What are the training methods for children's psychological behavior? In order to make children have a healthy attitude, we can train their psychological behavior. So what are the training methods for children's psychological behavior? I'm going to tell you some methods.
First, the training methods of children's psychological behavior
Childhood is a critical period of language training, and it is also an excellent opportunity to cultivate children's good habits and independent consciousness.
According to the characteristics of children's physical and mental development in childhood, the following training can be carried out:
1, with the rapid development of sensory function, comprehensively enrich sensory stimulation.
The research of developmental neuropsychology shows that although the initial proliferation of brain cells mainly involves genetic factors, early sensory experience can change the functional characteristics of micro neurons that are not controlled by heredity. We should always take the baby out, feel the colorful world, listen to the sounds of birds and animals, and listen to people's conversations. Feel the sounds in daily life, or listen to early education tapes and music. Hanging colorful blow-molded toys, balloons, etc. (But don't get too close to your child's eyes, and change some new toys every once in a while) You can show your child beautiful pictures, calendars, kitchen windows in shopping malls, street advertisements, etc. Every day and explain them vividly. Let children "talk" to adults by looking at their expressions and mouths face to face. Often let children taste the different flavors of food and fruit, and replenish eggs, milk, fruit juice, vegetable juice, fish, meat and so on in time. Deliberately let the children smell all kinds of fragrance before eating. Take more children to take a bath in the sun, smell the refreshing fragrance of flowers and plants, see the natural blue sky and green trees, listen to birds and insects, and touch all kinds of harmless substances. For children under one year old, after waking up, pick him up, pat him, shake him and gently touch his skin. For children who can walk, we can take them to various places without danger and encourage them to explore, perceive and expand their knowledge.
These practices are all aimed at increasing the feeling of various stimuli, so that the body has rich early sensory experience. With the rapid maturity of various sensory functions, children learn to understand things comprehensively through various senses. This will help people understand things comprehensively and accurately in the future, and also avoid "sensory integration disorder".
2. Promote the all-round development of intelligence with the guidance of speech training. Language is a tool for interpersonal communication, and the process of baby mastering language is also a process of psychological development.
The critical period of oral development is within 3 years old. Scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of detailed work on the study of children's language. Soviet scholars believe that the more attention is paid to children, the more children hear from people around them, and the faster the temporary connection in the second signal system develops. Therefore, parents should always talk to their children. Generally speaking, children are taught pronunciation from the third or fourth month, gradually increasing to various words such as address and greeting, and then teaching a noun (or pronoun) with a simple sentence of a verb, such as "the baby has eaten" and "the kitten has run away", and then gradually increasing the difficulty according to the child's mastery. You can choose rhyming songs and poems that children are interested in and teach them. You can also tell short stories. You can use the "hypnotic memory method" to slowly input various words related to your child's life during the nap before going to bed. You can also let the baby see the mouth shape of an adult after waking up, and slowly arouse the child's interest in the conversation. You should talk to a child as often as he understands from the beginning. But don't talk too much and too hard. Avoid children losing interest and even stuttering. A child who has mastered the language early will improve his thinking activities and his whole mind.
3. Pay attention to the cultivation of baby's mood and personality. The baby's attachment to his mother is gradually established from the womb.
The establishment of this attachment helps children to form a sense of security and trust in others. If a child under 2 years old fails to establish a mother-child attachment due to his mother's busy work or going abroad or job-hopping, parents must find ways to make up for it as soon as possible. If this attachment has not been established by the age of 3, it may cause problems or obstacles to the emotional or personality development of children. In addition, we should give full understanding and appropriate guidance to the "dangerous" behavior or "disobedience" of the curious baby. Be sure not to scare the children; Don't beat and scold. Parents should not be nervous about their children falling or bleeding. You can encourage him to get up by himself and tell him to apply a little potion, so just pay more attention in the future. In this way, children will not be flustered and nervous when they encounter other difficulties and setbacks in the future. When learning to talk to your baby, you will occasionally come into contact with swearing. When you feel funny, parents must not make a fuss. You can seriously tell him that this is not good, quickly divert the child's attention and gradually "fade". In order to avoid the rampage of parents, this bad behavior of children has been strengthened.
