Encyclopedia of intellectual development, intellectual development is one of the issues that many parents are concerned about. In fact, the content of intellectual development is very extensive and rich. We can let children expand their imagination while watching cartoons. The following is an encyclopedia of intellectual development.
Encyclopedia of Intellectual Development 1 Encyclopedia of Intellectual Development is an encyclopedia about the intellectual development of teenagers and children, and it is a golden key to open the intellectual door. Yunfei and Wei Guangzhen specially prepared all kinds of "treasures" for everyone, such as deepening observation, exercising thinking, flexible brain, examining eyesight and improving judgment. I believe that after reading this encyclopedia of intellectual development, a calm brain will definitely arouse ripples and become smarter!
What is real intellectual development?
Jiazhi delicacies
One day more than ten years ago, in the residential area where we lived, two adjacent girls, both about three or four years old, went to school in a piano art kindergarten, dressed neatly, sat by the stone bench in the garden, took out various colors of paper and pencils, and wrote carefully.
The dazzling white paper in front of them stands out against the lush green trees on the nursery lawn.
A girl is of mixed blood between China and Germany. Her father sat next to her and taught her to write German words meticulously. When dad doesn't stare at her, she can't help drawing on paper. She is only four years old and is in the stage of drawing circles, but her father forbids her to scribble and asks her to write German in an appropriate way.
As a result, this little girl who can only draw circles had to write a lot of foreign words one by one.
When others see this scene, they may sigh: How hard the child works! How clever! You can write at such a young age!
And when I saw this scene, I was also deeply moved: how poor this child is! At the beginning of drawing a circle, she had to write, and her development had been seriously distorted. Why is this father in such a hurry? She can learn these words when she is seven or eight years old!
And my own two "wild children"? All they know is enjoying nature, picking leaves, watching grass, looking for bugs and running around the fountain. ...
Not long after that, I sent my daughter to kindergarten one morning and passed by our shop commonly known as "Chaobai". My daughter suddenly asked me, "Mom, what are the eight words above?"
"Beijing Chaoyang Commercial Building."
I didn't realize it was really eight words until I finished reading it. At that time, I was shocked: how did this little girl know at a glance that it was eight characters?
At that time, my daughter went through a so-called "literacy sensitive period", asking what to read every word and learning the alphabet seriously. I only answered her questions and didn't give her a lesson while the iron was hot. She is also interested in numbers. According to another child's parents, my daughter even worked out the carry addition when counting how many sweets she and her child had.
Before this, there was a fierce battle on the Internet, the battle between "flashing cards" and "not flashing". A staunch supporter of flash memory cards, while showing off the brilliant achievements of flash memory cards, cited the example of their 5-year-old son, saying that he counted the items on the table (I forgot what they were, such as chess pieces), not one by one, but silently watched.
Hehe, my daughter is no less than that little brother this time.
Parents firmly believe that their son can remember numbers because of flash cards, while I firmly believe that my daughter's phenomenon is the result of my laziness.
So carrots and vegetables have their own tastes. They continue to show off themselves, while I continue to be lazy.
Looking back more than ten years later, my laziness did not delay my children's studies. My son graduated from Waldorf School with honors and was admitted to the top 30 liberal arts colleges in the United States. My daughter didn't do any homework before the fourth grade. Currently, she is studying in American public high schools. At the end of the tenth grade, she also achieved excellent results. She was on the honor list of the top students in the whole school and was recommended to take the English and Chinese AP course, the history honor course and the advanced mathematics course in the eleventh grade. It is estimated that it is not a small probability event not to be a tiger mother and raise a schoolmaster.
The word "early education" is very popular, but in the end,
What is early education?
"Early education" is "early education". According to the definition of UNESCO Office of Early Childhood Care and Education, the time range of early childhood education is from birth to 8 years old. At this stage, children's development is in the golden age, and their educational experience will affect their future study.
In my opinion, early education has attracted much attention for more than a century, because the research of modern psychology (especially developmental psychology) has increasingly confirmed that a person's childhood experience has a vital impact on his life, and even laid the foundation for his life. Especially 0-3 years old, although children have no permanent memory, and few adults can retell the memory of this stage in words, psychologists unanimously admit that the experience of this stage is the most critical.
To sum up, children's development consists of three aspects: body, emotion and thinking. These three areas complement each other. Only by balanced development and harmony can children grow up healthily.
