Experience of reading Emile (1) Emile is the work of Rousseau, a famous enlightenment thinker in the period of French enlightenment thought. Rousseau attacked and exposed the feudal autocracy and various corrupt social conditions in France at that time without fear. Emile is the first novel-style educational masterpiece in the world, and it is the representative of Rousseau's crusade against French feudal educational thought, and expounds the educational view of the new bourgeois naturalism educational thought. The whole book "Emily" is divided into five volumes according to the educational methods that children at different ages should have. Among them, his naturalistic view of educational purpose has a great influence on later generations, and it also reflects the interests and requirements of the French emerging bourgeoisie.
The first volume of Emile mainly discusses the natural education from birth to two years old, that is, infancy. The first sentence of this volume attracted me deeply. Everything that comes from the creator's hand is good, but when it comes to people's hands, it goes bad. I think this sentence is very philosophical, which just reflects Rousseau's thought of natural human rights, freedom and equality, and human nature is good. Then, he pointed out that the three different kinds of education we received from nature, people or things had an important influence on people in infancy. Education has given us the strength that we were born weak but can have, and the help that we were born with nothing but the ability to judge right and wrong. He advocates that human nature is good, emphasizes the value of education, respects human nature and pays attention to personal value and status. He pointed out that the purpose of education is to cultivate natural people, safeguard human nature through natural education, and prevent all kinds of evil thoughts with good thoughts, thus promoting a happy life. He believes that babies who can grow up physically and mentally should grow up in a state of unrestrained limbs, rather than giving them various growth postures. He strongly demanded to get rid of the damage and bondage brought by feudal education to children's physical and mental development, and demanded that education must follow the laws of children's physical and mental development, which reflected the reasonable requirements of the bourgeoisie for education. Mental health is closely related to physical health. Only a healthy body can have a sound spirit and resist the disasters it will inevitably suffer. Therefore, in the early childhood education period, we should pay attention to children's physical and mental health to adapt to the nature of children's development.
The second volume of "Emile" mainly discusses the natural education of people from 2 years old to 12 years old, that is, childhood. It is pointed out at the beginning of this volume that the transition from infancy to childhood is an important progress in life. At this stage, Rousseau came to a basic principle that a truly free man only wants what he can get and only does what he likes. In the article, he also called for applying this principle to children's nature education, so as to obtain various educational methods continuously. In the view of childhood education, Rousseau pays attention not to the words used by children, but to the meanings given to them by children. He strongly disapproves of parents teaching their children to say some hypocritical polite words, because these kind words will almost taste bad when they are said by children, and it is very likely that they will turn the tone of request into an order. In the way of children's daily education, Rousseau opposes both too strict education and too laissez-faire education. What he advocates is an important principle of Locke, that is, educating children with reason. Rousseau firmly believes that human nature is good, and we should respect children instead of rushing to judge their behavior. He insists on nature education and advocates that children should receive nature education for a period of time before we take over, so as to avoid the conflict between our education methods and nature's teaching methods. In childhood, children are still not rational, their intelligence is still in the perceptual stage, they can't accept ideas, they can only accept images, and they have no judgment ability, that is, they can't have real memories. Therefore, in childhood, we should pay attention to the exercise of children's senses to adapt to the nature of children's development.
The third volume of "Emile" mainly discusses the natural education of people aged 12 to 15, that is, adolescents. At this stage, children only feel that they have ideas from the beginning. From the beginning, they can only feel the current judgment with their senses, and their physical strength develops rapidly. With the development of intelligence, children have gradually realized the value of time. They know how to spend their time on useful things, and they ask some questions themselves. In this case, Rousseau pointed out that what we have to do is to see how to arouse children's curiosity and how to answer it, instead of blindly considering how to satisfy children's curiosity. When exploring the laws of nature, we should always start with the most common and remarkable phenomena. A child can't always do what others say, because everything is useless to him except what he thinks is really meaningful. Rousseau is very opposed to strict discipline and teaching methods that rely only on rote memorization. He believes that education is an activity that develops outward from internal nature. Education should adapt to children's personality and ability, develop people's talent and nature, and maximize everyone's inner potential. Therefore, in the period of juvenile education, we should pay attention to training children's intellectual education to adapt to the nature of children's development.