4. Babies learn by playing.
Experts say: "Games are the way for children to know the world …". Because the time of intentional attention in infancy is very short, the ability of abstract thinking has not yet developed, and I have a strong curiosity about everything around me. At this time, we can only understand the world around him by developing early intuitive concrete image thinking, and constantly develop unintentional imagination and re-created imagination. In fact, the abstract thinking and creativity of adults are developed on the basis of accumulating a lot of game experience. Therefore, children educators tell us that playing is the bounden duty of children. Children who didn't play fully as children will also be affected in their intellectual development. Including the common phenomenon of children's "sensory integration disorder" in psychological counseling, it is also attributed by experts: urbanization and the modern lifestyle of small families deprive children of playing games close to nature with their peers, such as getting into the water, climbing trees, playing with sand and mud, etc.
Therefore, the best way to carry out early education for infants and young children is to entertain and educate. When children are interested in crawling and chasing outdoors, they can be guided or led to play some activities that are conducive to the coordinated movement, balance and flexibility of both limbs. For older children, let them participate in children's games as much as possible after basic games and rules. Children will have a lot of imagination and creativity in games. Through games, children can fully develop their intelligence under natural conditions, and at the same time learn to communicate with others, learn to be humble to each other, and learn to obey the rules ... these are all things that must be mastered in future contact with society. In this sense, if children are given enough opportunities to play in infancy, they can be trained by various intellectual and non-intellectual factors. At the same time, it is also very important to prevent some psychosomatic disorders and psychological problems. If children are educated in the form of adult learning, it will only lead to children's rebellion against learning and lead to their dislike of learning.
Training in infancy should be linked with prenatal education.
Now many children have received prenatal education training. Therefore, postpartum education should pay attention to the continuity with prenatal education. No matter how good the prenatal training is, if it is not continuously strengthened after birth, the conditioned reflex that has been formed will gradually fade away.
Early education for infants and young children should also be based on the rapid development of children's vision, hearing, smell, taste, skin feeling and proprioception balance, and give enough corresponding stimulation. Listen to the prenatal music that children are already familiar with in the fetal period as usual. Frequently repeat the content of the parent-child dialogue in the fetal period and constantly update the content. Holding the child under his arm with both hands and helping him jump up or do "walking" to consolidate "intrauterine walking" can make the unconscious stepping after birth turn into cortical and conscious stepping behavior as soon as possible. And if these are not constantly strengthened after the birth of the child, they will soon fade away. Therefore, the effect of prenatal education should be consolidated, and it is impossible to do it once and for all. But parents don't have to be nervous or tired when they do it. Just do it purposefully when you take your children to play.
6. The role of parents as role models
Parents are the first teachers of the children. Children are like a video camera, recording their parents' words one by one. No one can say when it will be released. Parents should realize this and take the initiative to create a warm and harmonious family atmosphere. If they want their children to be open-minded and cheerful in the future, they can't haggle and be mean to others. To make children eager to learn and make progress, we must first set an example. In psychological counseling, some parents who deal with their children's anxiety are more nervous than their children. Therefore, the most effective way to conduct early training for children with strong imitation and high suggestibility is for parents to set an example. Including mutual respect and love, a correct understanding of life and society, consistent words and deeds, consistent parents' attitudes, constantly overcoming their own shortcomings and bad habits, initiative, diligence and enthusiasm are all examples for children's healthy growth. Mutual suspicion, resentment, quarrel and even divorce between parents will cast a shadow over children's young minds, which is extremely unfavorable to their mental health.
