Polynesians are tall and strong with fair skin. Their hair is not typical black hair, but almost straight or wavy. But some of them have white skin, red hair and beards. Polynesians all speak dialects from the same language family. From the above facts, we can know that they all came from the same place and migrated late. This is very different from the indigenous people in Micronesia and Melanesia. Because the residents of Melanesia and Micronesia both use different languages and have nothing to do with each other.
Many anthropologists or sociologists believe that these Polynesians arrived in Polynesia from the west, through Melanesia or Micronesia, or even through both at some time in the Neolithic Age.
As for them, because there are legends about dwarves in Hawaii, society islands, Marquez Islands, and even in Manaf, New Zealand, they have mixed the blood of bigamy. It is said that the dwarves were conquered by later immigrants. Theoretically, they first arrived at a nearby island, such as Samoa or Tonga. But if you pass through Micronesia, the first place to arrive must be Hawaii.
In the folk myths or legends of the Pacific islands, many ancestors sailed from their hometowns and were blown in the wrong direction by the wind, resulting in legends of gods, demigods, guides or heroes. However, due to many contradictions, the credibility of these legends is almost zero. But because it is full of profound similarities, it is not difficult to piece together some possible assumptions as long as we sort out the stories according to the time when they happened.
During the new period from 1 100 to 1300, according to island legends, the descendants of the sea god Tangaloya set sail from Hawiye (called by Li Maoren for the island name), Shawai (called by society islands residents for the island name) or Hawiye Island. According to folklore, they were relatively independent, never met other races, and went directly to the outpost islands in Polynesia.
Whether they come from North Road or South Road, they must have arrived in Samoa or the islands in northern Tonga at some time. These people who survived the stormy journey finally found an island with a mild climate and no horrible diseases such as malaria, and they can live safely and comfortably. Soon, they established a commercial road from Tonga or Samoa to Zhongfei Island in Melanesia, and sailed regularly to exchange goods. The bolder people went on to the center of Polynesia, which was later called society islands. It is inferred that they later advanced to the volcanic island with lush plants. They established a religious and cultural center in Kayadia (a smaller island next to the volcanic island, not Tahiti), about 500 AD. On this island and adjacent islands, there are altars built of huge stones, and immigrants worship their gods on the altars. In this immigrant society, the elders of the largest family, or those who have served in the clergy, become social leaders, thus developing a United and cooperative society.
Gradually, the social system began to improve. First of all, it is a ritual of various religious taboos, and it also gives a strict warning to whether someone or something is sacred or unclean. If you come into contact with unclean things or people, it will bring many bad consequences. No matter what people do or travel, they must pray for God's blessing and even sacrifice.
On the island with dense jungle, the carving of wood and the technology of making decorations are of quite high standard. Polynesians build strong houses and seaworthy ships. They skillfully use soil to grow plants, make utensils with wood and stones, and weave clothes with bark or plant fibers. They not only have the skills of hunting and fishing, but also know the methods of farming, so they maintain a considerable standard of living and settle down happily here.
After several generations, these fearless navigators gave up their quiet and stable life, and in order to explore new islands, they set off a sailing craze between 1 100 ~ 1800. Many new islands were discovered by accident, but many were discovered through planned immigration exploration. They prepared plenty of water and food, and brought all kinds of plants, and sailed in a Triga-style canoe at sea for weeks or even months.
Their pioneering voyages often risk their lives. Although there is a break in the middle, the voyage is very long-usually hundreds of kilometers, sometimes even thousands of kilometers. They arrived in Austera in the south, Hawaii in the north, and Mangareva Island or Este Island in the east. During the whole journey, all they could see was the endless ocean, and nothing else.
At the same time that early melanesians and Polynesians began to migrate, another maritime nation, China, was also active in the Pacific Ocean. Compared with Europe in the same period, China has made progress in shipbuilding, cartography and astronomy. As early as the early AD, China businessmen had been to India, the Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf), the Malay Peninsula or east indies to explore and trade on land and sea.
As early as 960 ~ 1279, China people had invented the compass and waterproof compartment for navigation, but it was not until many years later that European navigators began to use it. In addition, the earliest printed map in the world was drawn by China people. Their ships only ventured to the Caroline Islands and the Philippines for trade.
