1, child-centered against the adult-centered teaching concept, treating children as independent individuals different from adults. 2. Education without Education Montessori opposes teacher-centered cramming teaching and advocates the combination of daily life training with a good learning environment and rich education, so that children can learn spontaneously and actively and construct their perfect personality. 3. Grasp the sensitive period of children. Children aged 0-6 will have a certain preference tendency in a certain period. If you learn this feature along the sensitive period, you can get the greatest learning effect. The teacher plays the role of tutor. Generally speaking, Montessori is called a mentor. He must have a deep understanding of the child's spiritual world and know the child's development like the back of his hand in order to provide timely and appropriate help and guidance to the child. 5, the cultivation of complete personality The ultimate goal of Montessori education is to help children normalize. Through the design of environment and the operation of teaching AIDS, children can establish a perfect personality step by step. 6. Respect the pace of children's growth. Montessori education requires teachers to teach students in accordance with their aptitude according to the process of children's development, and not to engage in one-size-fits-all education according to different characteristics. 7. Mixed-age education brings children from one to six together, so that younger children can imitate at different ages, and older children can enhance their knowledge and ability by helping younger children. 8, rich teaching materials and teaching AIDS Montessori teaching AIDS are very rich, but these teaching AIDS are not tools used by teachers but materials for children to work. Through these tasks, children build a perfect personality from self-repeated operation exercises. 9. Excluding the single reward and punishment system, Montessori teaching respects children and cultivates their budding sense of dignity. 10, the teaching results of Montessori education broke out, respecting children's inner needs and allowing children to grow up in a timely and moderate manner. It is not easy to perceive the achievements in the short term, but it will show the child's inner mental development level in the form of an explosion at some time. Second, freedom-the basic freedom of Montessori education law is the basic principle of Montessori education law. A recognized contribution of Montessori to education is that freedom is clearly defined. Montessori said that her education method is based on freedom, and her education is also called the education of free research. Therefore, grasping the connotation of freedom is the premise of understanding the essence of Montessori's educational method. First, about freedom Montessori believes that freedom means that children can be free from anyone's constraints, do not accept any top-down orders or coercion and repression, and can do whatever they like. Children whose spontaneity of vitality is suppressed will never show their true colors, just like butterfly specimens with wings pinned by pins, which have carried forward the essence of life. So the teacher can't observe the actual situation of the child. Therefore, we must study children in a scientific way. First of all, we should give children freedom and promote their spontaneous expression, and then observe and study. The so-called freedom for children here is different from indulgence or unlimited freedom. Montessori said: Let children learn to distinguish right from wrong and know what not to do. Acts such as willfulness, irrationality, violence, disturbing order and obstructing group activities will be strictly prohibited and gradually eradicated, and they must be patiently persuaded. This is the basic principle of maintaining discipline. In fact, indulging children will never be truly free. Second, about discipline Montessori believes that discipline is a positive state and is based on freedom. A person who is as quiet as a mute and as motionless as a paralyzed person cannot be regarded as a disciplined person. Such people are being eliminated. Positive discipline contains a noble educational principle, which is completely different from immobility caused by coercion. She said: Generally, schools will assign each child a place, imprison them on their own benches, give them special discipline education, and ask the children to line up and keep quiet. Such disciplinary education is impossible to achieve its goal. Because the cultivation of discipline can not rely on propaganda and preaching, nor on blaming mistakes, but on natural activities. She believes that children's activities should be voluntary, a natural potential trend and cannot be imposed on them. It is important to let children know discipline in activities, accept and abide by collective rules from understanding, and distinguish right from wrong. Therefore, true freedom also includes the ability to think and understand. She has repeatedly stressed that a disciplined person should take the initiative to control himself when he needs to obey the rules, instead of giving in to others. In the activity room of Montessori school, children can move freely, talk, exchange places, and even move desks and chairs at will. She believes that this kind of freedom is not only the need of study, but also the need of life. Children in the classroom have purposeful and voluntary activities. Everyone is busy with their work, walking around quietly, bringing things over and putting them away, which will not cause chaos, because they know that silence