The fourth volume of "Emile" mainly discusses the natural education of people from 15 to 20 years old, that is, youth. At this stage, people are in a difficult rebellious period, and people's thoughts are slowly maturing. What people should learn is to restrain their imagination with their own emotions and overcome prejudice with their own reason. Rousseau firmly believes in the natural nature of human beings, and thinks that all human desires come from human sensibility, and their development tendency is determined by imagination. As long as we extend self-love to love others, we can turn self-love into virtue. People's thinking has finally begun to enter the field of morality. When conducting moral education, the content of moral education should not be purely theoretical, and empty moral preaching is completely on paper, but we can combine some fables or philosophical knowledge. Of course, the most important thing is practice, which is based on real life, which is conducive to the cultivation of good moral sentiments. In the last part of this volume, Rousseau also specifically mentioned his views on religion. He advocates deism, and the concept of God is very vague. He pointed out that especially on religious issues, people's prejudice is overwhelming. Rousseau criticized the obscurantism of religion on the issue of cultivating children's beliefs. He insisted that children should be allowed to use their reason correctly to choose. Therefore, in the period of adolescent education, we should pay attention to children's moral cultivation to adapt to the nature of children's development.
The fifth volume of Emile mainly discusses the education of Emile's fiancee Sophie, with special emphasis on the idea of women's education, that is, to cultivate a good wife and mother through natural education. Sophie has a kind nature in her ordinary heart, and what makes her better than other women is that she has received a good education. She is kind by nature, but her heart is often very sensitive, and it is this extremely sensitive heart that sometimes makes her uneasy imagination. However, she endures other people's mistakes patiently, and she is more willing to correct her own mistakes. Sophie attaches great importance to all rights except sacred and inviolable rights. She not only knows that she has this right, but also knows that she should use this right to judge a man's character. In the process of women's education, laziness and disobedience are the two most dangerous shortcomings of women. In order to prevent this from happening, if we only adopt general education methods, it will easily make them hate work and only know how to have fun. Therefore, women's behavior is always bound by public opinion, and it is precisely because they have developed the habit of being bound that women must form a quality that she must have all her life, that is, meekness. Women often decorate themselves with gorgeous clothes and cosmetics, but ignore that she can exercise her rights as long as she has virtue; As long as you have enthusiasm and talent, you can cultivate an aesthetic ability, and then appreciate beauty and related moral concepts.
Throughout the book, Rousseau's naturalistic education view is vividly reflected between the lines of Emile, which has extremely rich internal meaning and great historical and practical value. As a pre-school (normal) major student, I will take up the post of kindergarten teacher in the future. As an educator, my task is not only to impart knowledge, but also to annihilate the curiosity of children. What I should do is to try my best to create a suitable environmental condition that can promote the free and healthy growth of children. By carefully observing children's behaviors, I will appropriately induce them to behave inappropriately, instead of blindly forcing children to accept others' unique ways of dealing with life. In addition, we should actively encourage children to stay in nature to reflect the natural beauty of nature, so as to exercise their independence, cultivate their perseverance in overcoming difficulties, and advocate their own establishment of good interpersonal relationships.
Experience of reading Emile (2) Emile is an important work of Rousseau, an outstanding French enlightenment thinker. It is the first novel-style educational masterpiece written by 1757. It was first published in Amsterdam, the Netherlands in 1762, which caused a sensation in France and some bourgeois countries in western Europe and had a great influence. In this book, Rousseau opposed the feudal education system, and expounded his bourgeois education thought by educating Emile, the educational object he envisioned.