During the Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (1403 ~ 1424), Zheng He made a series of expeditions, which extended China's influence to the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. He used a map with directions, which is more accurate than the map of Europe. Although the routes of Zheng He's fleet are concentrated on the east coast of Africa, the Persian Gulf and the coast of India, it can be seen from the carving on the memorial column that he has been to Java and Sumatra. Therefore, before the arrival of Europeans, China people knew the vast North Pacific like the back of their hands.
Zheng He's exploration began in A.D. 1400, almost at the same time as the two major European exploration mainstream-Spain and Portugal. The Spaniards crossed the Atlantic and headed for the new world; The Portuguese bypassed the top of Africa and set sail for India and the Moluccas (spice islands). Political and commercial purposes are the main themes of maritime exploration in these two countries, but Spain still has religious enthusiasm and Portugal still has adventurous spirit. After Ptolemy, the mapmakers' descriptions of the legendary geographical locations of Africa, India and the Far East were very incorrect, but they also provided attractive information. Especially in A.D. 1200, the story of Kyle Polo, a Venetian who went to Kublai Khan Dynasty, attracted all Europeans.
After Kyle Poirot returned to Europe, he talked enthusiastically about the endless wealth of China and Japan, and also mentioned the land named after himself in vast expanse, such as Rokaha and Biji. Through his propaganda, the trade between Europe and Asia has indeed increased, and the authenticity of his narrative can also be confirmed by the goods and stories brought back by some businessmen.
But it was the Arabs who monopolized the oriental merchants in Eurasia and the sea at that time. Moreover, the strength of the Arab Empire and the rapid development of Islam have also brought great threats to Spanish rule. Since the Crusader era, this threat has become a decisive factor in Spain's foreign policy. 1453 Islamists occupied Constantinople (Istanbul), and the collapse of the Byzantine Empire dealt a great blow to them. During these 700 years, the Moors deeply threatened the life of the Spanish.
Among the early Spanish colonists, there was a famous adventurer who liked to brag-Vacanco nunes de balboa. He tried to build a farm on the Spanish territory of Hispaniola (now Haiti and Dominican Republic), but he fled to the seaside because he was cornered by anti-rights activists. It is also said that he hid in a pork barrel and sailed to San Obastian, a new colony on the coast of Colombia.
In any case, balboa and a group of people later established the Glian colony on the Panamanian Peninsula. Through negotiation, bribery, violence and other means. The local Indian tribes received assistance, which enabled the economy of their colonies to develop actively. The Indian told balboa that there was a rich gold mine somewhere beyond the mountain, and he hoped to find another ocean with him. Balboa is full of expectation and interest in these two ways forward. He thinks this may prove that North America and South America are separated, and it is also possible to find a route to the East.
When he got the news that political enemies in his hometown might replace him as colonial governor, he assembled about 800 Indian porters and 190 Spaniards to form an expedition. After nearly 1 month's trek, we finally found an endless ocean in the distance on 15 13 September 15.
A few days later, he reached the coast, stepped into what he called the "South China Sea" and shouted: The islands and coasts in this ocean belong to the Spanish royal family. Three months later, he returned to Glian with this exciting news on his high horse.
However, these achievements did not bring long-term happiness and benefits to Balia. As soon as he was promoted to governor, he was revoked by Fernando II. Among the conquerors after him, Pedro Arias de Abila (his well-known name is Bettela Rias Dabila) is the most ruthless, and balboa's promotion path is completely blocked by him. Although Babiya married his daughter, it didn't help.
15 19, Betera Riyas established Panama City on the Pacific side of the peninsula. In the same year, balboa was accused of treason by his political opponents, arrested and executed. This is what explorers who claim that the Pacific Ocean belongs to Spain get.
After balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 150 1 year, the expedition led by Amerigo WeisPucci of Florence sailed south, crossed the east coast of Brazil (belonging to Portuguese rights) and soon returned to the west coast of Africa. This expedition found that there is a big continent between Europe and east indies, and ships sailing can avoid this continent and move on.
15 1 1 year, Portugal bought Malaka Island on the southwest coast of Malay Peninsula, which broke the situation that Arabs monopolized the eastern trade. 15 13 years, the eastern trading power was established in the Moluccas. The following year, Pope Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici revised the Treaty of Asia in Tolde, granting the Portuguese the right to colonize the land that may be found during the voyage to the east. Helpless, Spain had to explore a new western line. The man who discovered the new Spanish route was a Portuguese explorer.