and order are necessary and some activities are forbidden. When children grow up in this environment, they will naturally pay attention to their behavior. In this way, they will form a good habit of obeying discipline. Third, the prepared environment Montessori attaches great importance to the environment. She said: In our school, the environment educates children. It is believed that the environment is an important educational content, and many aspects of educational methods are also determined by the environment. Children need a suitable environment to develop normally and perfect their personality. Generally speaking, however, most children live in unsuitable environment. Children are naturally close to nature, but with the development of civilization, nature is getting farther and farther away from children. They live in an adult world, and everything around them is not completely suitable for them in terms of specifications, weight and shape, so it is difficult to operate at will. The prepared environment is to let the children in embryonic state grow up smoothly and prepare the environment for spiritual food such as order and wisdom. For children before the age of six, the environment in which adults and children live is very different in size and rhythm, so children must always rely on the assistance of adults in their activities. However, children have always relied on the assistance of adults, unable to complete their due growth, unable to control their own lives, unable to educate themselves and unable to exercise themselves. If there is no ideal environment, children can't realize their abilities, so they can never be independent from adults. Therefore, according to the sensitive period and mental absorption of children before the age of six, Montessori created an environment for children to live by themselves. This environment is a prepared environment, and its significance is not only the environment, but the way for children to face the future world and all cultures in the near future, so he must meet the following conditions. 1. Give full play to children's rhythm and pace. There are great differences between children and adults in psychology and physiology. Adults' cognition and feelings in an hour are completely different from those experienced by children. Children perceive the world with their own unique pace and get many things that adults can't imagine. Children's unique rhythm has become a part of their personality. When adults live in a complex and changeable cultural environment, they must protect the environment for their children's unique rhythm or pace. 2. Give children a sense of security. Human children come later than other animals, so they need shelter more. When children's bodies feel dangerous, caring for them with gentle and encouraging eyes can make them move freely and freely. 3. Places and equipment that can move freely Children's personality must be expressed by sports, especially their hearts must be combined with sports in order to be fully developed. Therefore, it is necessary to have instruments and places that can keep children in touch with things and collect, decompose, move, rotate and change their positions. Beauty is very attractive to children. Children's initial activities are caused by beauty, so everything around them, regardless of color, luster and shape, must have a feeling of beauty. 5. It is necessary to limit the number of textbooks or activities around children. Too many things confuse children's spirit, and they don't know what kind of textbooks to choose and what kind of activities to engage in. So you can't concentrate on the object. In order to prevent children from doing unnecessary activities and causing mental fatigue and relaxation, teaching materials and activities must be limited to some extent. 6. Order Children's sense of order reaches its peak at the age of two. In the following years, the order of children was extremely special. The relationship between order and children in this period is like fish and water, houses and foundations. In fact, children will focus on the sense of order, use wisdom, make distinctions and analogies, and internalize things around them. If there is no order, everything will be chaotic and children will lose their sense of direction. Therefore, order must exist in every part of a prepared environment. 7. Coherence with the whole culture The so-called order exists in every part of a prepared environment, which means that order should be included in teaching materials to expand children's wisdom. This order can make children work hard towards real and correct work, that is to say, children can really live a real life seriously. Children who can concentrate on their own activities independently can really be active in the next stage of the adult world. Should the order be displayed? Quot keep in line with the cultural world of adults in a prepared environment. Attachment: Montessori's description of the relationship between life and environment: the harmony of the whole environment (color, shape, etc. All around children) has the nature of attracting children. This situation is similar to that in nature, flowers and bright colors attract insects to absorb honey hidden in flowers. At this time, children will listen with their ears to what can stimulate their desire for activities most. Just as flowers on the grassland will try their best to attract insects with fragrance and color, insects must try their best to find flowers in order to survive. 4. Montessori's requirement for teachers is 1. The premise of educating children is to know them first. 