Rousseau's educational thought is based on his view of natural humanity. He believes that people are born free and equal; In the natural state, everyone enjoys the rights given by this day. After human beings entered the civilized state, inequality, privilege and slavery appeared between people, thus making people lose their own nature. In order to change this unreasonable situation, he advocated natural education for children to adapt to the process of natural development, so as to cultivate new people in the rational kingdom of the bourgeoisie.
Rousseau's so-called nature education is to obey the eternal laws of nature and let people's body and mind develop freely, and its means are life and practice. He advocates the use of physical teaching and intuitive teaching methods, so that children can obtain the knowledge they need from personal experience of life and practice through sensory feelings. Closely related to nature education, Rousseau also advocates educating children on labor and freedom, equality and love, so that they can learn the means of making a living, develop the ability to control freedom and physical strength as soon as possible, and maintain natural habits.
The book is divided into five volumes, and Rousseau puts forward the principles, contents and methods of educating children of different ages according to their age. Such as physical education, sensory education, intellectual education, moral education and love education. This idea of phased education is undoubtedly a great progress, but this method of phased teaching and separation of morality, intelligence and physique is unscientific.
After reading Rousseau's Emile, I deeply felt the meaning of Shakespeare's sentence. Books are the nourishment of the whole world. Without books in life, there seems to be no sunshine. Wisdom without books is like a bird without wings. So if you want to enter the teaching profession, you should look at Rousseau's Emile.
The first sentence at the beginning of Rousseau's Emile makes people feel that it contains profound philosophy. Everything that comes from the creator's hand is good, but when it comes to people's hands, it goes bad. This sentence reminds me that kindness at the beginning of life also has its reasons. Emile is divided into five volumes. He put forward the principles, contents and methods of educating children of different ages according to their age. As future educators, these are all worth learning and learning from.
In the first volume, Rousseau focuses on how to carry out physical education for babies before the age of two, so that children can develop naturally. In the second volume, he thinks that children between the ages of two and twelve are still asleep and lack thinking ability, so he advocates sensory education for children in this period. In the third volume, he thinks that teenagers aged from 12 to 15 have some experiences because of sensory feelings, so he mainly discusses their intellectual education. In the fourth volume, he thinks that1young people between the ages of 5 and 20 begin to enter the society, so he mainly discusses their moral education. In the fifth volume, he thinks that young men and women mainly discuss the education of women and the love education of young men and women because of the needs of natural development.
I have to admire Rousseau, because in Emile, he mainly advocates that the purpose of education is to cultivate natural persons, reform the methods and contents of education, conform to children's nature, and let children develop freely physically and mentally. In the real society, we can't ignore the development of society and the times and let our children develop at will. We should take education as a bridge to guide children to society. The important task of cultivating talents not only falls on educators, but also needs family education and social education.
I deeply feel that early education for children will affect his life invisibly, and family environment and social environment are also very important factors. Therefore, Meng Mu's "Three Major Movements" became a legendary story. I think parents should not give their children what they want, but what they need. Let the child bear setbacks appropriately, because facing setbacks bravely will be the most important lesson in his life. If children are taken care of everywhere, they will only become flowers in the greenhouse and will never grow independently.
I am determined to be an educator in the future, and I get a lot of inspiration from Amir. Although Emil doesn't have much knowledge, what he knows is really his own, and nothing is half-baked. Being able to understand and master what you have learned is the most important thing. Otherwise, what's the use of learning more? We should learn to cultivate students' curiosity, interest and thirst for knowledge, and teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
In fact, how should we understand nature and let children develop according to their own nature? Children are like a blank sheet of paper. What they hear, see and experience will leave their marks on it. The way we educate them will never be erased on a blank sheet of paper. Therefore, as educators, we should be cautious about communicating with students. We will often see such an example: students raise their hands to answer questions, and when they answer wrong, they are severely criticized or sarcastically criticized by the teacher. This student will never dare to answer questions on his own initiative in the future, and his character will become silent. Therefore, the words and deeds of educators will deeply affect students' ideological and psychological development.
The important task of building the motherland falls on children, and the important task of cultivating students also falls on our educators. In order to make myself an excellent educator, I will study students' educational methods more attentively.
