foremost a form of imitation influenced by culture. In the process of hands-on operation, learners gradually master the symbolic meaning of pre-oral language. C external rules and logical operations Vygotsky and others emphasize the formation of skills through operations. In this process, there are many external rules that are passed on to children by experts through language. In the process of solving problems, experts control this information. 4 cultural tools and physical knowledge Vygotsky believes that knowledge comes from tools invented by adults, such as language, toys, television and so on. , in which language is the main language. The child began to regulate his behavior according to the language he heard others use in past activities. Once thinking is established, children will internalize some aspects of language through a certain process. The direction of cognitive development first comes from cultural tools and then reaches children. This process is not a simple process of remembering the characteristics of tools, but a process of reconstructing external tools at their own psychological level. ⑤ Similarities and differences between the theory of historical and cultural school and the theory of social construction There are also many differences between Vygotsky and Duis' standpoint of social construction: A Vygotsky did not suggest that a child with a lower level of knowledge might help another child understand a higher level concept in the process of peer learning. B Vygotsky believes that learners have gradually changed from the relationship between symbols and indicators to the relationship between symbols. C Compared with Vygotsky, Duis and other social constructionists have a deeper definition of the concept of "construction". 2. Maturity theory and kindergarten curriculum maturity theory hold that human development process is mainly determined by heredity, and human genes develop systematically according to certain laws. Although the environment will affect the development of nature, it is impossible to fundamentally change these development models. Hall is known as the father of children's research movement, and his research on children's development reflects the view that development is based on heredity. Hall's research inherits Darwin's theory of evolution, and he thinks that "the development of individuals reproduces the process of systematic development". Hall is regarded as a pioneer in establishing a child-centered educational concept, which advocates that education should conform to children's nature and development law, rather than follow external rules. 3. Psychoanalysis theory and kindergarten curriculum psychoanalysis theory was founded by Freud in schools of psychology. Psychoanalytic theory originated from the early judgment about the unconscious. Freud divided human psychology into three areas: consciousness, pre-consciousness and subconscious, and on this basis, he put forward the theory of personality structure. Freud believed that personality consists of three parts: id, ego and superego. The id is a structural part of the subconscious mind, eager to find a way out as soon as possible and ask for satisfaction. Self is the structural part of consciousness, which mainly controls and suppresses the id; The superego is the highest level of personality, which guides and restricts the ego. 4. Behaviorism Theory and Overview of Kindergarten Curriculum (1) Theoretical behaviorists oppose introspection and deny consciousness. They believe that the research of human psychology should focus on observable behavior and advocate experimental research. Skinner, the representative of new behaviorism, insisted on Watson's early behaviorism position in many aspects, and believed that the task of behavioral scientists was to establish a functional relationship between the conditions controlled by experimenters and the responses of organisms. Skinner put forward the operation conditioning principle and designed various application technologies according to the reinforcement principle. (II) Application of behaviorism in kindergarten curriculum Before the 1960s, behaviorism theory was the mainstream of world psychology, which had an important impact on education including preschool education. For example, the goal model of kindergarten curriculum development is based on behavioral psychology. Classical procedures, especially the establishment of behavioral goals, constitute the goal model from behavioral goals, curriculum content to curriculum evaluation. (2) The influence of psychology on kindergarten curriculum 1, equating development theory with educational theory and equating the question of "what is" with the question of "what should be", actually reduces the objectivity of development theory as a science; 2. Taking development as the result of education emphasizes what children can do, not what children should do, and what children should do is the most educational problem, which needs to be clarified from philosophy and ethics, rather than solved by development theory; 3. Over-reliance on development theory will make educators shelve social value issues; 4. Relying on the development theory to determine the educational goal will obscure the political tendency of the teaching content, which is intended to point out that the choice of courses should be determined by the suitability of development, rather than political and moral priority; 5. Any development theory has two hypotheses. One is that children's development and behavior can be explained and predicted more by development theory than by any other theory, and the other is to realize this.