Ferdinand de mcquarrie (Ferdinand Magellan) worked under the governor Affonso de Albuquerque, the founder of the Eastern Portuguese Empire. Although he has never been to the Spice Islands, he knows its name. He knows the legends about the New World, which is right and which country he belongs to.
Magellan made many demands, hoping to play for Portuguese King Mannur I.
1520,10,21,Magellan bypassed the southern tip of Patagonia, and he named this place "The Notre Dame of eleven thousand people". The land extending to the south is named Tierra del Fuego, which is inspired by the lights living along the coast. 165438+1October 18, the remaining three ships passed through the dangerous strait later named strait of magellan and reached the South China Sea. The place where I first saw the ocean was named Cape Duchette (Italian, meaning hope). Bigafett wrote in his diary: The name means "long-term hope, wait". Magellan named this ocean "Pacific Ocean".
The newly discovered ocean, seemingly calm, actually contains countless dangers. Due to the influence of monsoon and ocean currents, Magellan's captain could not see land for a long time, which made the crew feel desperate. In two terrible months, they were drifted to the northwest. Usually, they can use navigation tools, such as star observers and log meters, to measure their direction. But at this time, no matter what instruments they use, they can't return to the scheduled route. The heat hit the crew, the meat rotted and the water was polluted, and many crew members died of scurvy.
Soon, the crew had to eat bread made of flour covered with dough, drink yellow and smelly water, eat rats and cowhide and sawdust tied to the top of the mast. A mouse is divided into countless pieces ... Unfortunately, some people have swollen gums and can't eat any food. Results 19 people died.
1521May 24th, the day of Sao Paulo, they finally found the island. There are neither humans nor fresh water on the island, but there are a lot of eggs and meat, which makes the crew have a full meal. On February 3, they caught several sharks on the sea surface of an atoll with a map of "Shark Island". One of the islands may be Buguga Island in Upper Mozambique, and the other is Caroline Islands.
Even when he arrived in the Phoenix Islands, Magellan still thought that India (the Eastern World) was within the route distance. And continue to move to the northwest. From 152 1 February 12 to 13, the ship crossed the equator and then headed due west. Due to illness and lack of food and water, more and more crew members died one after another. Fortunately, thanks to Magellan's indomitable spirit and courage, and the trust of the crew, the rebellion was avoided.
On March 6, the situation on the ship became more and more miserable and the food was exhausted. Many people died of scurvy, and the rest were unable to stand because of the disease. The crew shed tears when the ship approached the wooded coast. Magellan directed them to sing hymns and thanked God for saving them.
The coast they arrived at seemed to be a very friendly and peaceful place. But soon, many Ortega canoes surrounded Magellan's ships. The man has a threatening expression on his face. They are naked and very strong. When they climbed the ship's rail and deck in Trinidad, curiosity obviously far exceeded hostility, but the Spaniards were very scared. So, the crew shot several islanders with stone bows, and the rest were scared away. Magellan named the island "Radroni Island" (meaning the island of thieves) because the hungry people took Skiff (a small and light ship) and fled. This island is probably Guam or Rhode Island in the southern Mariana Islands.
The next day, Magellan led his men ashore again, gunned down the village, set fire to the house, killed seven islanders, and rudely demonstrated the strength of the Spanish. Finally, he not only regained the boat, but also obtained fresh water and grains (sweet potatoes, coconuts, pigs, chickens, etc. ). On March 9th, the small fleet set off to the south right again. On this day, the British captain Amdo died unfortunately.
Seven days later, the fleet found St. lazaro Island (the upper island is Samoa Island in the Philippine Islands now) and safely passed through the Moluccas in the south and the sea area with detailed maps. So Magellan and them became the first Europeans to cross the Pacific Ocean. However, their brave voyage and exploration were doomed to a tragic ending.
Magellan promised the indigenous chief of Cebu Island to help attack nearby Macatan Island. On April 27th, a group of witnesses led by Bigafe and Magellan attacked the island, but they were killed by islanders. Cano, one of the rebels in Port San Frian, took over the command of the fleet. Although Trinidad tried to return to the United States, it was arrested by the Portuguese. Concepcion ran aground and sank in Moluccas, and only Victoria returned to Spain safely and completely, completing the feat of sailing around the world.