From birth to 7 years old, developing the body is like laying the foundation for a house;
7~ 14 years old, developing emotions is like building a wall for a house;
14~2 1 year old, developing thinking is like building a roof.
The order of the three can't be reversed. Without a foundation, a wall can't be built, and without a good foundation, a roof can't be built. If you don't follow the order, the house will collapse; Even if it barely lasts for a few years, it will collapse sooner or later. The occupants (people's ego) inside will also be very uncomfortable.
Early education = developing intelligence? Or study in advance?
What about some skills?
It is a very one-sided and biased understanding to equate early education with developing intelligence, and people often have many misunderstandings about what real intelligence development is, especially that intelligence development is misunderstood as learning some skills in advance. Children's development is phased, regular and gradual. Everything comes at once. Instilling a large amount of so-called "knowledge" into a child's head in advance (just memorizing it mechanically) will not only lead to serious indigestion of the child's mind and soul, but also hinder the child's real intellectual development.
Many years ago, I had the opportunity to watch a demonstration of extraordinary memory, Duman flash card, literacy card and abacus mental arithmetic with three friends engaged in education. I have to say, it's really an eye-opener.
Although I have heard of these technologies before and have never really seen their "achievements", one thing is certain, that is, they are all under the banner of "intellectual development". After watching the performance, I suddenly realized that these activities are not actually developing children's intelligence. Those who cling to the national flag, choose cards, read books and do mental arithmetic are not real intellectual activities. They are just using some characteristics of human childhood to perform grandstanding performances, so that parents can earn some vanity. They don't have any long-term benefits, but will damage the normal development of children.
Teacher Yin Jianli, the author of A Good Mother is Better than a Good Teacher, hit the nail on the head: "Flash cards are not educational tools, but commodities! Not only can you not develop your child's intelligence, but it will harm your child. "
When my son was about 3 years old, he once knew the national flags of 100 countries. This was his obsession at that time, and we didn't take it seriously. Many children have this "skill", but it can't last long, and they forget it when they grow up. It's just that some parents mistakenly think that children's memory is far better than that of adults, which is a proof of superior intelligence.
However, memory is far from being an important factor to measure a person's intelligence. Camera-like memory is of little significance to one's intelligence. In the era of underdeveloped information in the past, it was necessary to store knowledge by memory, so people valued memory. But today, with the development of information, we don't need to regard brain power as a memory card or a memory stick.
The real intellectual activities of children (also human beings) are exploration, experience, observation, discovery, association, repeated experiments (try → fail → try again), thinking, analysis, reasoning, imagination and creation. In other words, children's normal daily activities, especially free play and life management, have been developing their intelligence, which is why we have repeatedly emphasized the importance of children's personal experience to their cognition. Sitting down to train flashcards and study instead of developing intelligence will make children "stupid".
Although I object to developing intelligence prematurely, the "demonstration performance" I saw that day was not the development of children's intelligence. The so-called supernormal performance is just a conditioned reflex of animal instinct. If someone really develops intelligence, the result will never be super memory, but the child should have unique thinking, unique solutions, innovative inventions and unique creations.
Intelligence = unique thinking and creation
One year, when Li Yueer, an expert in children's education, was training parents in Ba Xueyuan, he showed a video of my family: When my son was over one year old, he sat in a high chair one day and took an avocado without peeling it. The voice-over heard the father say, no! (No, you can't eat like that), keep sayingno. But the child is still chewing. In the next scene, the avocado is missing. There is a biscuit on his little table. He picked it up and rubbed it in his mouth. Looks like he wants to eat it. Then the voice-over heard his father say, yes! The following scene is: the son looks at his father, stretches out his arm, releases his hand, and the biscuit falls to the ground.
Children over one year old are out of the control of adults! "You can't tell me what to eat and what not to eat. I have to find out for myself! " It is estimated that if his father hadn't promised at that time, he would have eaten the biscuit in his mouth.
Each of us should form our own judgment. For a one-year-old child, avocados can't be eaten, but biscuits can be eaten. He found it himself. He didn't want to blindly follow his father's advice-"Don't tell me! I'll do it myself! " This experience is too important for children! We should not give our children ready-made things too early, but give them enough space to explore and develop their own exclusive wisdom.