7. Pay attention to the cultivation of non-intellectual factors.
The emotion in early childhood is close to that in infancy, which has the characteristics of variability and is not good at self-regulation. However, with the growth of age, children have developed a certain degree of control ability in their later years, and advanced social emotions have emerged. Therefore, children's emotional development changes rapidly with the environment and education. They like watching cartoons, worshiping heroes and appreciating beautiful things. At this time, parents can guide the situation through things that cause children's emotional experience, and help children build a sense of morality, beauty, reason and stable plot. Childhood is also a crucial period for the formation of a person's character in his life. Some bad environmental factors or parents' educational mistakes may form some plots, which may affect children's personality development or cause lifelong misfortune. First of all, parents will find that after the age of 3, children have a desire for independence and start their own way, which is called "the first negative phase" in psychology. At this time, parents should not impose "stubbornness" on their children to avoid "rebellion". Let the children try and practice. At the same time give necessary guidance. When children make mistakes or break things because of inexperience or carelessness, they should be comforted and encouraged to sum up experiences and lessons and continue to practice. When children are frustrated and fail, they should express their understanding and support in time. For example, when a child is isolated by other children because he is close to a child who has no friends, we should affirm his kind compassion and teach him some ways to make new friends and old friends. Children in kindergarten sometimes can't distinguish between imagination and reality, and what they say doesn't match the facts. At this time, don't say that the child is "lying" and don't "lie" easily. This hinders children from building self-confidence and self-esteem. Sometimes children will bring home toys from other children or kindergartens because they have not clearly understood the concept of ownership. This kind of thing must be educated in time, and the attitude should be calm, serious and rational. Soon the child will understand the truth. At present, the intelligence level of only children is generally high. However, due to the lack of close communication with children of the same age, interpersonal communication will have problems. Parents should encourage their children to go out and play with other children. Accumulate more communication experience. This is extremely important for adapting to society in the future.
Second, how to correctly understand children's psychological and behavioral barriers
"Children's psychological behavior problems account for the first place in the proportion of children's psychiatric clinics, reaching more than 60%." Zheng Yi, vice president of Beijing Anding Hospital and chairman of the Children and Adolescent Psychiatry Group of Psychiatry Branch of Chinese Medical Association, said in an interview with reporters on the eve of Children's Day on June 1st that the mental health status of children and adolescents in China is worrying. Among them, children's psychological behavior disorder is a common psychological disease of children, and we should correctly understand children's psychological behavior disorder.
According to experts, the so-called psychological and behavioral disorder of children refers to a kind of behavioral and emotional disorder that occurs especially in children and adolescents. The most common are ADHD, TIC disorder, antagonistic disobedience, social anxiety and fear of learning. Its pathogenic factors include biological factors (brain disorder caused by heredity, trauma or infection), psychological factors, environmental and social factors.
"The high incidence and low recognition rate indicate that psychological and behavioral disorders of children and adolescents have become a public health problem." Experts say that many children's psychological and behavioral disorders will continue into adulthood, and they can also develop into other more serious mental diseases, which are not only not conducive to the healthy growth of individuals, but also have a serious impact on families and society. According to him, an Australian scientist made a survey to remind more than 1 100 young criminals of their school days. As a result, more than 73% of them were diagnosed with ADHD during school. In other words, if ADHD can be diagnosed correctly and reasonably at an early stage, and appropriate treatment can be given to minimize impulsive and aggressive behaviors, juvenile delinquency can be greatly reduced.
In fact, the early detection and treatment of children's psychological and behavioral disorders are very effective, but many people don't know enough. Experts give two sets of data: the recognition rate of children's psychological disorders in the world is very low, less than 20%, and China may be even lower; Of the confirmed 20%, only 20% have been correctly diagnosed and treated.
The expert told a case of children's psychological and behavioral disorder that had been misdiagnosed for a long time. He once treated a female patient in her thirties. When she was five or six years old, she had problems such as convulsions, blinking and shaking her head. Instead of treating her as a mental problem, her parents took her to see neurology, pediatrics and traditional Chinese medicine, and she also had two brain operations. Instead of getting better, the condition is getting worse. When the convulsion is severe, there will be violent acts such as compulsion, swearing, self-mutilation, and even damage to the cornea. Because the patient was yelling, smashing things and hurting herself all day, her family couldn't live in the same room with her, and finally she had no choice but to find a psychologist. After two weeks of treatment in Anding Hospital, the symptoms of self-injury and smashing things were controlled. "When I was reviewing two weeks later, my mother came with her. I am especially grateful to us because her mother has not been with her for many years."
"Many tragedies can be avoided and the rehabilitation effect is good by giving early medication and behavioral intervention, adjusting the level of neurotransmitters in the brain, regulating nerve function, improving executive function and controlling emotions and behaviors." Experts said that through drug treatment and the improvement of parents' and patients' mental health awareness, the above cases have all improved.