2. Teachers' mental state is more important than skills. They are alert, steady, patient, caring and modest. They shouldn't replace their children's wisdom with their own. They should have endless patience with children who are slow in progress. Wait patiently while observing, observe the materials of children's Montessori teacher 1, be modest, consider the problem from the perspective of others, be the creator and protector of the environment and also the disseminator of children, be the observer and guide, not the leader, be the disseminator of parents, accept yourself, accept others, and be lively with children, but you can't regard yourself as the center of the classroom. 8. Enthusiasm, love, patience, respect and responsibility. 9. Alert, quick thinking, elegant and charming movements, neat appearance and noble quality 1 1. Be good at listening to children's voices. 5. Similarities and differences between Montessori teachers and traditional teachers. 1. Child-centered. 2. Full of love and professionalism. 3. Respect children. No corporal punishment. 4. Have the desire to improve their self-cultivation. 5. Be strict with yourself. Make a demonstration. Pay attention to developing children's potential interests. Attach importance to family education. Create a warm environment. Good at evaluating and correcting differences: Montessori traditional teacher 1, case guidance, detailed record 2. Actively guide and actively consult. Respect more and don't interfere too much. Guidance, the role of mentor 5. Let children choose their time freely. 6. Let children relax and surpass themselves. 7. Be calm and devote yourself wholeheartedly. 8. Innovate teaching AIDS as needed. 9. Guide children to freely choose learning content. Let children let go of their self-development 1 1. Equal love 12. Love, patience and respect are integrated into the group tour guide. The master record emphasizes that negative behaviors impose their abilities on children's authoritative roles, so that children can listen to teachers' evaluations, create a competitive atmosphere and be busy with others. They can't calmly buy teaching AIDS to play with, talk more, teach more, protect more, restrict more and pamper more. Mastering children's nine sensitive periods has only one special vitality. Sensitive period is the life force given to children by nature. How to use this effective power to help children grow up perfectly is the responsibility of adults. Eight-month-old Dongdong likes to climb on the ground, but he always likes to pick up small things on the ground and put them in his mouth. His mother was so worried that she had to clap his palm and threaten him. The Wangs moved last month, but the two-year-old baby cried as soon as he entered the room. No matter how coaxed by his mother, he can't be quiet. In the process of raising children, do you feel familiar with the above phenomena? Unfortunately, many parents either don't realize, don't know, or don't know how to help their children further, thus missing the unique vitality of young children. What is the sensitive period? Children can walk, talk, eat and write when they are born ... How can children complete this seemingly impossible task from scratch? To adapt to this complex world. That's because nature endows developing life with unique strength. Montessori pointed out that there are two driving forces for children's development: sensitivity and absorptive thinking. Among them, sensitivity means that a person or other conscious individuals will be particularly sensitive to some stimuli in the external environment in the process of life development, and even affect their psychological operation or physiological reaction, thus generating special likes and dislikes or feelings. We call it sensitivity. When sensitivity comes into being, an irresistible force will be generated in the child's heart, which will drive the child to have enthusiasm for trying or learning the specific things he is interested in. This force will disappear until the needs are met or the sensitivity is weakened. Montessori called this period a sensitive period, while some educators called it a critical period for study or education. The term sensitive period was first used by Dutch biologist De Frey when studying animal growth. Later, Montessori found in his long-term contact with children that the same phenomenon would happen in children's growth, so he put forward the principle of sensitive period and applied it to early childhood education, which made outstanding contributions to improving children's intelligence. Mastering the Nine Sensitive Periods According to Montessori's observation and research on babies, it can be summarized as follows: 1. Language sensitive period (0-6 years old), when babies start to look at adults' mouths and make babbling sounds, this begins their language sensitive period. Learning a language is a difficult project for adults, but children can learn their mother tongue easily because children have natural language sensitivity. Therefore, if the child is about two years old and still speaks slowly, it is necessary to take the child to the hospital to check whether there is a congenital disorder. Language ability affects children's expressive ability. Lay a good foundation for future interpersonal relationships. Second, children in the sensitive period of order (2-4 years old) need an orderly environment to help them know things and get familiar with the environment. Once his familiar environment disappears, he will be at a loss. Montessori found in his observation that children will be afraid, cry and even lose their temper because they can't adapt to the environment, so it is an obvious sensitivity for children to