Da Li also likes to show another video of our family. When my daughter was over one year old, she also sat in a high chair and tried to eat Qutong powder (a short pasta). The little girl filled one with a spoon and tried to send it to her mouth, but the handle of the spoon was too long and the noodles fell. The little girl tried several times, but all failed. For the last time, she put the pain-relieving powder to her mouth with one hand and covered the spoon with the other, and the pain-relieving powder successfully entered her mouth!
Every screening, Da Li will explain to the audience: "In these two short minutes, we have seen the development of children's intelligence. By trying-failing-trying again, Miranda finally made a breakthrough, and with new ideas, she found a solution to the problem, and her cognition and ability were greatly improved. "
Children should accumulate experience in various experiences and gradually trust their own judgment. You may think, "I taught him 1+ 1 = 2, how easy it is!" He knew it in two seconds; If he finds 1+ 1 = 2, it will take a long time. " But this "long time" is precious. What things, if he came up with them himself, made him feel great. He will know-"no matter what, I can form my own judgment, I can solve any problem, I can master any knowledge." Because I have done so many things myself and found so many reasons! "
Some parents posted on the Internet that their children knew thousands of words at the age of 3, could read and speak foreign languages and could play the piano. . . I made a list of "skills". Some parents called me and asked me, "What do you think of Xiaowu? Look how awesome this mother is! Other mothers think they are particularly stupid. " I replied, yes, I saw the parents. I don't see where the child is. Thanks to mom and dad-I'm awesome, I'm awesome, I'm awesome-but I didn't see where the child was, the child got lost, and the child drowned in a trap that parents couldn't tell.
At first, you will think that such a child is very smart and knows everything. Later, you may find that he can't form his own opinions, can't break the rules, can't innovate, and can only recite. In fact, he just memorized a bunch of symbols. He reads whatever adults ask him to read, and he recites whatever adults ask him to read. Nothing is his own, and his cognitive ability has not developed. He is just a small bag full of things.
Real intellectual activity means unique thinking and creation, and is by no means a simple recitation and memory.
Exercise shapes intelligence.
Flash card and literacy card practitioners say that children learn through vision; Many parents are eager to let their children read and write, and they mistakenly think that children can only learn by "seeing" things. This is a big misunderstanding! Nature has endowed mankind with twelve senses. How can we learn through only one feeling? Is God crazy? Stupid enough to waste most of the senses and rely only on vision in the most important activity of human beings-learning? (This makes natural blind people feel uncomfortable! Can't they all study? )
Scientific research has long proved that children's main learning style is exercise. In the first few years of life, thinking and movement are integrated, that is to say, thinking can only happen when the body is active. When the body is resting, the mind will go to sleep. When giving a speech to a children's fitness club, I quipped: "Children who don't exercise are almost like vegetarians."
Not only children, but also adults, the best way to learn is not to sit there and read and listen, but to do it. As early as ancient Greece, philosophers and educators were familiar with this point, and modern brain science research has verified this point countless times. By the way, if you want to make any important decisions, you'd better go out for a walk instead of just sitting there thinking hard. In addition, walking backwards is better and clearer. )
The first set of senses for children's development is not vision, but touch, life, self-movement and balance. These are called basic feelings/physical feelings/inner feelings. Their function is to let children know the existence of their own life, the size and boundary of their own bodies, whether their physiological needs are met (hunger, thirst, fatigue and illness), their position and direction in space (up, down, left, right, front and back), and whether their bodies are moving or static.
About children's sensory development, you need a voluminous masterpiece to explain it clearly, but just seeing the above statement, do you already feel that "children are so busy?" Indeed, preschool children are very busy, laying the foundation, where can they have leisure energy for early and extra development? These basic feelings directly affect their cognition, and poor development of basic feelings will lead to a series of problems.
One of the most important tasks for children before going to school is to master their own bodies. Only by mastering the body can we develop our intelligence. Most children with learning disabilities have problems in physical sensation and balance; In order to solve their learning problems, they need to do a series of physical exercises to make their bodies free and their cognition smooth.
Because-body movement is invisible thinking, and mathematical thinking is internal movement. Through exercise, the body transmits all-round sensory feelings to the brain and gradually forms images. Preschool children's thinking in images is developing and immature, and it is not until school age that they have real thinking in images, and abstract thinking germinates later, reaching the age of 12 ~ 14. To make preschool children think abstractly is to overdraw their lives.