Why are children's psychological and behavioral disorders difficult to identify and the diagnosis rate is low? Zheng Yi explained that there are two misunderstandings: First, patients and parents do not regard it as an objective disease, but only as a disease or bad habit. He suggested that parents should consider taking their children to see a psychologist if they find that their children's behavior is different from before, which brings continuous troubles and pains to the family or the environment.
In addition, some parents know that this is a disease, but they are afraid to see a doctor correctly because of social discrimination or self-discrimination. The whole society discriminates against mental illness, and the individual is ashamed of mental illness, even though he knows that he is sick, he is unwilling to go to a mental hospital. This kind of social discrimination and self-discrimination are the core problems of low recognition rate and low medical treatment rate. In the United States, the concept of children's mental health has spread to schools and families, and children with psychological and behavioral problems in schools will be immediately transferred to specialized hospitals, which we urgently need to strengthen. "Zheng Yi said.
In short, through the introduction and analysis of cases of children's psychological and behavioral disorders by experts, I hope everyone can correctly understand this psychological disease of children.
Development: children's psychological and behavioral development
(1) newborn
After birth, in addition to general nervous or reflex behaviors (such as grounding reflex, Moro reflex, sucking reflex, etc. ), babies still have the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment. The quality of newborn behavior depends largely on the degree of awakening of the baby at that time. A completely normal baby can generally be in a quiet and awake state for a long time within 1-2 hours after birth. From birth, children have the ability to visually fix objects and follow their movements. Simple geometric figures, especially faces, can be scanned intuitively. In the next few days, children spend about 10% of a day in this behavior.
"Directional response" refers to some behaviors of babies to environmental changes. Children will become more alert when new stimuli reach the auditory, visual and other sensory systems. At this time, spontaneous movement is inhibited, and the head can rotate in the direction of stimulation, accompanied by physiological changes such as increased heart rate. Your heart rate will slow down when you get used to this stimulus. If there is another completely unfamiliar stimulus, the heart rate will increase again. However, when this stimulus appears repeatedly, habitual adaptation appears again.
Brazelton designed a set of neonatal behavior assessment scale based on the observed neonatal behavior. The scale analyzes the behavior of newborns from four aspects: ① interactive process (vision, vigilance, appeasement, etc. ); ② Action process (muscle tension, action maturity, defensive response, mouth-hand movement, general activity level, reflex behavior, etc.). ); ② Physiological adjustment (forming the habit of strong light, ringing, rattle and acupuncture); ④ Reaction to stimulation (tremor, skin discoloration, panic reaction, etc.). ). This behavior scale can find the defects of neonatal behavioral function, evaluate the level and quality of normal behavior, analyze the influence of intervention factors such as injury and drugs on behavior, and predict the future development and function of children. At present, the simplified Brazelton neonatal behavior scale implemented in China can also reflect the behavioral state of newborns.
(2) infancy
With the development of the nervous system, the baby's psychological society has also developed rapidly. Babies in the first 3 months can already distinguish people and things in their environment. Incomplete smiling faces can often be shown in the neonatal period, but fully developed social smiling faces are usually shown in 3-5 months. Babies who have no social laughter for 8- 12 weeks may have serious deviations in their development potential or quality of environmental experience. The establishment of the dependent relationship between the baby and the mother enables the baby to learn to sort out his inner situation and transmit information, while the mother tries to understand this information and make appropriate responses, such as appeasement, moderate tolerance when emotional frustration, delaying the baby's satisfaction, etc. When the mother raises her child with an encouraging, caring and trusting attitude, the baby will feel safe. Therefore, educators' response to infant behavior should be consistent and encouraging. When the mother fails to give timely support due to lack of maternal love or emotional changes, it is often difficult for babies to adapt to their own lives, resulting in long-term withdrawal, anxiety or hostility.