Raising and educating children should follow the laws of nature, and children will be tempered by nature during their growth. For example, children will always be sick, which will also be beneficial to their growth. Just think, is a child stronger than any disease?
In order to keep their children in good health and stay away from diseases, many parents refuse everything that hurts their children, and prevent them from engaging in dangerous things and activities that are beneficial to their future. Their children are confined in a safe and sound environment, unable to exercise and adapt properly, leaving them without temporary disasters and dangers, but lacking the ability to adapt to nature. Because children will encounter unexpected dangers and difficulties when they go to society as adults. Therefore, if children are cultivated into flowers and plants in the greenhouse, it is harmful to children and violates the normal laws of nature. Although parents have good intentions, they have harmful consequences for their children.
If the mother is the child's nanny, the father should assume the responsibility of the teacher. A father should not fail to fulfill this responsibility for various excuses. Because of the blood relationship, the relationship between father and son is close. If the father is a competent father and he knows his children better than other outsiders, then education will be handy. However, many fathers refuse to perform this responsibility under the pretext of busy work, and let others take on the work that should be performed, thus alienating the relationship between father and son and gradually weakening the children's affection for their fathers. How can a person who is not close to his father become a good collaborator and a qualified social citizen?
As parents, they should fulfill three negative responsibilities to their children, one is to have children, the other is to train children to become gregarious people, and the third is to train children to become qualified citizens in society.
Experience of reading Emile (3) When I first started reading Emile, I always had an impulse to take out all the specific educational contents. The nature education it preaches is so in line with the nature of nature! But the more you row, the more you feel that something is wrong. When I finished reading the first volume, I found myself increasingly refuting his education of the Amir. Even when I read the next volume, I found that Rousseau had been interfering with Emile, not guiding him.
I also have some questions about his educational goals:
The education he gave Amir was not aimed at everyone, because the poor did not need any education, and the education in his environment was compulsory, so he could not receive other education. His student Emil must come from a land with a mild climate and a rich family, but he is an orphan and only obeys me, and no one can separate them. I don't understand. Why did he make Emily an orphan? Isn't it important for a father to love a mother? If he can't have parents, he might as well go to the orphanage and bring one back to teach! Who is rich, or who is willing to let his children only listen to others?
He said Emily was an ordinary person and he wanted to teach an ordinary child. In this way, people can compare the differences between the children he taught and those taught in other ways in society. In my opinion, Emily's ordinary is ordinary in a sense. Since the purpose of his education is to cultivate a new bourgeoisie, his education is bound to have certain class limitations. Needless to say here.
He advocates that the educational environment is in the countryside. The fresh air in the countryside, the simple people and being close to nature are all favorable conditions for implementing education, indeed. However, there will be some disadvantages in the countryside, such as ignorance, but this is much better than the filth and chaos of French cities at that time.
The framework of this book is roughly as follows:
The first volume focuses on how to carry out physical education for infants before the age of two, so that children can develop naturally. At this time, it is mainly to let the baby get the most suitable care and nutrition.
In the second book, children between the ages of two and twelve are still asleep and lack thinking ability, so they advocate sensory education for children in this period, including vision, touch, hearing, smell and exercise, so as to standardize their food, clothing, housing and transportation. At this time, physical exercise is still very important. At this time, it is purely passive education. He didn't advocate that Emil should have access to books during this period. Even at this time, Emile was twelve years old and didn't know what a book was.
In the third volume, he thinks that teenagers aged 12 to 15 have had some experience through sensory perception, so he mainly discusses their intellectual education. During this period, we should cultivate their curiosity and the habit of paying attention to one thing for a long time. And don't teach all kinds of knowledge in advance, because he doesn't advocate cultivating child prodigies. One of them is Robinson Crusoe, a book about survival education. In the meantime, Emily is also required to master a technology so that she will not lose her wealth, stand on her own feet and get no respect.