determine the requirements for order. Children's sensitivity to order is often manifested in their requirements for order, living habits and property. Montessori believes that if adults can't provide an orderly environment, children will have no foundation to build their perception of various relationships. When children gradually establish internal order from the environment, their intelligence is gradually built. Third, the sensory sensitive period (0-6 years old) children will be familiar with the environment and understand things through the senses of hearing, sight, taste and touch from birth. Before the age of three, children absorb things around them through the subconscious mind; At the age of three to six, they can judge things in the environment more concretely through their senses. Therefore, Montessori has designed many sensory teaching AIDS such as auditory tubes and tactile boards to sharpen children's senses and guide them to generate their own wisdom. You can use all kinds of sensory teaching materials at home, or randomly guide children to feel the things around them with the five senses of life, especially when children are full of desire to explore, as long as they are not dangerous and do not infringe on others, they should try their best to meet their needs. Fourth, the sensitive period of interest in subtle things (1.5-4 years old) Busy adults tend to ignore the tiny things in the surrounding environment, but children can often capture the mystery. Therefore, if your children are interested in small insects in the soil or tiny patterns on your clothes, it is a good time for you to cultivate your children's meticulous and meticulous habits. V. Sensitive period (0-6 years old) Two-year-old children can already walk. In the most lively and active period, parents should fully let their children exercise, make their body movements correct and skilled, and help the left and right brains develop in a balanced way. In addition to the training of big muscles, Montessori emphasizes the training of small muscles, that is, the fine sports education of hand-eye coordination, which can not only develop good sports habits, but also contribute to the development of intelligence. 6. During the sensitive period of social norms (2.5-6 years old), two-and-a-half-year-old children gradually broke away from egoism and had an obvious tendency to make friends and group activities. At this time, parents should establish clear life norms and daily etiquette with their children, so that children can abide by social norms in their later lives and have a self-disciplined life. Seven, writing sensitive period (3.5-4.5 years old) Eight, reading sensitive period (4.5-5.5 years old) Although children's writing and reading ability develops late, if children get enough learning in the sensitive period of language, sensory limbs and other movements, their writing and reading ability will naturally produce. At this time, parents can choose more books and decorate a scholarly home environment, so that children can develop a good habit of loving writing and become a knowledgeable person. Nine, the cultural sensitive period (6-9 years old) Montessori pointed out that children's interest in cultural learning germinated at the age of three, but at the age of six to nine, there was a strong need to explore things. So, at this time? Quot a child's mind is like a fertile soil, ready to accept a lot of cultural seeds at any time. Adults can provide rich cultural information at this time, based on local culture, and extend to the big mind of caring for the world. In the sensitive period, the focus of education is the life support that nature gives children. If the sensitive period is hindered by internal needs and cannot be developed, then the best period of learning will be lost. If you want to learn this thing again in the future, although it will take more effort and time, the effect will not be very significant. How to use this motivation to help children grow up more perfectly is the responsibility of adults. The following suggestions can help parents grasp the sensitive period of their children in time: 1. Respect children as capable individuals. Children are capable natural learners. They will find the natural growth law and constantly grow themselves into more capable individuals. This is the first thing that parents should change. 2. Carefully observe the emergence of sensitive period. The emergence of sensitive period is different for every child. Therefore, adults must carefully observe the inner needs and individual characteristics of children with an objective attitude. 3. Layout a rich learning environment When a sensitive period of children observed by adults appears, we should try our best to prepare an environment for children to meet their growth needs. 4. Encourage children to explore freely. When children gain respect and trust, they will be free to explore and try in the environment. 5, timely assistance without intervention When children are keen on things they are interested in, adults should let the children do it themselves and avoid intervention, but not completely leave the children, but give timely assistance and guidance. The flame of the mind Montessori described a child who went through a sensitive period, and his helpless body was under the command of a divine command. His little heart was also encouraged. Sensitive period is not only a critical period for children to learn, but also affects their mental and personality development. Therefore, adults should respect the behaviors and actions endowed by nature and provide necessary help to avoid missing the only special vitality in life. [/