When the relationship between babies and people and things in the environment becomes more complicated, smiling, as a medium in social communication, often occurs. Four-month-old babies laugh when they have pleasant social contact. When this happy scene is interrupted, children can change their expressions, such as crying and fidgeting, to express anger and unhappiness. At 4-7 months, the emotional color of the baby's social contact is enhanced, and at 7 months, he reacts to the facial expressions of people who are closely related to him; A normal baby at the end of 6 months often chooses the person who raised him first. If a stranger tries to take him away from his mother's arms, he will fidget. On the contrary, when children sit alone with a stranger, they will accept this new social contact without resistance. Anxiety and fear of strangers when they are separated from their mothers depend on the depth of emotional communication with their main caregivers.
At 6.5 months, the baby can make a sound as a response. At 8 months, it can be called "father", "mother" and "big". At 8-9 months, you can pay attention to the pronunciation of your name. 1 year-old, in addition to the words "mom and dad", you can already express the names of some known objects in a few words with your own behavior.
Babies aged 6-8 months often show anxiety when they are separated from their mothers, but mothers feel that it is often difficult for children in this period to fall asleep, and children always want help and companionship before falling asleep. When the mother leaves the room and the child is upset, keeping in touch with her by voice can also make the child happy. From 9 months to 10 months, the dependence on the mother is reduced, partly because the child can climb by himself. It is also during this period that if the object that attracts children's attention is covered with cloth, children can take the initiative to take off the cloth and grab it. This clearly shows that what is invisible does not mean that it is not available. During this period, hide-and-seek often becomes a pleasant game.
At the end of 1, due to the interaction between the baby and his mother and other caregivers, and the full development of motor function, the child began to prepare to develop from a dependent posture to an independent movement to explore the bigger world around him.
(3) Early childhood
With the strengthening of the cerebral cortex's regulation of various organs, the big and fine movements of hands are developed, and the impulsiveness of children's activities is reduced. But generally speaking, in early childhood, the inhibition process is still very poor, mainly the excitement process, which is easy to be excited and tired, and easily distracted by external influences. During this period, the children learned the ability to walk independently. Expanded his life. Language will also develop rapidly.
1- 1.5 years old or above, mainly understanding language, which is manifested in: still little or no exact meaning can be expressed in language, but he can understand adult speech. Some children are still going through a difficult language stage, which is characterized by many intermittent tones but meaningless. After that, children can quickly get the word image and understand its meaning. As a result, most children can connect three words at the age of 2. Children aged 2-3 have basically mastered simple sentences, can speak in words, can state their age and gender, and like to ask questions.
At the age of 2, children can imitate the actions of adults, such as putting things in drawers and bookshelves. At this time, children often play alone, with the actual operation of objects as the main object. By the age of 3, with the influence of adult movements and the help of words, children's movements began to have a certain purpose, such as seeing their mothers feeding themselves. You will learn to feed dolls. Children can actively play with other children. However, at this time, the thinking and imagination are still very low. You can only think in action, but you can't plan your own actions, and you can't foresee the consequences of actions.
Three-year-old children have had complicated emotional experiences. When they are loved by adults, they can have a pleasant experience, and when they are scolded and punished, they will have a painful experience. But under the incorrect upbringing, children will also be jealous, shy, afraid of the dark and angry. Generally speaking, the mood is unstable, sometimes crying, sometimes laughing.
Children at the age of two or three may initially suppress or delay their actions for more recent purposes. Children often ask to "do it yourself" and are unwilling to accept help from others. This is a sign of the development of will activity, but this kind of will activity ability is very poor, and it is difficult to control one's actions for a long time. Therefore, the impulse at this time is still quite prominent.
(4) Preschool period
Under the influence of living conditions and education, the nervous system of preschool children has been further developed. Because the myelination of communicating nerve fibers in the brain has been basically completed, the conduction of nerve impulses is more rapid and accurate. The process of internal inhibition in cerebral cortex has been developed, which makes it possible for children to form more complicated and subtle temporary connections, better analyze and integrate external things, and standardize their own behavior. But at this time, the function of inhibition is still relatively poor, and it is often not competent to suppress one's actions for too long or engage in too detailed homework. /kloc-children aged 0/4-6 can bear the ability to think, feel and act hard, and have a certain understanding and imagination of the future. This kind of imagination can play the role of father or mother in the game. At this age, I also know something about gender, which is shown in the games I play. But children's understanding of the future is not complete, so they often have psychological pressure and anxiety. At home or outside, changes in the relationship between parents and children will leave children with anxiety, hostility and aggression. Worry can be manifested as nightmares and fears, and in severe cases, enuresis, thumb sucking and language and learning disorders can occur.