In the fourth volume, he thinks that young people aged 15 to 20 are beginning to enter the society, so he mainly discusses their moral education. Self-love, love, fraternity, sympathy, honesty, kindness, kindness, religious understanding and choice. Here, although he advocates natural religion, I doubt it. Why must we be religious? As long as the truth is in your heart, isn't it enough?
In the fifth volume, he thinks that Young Men and Women mainly discusses the education of women and the love education of young men and women because of the needs of natural development. I don't think Rousseau himself has figured out the problem of love education. His sermon to Emile seemed ridiculous to me. Rousseau himself didn't know whether it was sentimental or promiscuous. Anyway, I don't think he is qualified to preach in education. And women's education, in his time, is not necessarily in line with the times, it is simply modern discrimination against women.
Rousseau's idea of phased education according to age characteristics is a great progress in the history of education, but this method of phased education and the separation of physical education, intellectual education and moral education are not suitable for modern times. This is also contrary to a person's life, because the educational environment can't be carried out in an absolute vacuum, and Emil is bound to be influenced by various external influences. He can't be exposed to pure education at the same time.
If Plato's Republic is an absolute idealization of the country, Rousseau's Emile is an absolute idealization of education.
And after the education is completed, can Emile finally adhere to Rousseau's education?
What does Rousseau want to express in the appendix "Emile and Sophie" or "Lonely Man"? In order to show his role in Emile's education, Sophie deliberately betrayed him to show Emile's ability to think independently? The ability to use the skills you have learned to support yourself without any money? Or the wit and courage after being captured by pirates on the voyage and sold into slavery? In other words, no matter what kind of education people have received, Emil performs best when facing the inevitable tragedy of life. Unfortunately, he didn't finish his appendix. After the completion of education, Rousseau should be most satisfied with the result of his natural education.
Second, something worth thinking about.
In Rousseau's educational thought, I found some interesting topics:
1. Is it necessary for a baby to be in infancy? How should we treat a child who is being slaughtered? It should conform to the child's natural development and should not be tied to it. Let it move freely.
2. How to treat children's crying? You can't let him finally get into the habit of crying and ordering you to do things. It is easy to develop children's waywardness from infancy.
When the baby silently reaches for something, he thinks he can get it because he can't estimate the distance between him and what he wants. His idea is of course wrong. However, when he reached out while crying, it wasn't that he made a mistake in the distance, but that he was ordering that thing into his hand, or that you should give it to him. In the former case, you should take him to the place he wants step by step; In the second case, not only do you pretend not to hear, but the more he cries, the more you ignore him. He must get into the habit of not ordering food, otherwise it will be too late. I think Rousseau is too cruel at this point. Do you have to torture him so young? Even when you grow up, you can get rid of the habit of giving orders to people.
3. What should I do when I give something to my child? If you are going to give, you should give happily. Don't wait for him to make any conditions or beg you, but you should definitely refuse and not give. Once he refuses, he can't change it, otherwise he won't give up.
4. Educational opportunities. This is a profound knowledge, and perhaps it is more appropriate to apply Confucius' education without complaining. But teachers should create an environment for students to think.
5. Do you want to explain your child's curiosity as soon as possible or take some small things to perfunctory? For example, a child often asks: Where does the child come from? At this time, you can answer without lying or embarrassment. It doesn't matter if the metaphor is rough, as long as the truth is clear. However, the mother's answer in the book has hidden concerns. If the child comes out, the child will ask why some people can't come out. Hehe, children like to get to the bottom of it. I think you can refuse to tell him such a question first, let him know that his mother wrote it down for him first, and then tell him the reason when he can know it.
6. Gender equality. This is also a big problem. What's hateful is that Rousseau actually thinks that men and women should perform their respective duties, which reminds me of the times when men ruled outside and women ruled inside in feudal society. Although he has a good reason to say that this is caused by the difference between men and women on the physiological basis, he can't think that women are so inferior to men! In women's education, I always think Rousseau is a villain. Fortunately, modern education is equal to men and women, so I won't go into details.
I recommend it carefully.