The second signal system of preschool children has been further developed. Children can not only know things through direct perception, but also know more things that cannot be directly perceived through text description and explanation. Children can not only accept other people's language instructions to regulate their own behavior, but also regulate their own behavior through their own language.
During this period, speech ability has further developed with practical activities, labor and study, but the expression ability is still very poor, often with great situational. In the last stage of this period, through correct education, coherent language gradually gained the dominant position, which is very important for developing children's speech ability and logical thinking. Variability and impulsiveness of emotions In the preschool and later period, children have been able to control the external expression of their emotions to a certain extent, and their stability has increased, and they have begun to develop social emotions. This plays an important role in the formation of children's character.
(5) School age
During this period, the development of central nervous system, especially the remarkable enlargement of frontal lobe, the enhancement of brain excitation function and the development of internal inhibition, enabled children to analyze and synthesize external things more carefully and be better at regulating their own behaviors, thus enabling children to move from family to society and receive education in the new environment.
With the change of environment, they gradually began to live independently, looking for new goals and codes of conduct from the new environment. Although children's excitement and inhibition processes have developed, they are still worse than teenagers. Excessive excitement can easily lead to fatigue, and excessive inhibition can also make children unbearable, thus inducing unnecessary excitement. From home to school, parents are often very concerned about the changes in children's interests, and often give a lot of advice and too many restrictions. If this early problem is not handled properly, it will upset the balance between anxiety, excitement and inhibition. Therefore, it will be difficult for children to adapt to external pressure.
The whole task of school-age children is to stimulate their sense of obligation and responsibility and how to put them into practice. During this period, children's thinking gradually changed from image thinking to abstract thinking, but it is still directly related to perceptual experience to a large extent (that is, the specific image components are still very large). We should pay attention to this in education. If the content and methods of education are not suitable for children's thinking characteristics, they will find it difficult to learn. Once the academic performance fails to meet parents' expectations, it will often irritate parents and make children feel defeated for the first time, thus showing anxiety, depression and even hostility. If children try to get the approval of their parents or teachers, but they can't get it, it will also cause emotional disorders; Even make anti-social behavior develop.
(6) Adolescence
During this period, the function of the brain has developed significantly, the connecting nerve fibers of the brain have increased greatly, and the differentiation function of brain cells has reached the level of adults. The function of the second signal system has been significantly improved. At the same time, with the sexual development in adolescence, there are many changes in interest, attitude and motivation.
Teenagers in this period are in a semi-naive and semi-mature state, that is, independent and dependent. He began to realize that he was no longer a child. "Adult feeling" and independence are unique psychological phenomena of teenagers, with strong self-esteem and sensitivity to the evaluation of people around them. There is often a feeling of "resistance" to parents or teachers and an intention to alienate adults. It is easy to form a group tendency among their teenagers, which often goes beyond the boundaries between classes and schools. The less harmonious the relationship between teenagers and adults, the greater the interaction and mutual influence between teenagers. Once such gangs are adversely affected by society, they are prone to social deviation.
The development of sex makes them aware of the differences between the two sexes, vaguely curious about the opposite sex, and inclined to care about and approach the opposite sex. The violent turmoil of sexual development changes the psychological content and structure of teenagers, and the social environment restricts and affects their psychological level and behavior. They are shy and restrained in front of the opposite sex, but they often love beauty and show off to attract the attention of the opposite sex.
Abstract logical thinking in adolescence began to dominate, and concepts were used for proper judgment and reasoning of integrated logic, but it was still prone to one-sidedness and superficiality.
Impulse is another feature of adolescence. They are prone to strong emotions, irritability and one-sided understanding. This situation often manifests itself as a reckless phenomenon. However, with the enhancement of self-control, teenagers' personality evaluation and inner experience of themselves and others are gradually enhanced, so that they can control and regulate their own behavior independently. Under the influence of teachers and family education, moral awareness has gradually increased and become the bud of world outlook.
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