Education is a long-term project.
Tricks like flashcards can't really develop children's intelligence. In fact, they separate children's psychological activities (and very narrow activities) from their sensory experience, that is, they separate children from their own feelings, and children cannot establish contact with their true selves, which is terrible. Children are passively stimulated and instilled under the control of adults, and cannot form their own internal knowledge. To put it bluntly, children are like trained animals, and individual lives are not respected and developed. Such children will encounter unprecedented obstacles in their self-development and cause a series of physical and mental problems.
Some parents who give their children early literacy training claim that 5-year-old children can finish reading a book with 654.38+ 10,000 words in one day. I wonder which 654.38 million-word book is suitable for 5-year-old children? If it's an adult's book, the child can't understand the reading content, just stuffing a bunch of garbled words into his mind. Even if she knows something vaguely, what good is it for children to enter the adult world in advance?
Education is a long-term project, because children's development is a slow and gradual process, and there is no shortcut. Children's "extraordinary" performance through some intensive training is only to show off their parents' capital, which is harmful to their healthy development. We looked at the children who were shown in the "demonstration performance" that day and felt very sad. Again, children are not our works, but a gift from God, so we should cherish them and treat them well.
What are the advantages of such a prosperous kindergarten class?
At present, many specious early education theories are popular in the market, such as right brain development and early reading. Take advantage of the psychology of some parents who are eager for quick success and instant benefit to create some immediate consequences, so that parents who don't understand flock to them.
Exploring the merits of early education classes may be to create a collective atmosphere for the only child and his parents to communicate with each other. Children "learn" what is secondary, and playing with other children and obtaining social norms are the main things.
However, the foothold of many early education classes is to satisfy parents' psychology of showing off and comparing with others, and to put pressure on children in advance, which will do more harm than good to their long-term development. We adults must be careful with children, don't overdraw their life energy in advance, and don't develop arrogantly.
In fact, according to brain science research, the number of brain cells in children has increased at school age. But as far as brain development is concerned, its basis is far from the number of brain cells-children's physical development and emotional development have a decisive impact on brain development, and its development will not be completed until adolescence. If in this process, adults only pay attention to the so-called "intellectual" development and neglect the physical and emotional growth, children will encounter great problems in the future. Therefore, when parents decide to choose an early education project (or early education project), they should first seriously think about: What kind of price will my child pay for it? Any shortcut has a price, and the price of excessive intellectual development is very heavy.
The more essential question is, what is the purpose of developing children's brains? Make him smart, then find a good job and accumulate more wealth? As we all know, a person's success depends on his ability to believe in himself and solve problems creatively, not on his knowledge reserve; Whether a person is happy or not depends on whether he knows how to create and enjoy happiness, not how many cars, houses and famous brands he owns. And these abilities are all laid down in childhood. Therefore, what a child needs most is free play, happy memories of childhood, and care for his imagination and creativity. This is a wealth that will benefit him for life.
What aspects should we pay attention to in early education?
Parents need to remember four words: parent-child relationship. The content of early education is very rich, and one of the key words is children's socialization, that is, children use the first few years to establish their self-concept and establish contact with the world.
The important channel to establish "self-world" relationship is family, especially parent-child relationship. Children get to know themselves, the world, behavior and intelligence through the relationship with their parents, and gain the ability to establish lasting relationships with others. This is the cornerstone of children's life, paving the way for future parenting and teaching.
Parents need to accompany their children for a long time and with high quality. From the beginning of breastfeeding, they should pay attention to their children's healthy diet, take care of their daily lives, have a deep understanding of their nature, and at the same time let their children establish supreme trust in their parents. Take children to run, play and have fun in nature during the day, and discover, enjoy and create beauty with children; Sleep with children at night, touch them, sing and tell stories. When children encounter setbacks, parents listen carefully to help them understand and master their emotions. No matter what requirements and expectations they have for their children, parents should first set an example, because such a young child learns not by preaching, but by imitating.
If we want to make use of the characteristics of children's brain development, we should make children's childhood life full of beautiful things-stories, sports, art, music, animals, plants, nature and so on, so that they can fully enjoy the beauty of life. Let the child fully feel the unconditional love and acceptance of his parents, let him accept himself unconditionally and calmly cope with the challenges of life.
Encyclopedia of intellectual development 2 the starting point of intellectual development
Intellectual development has always been the most sensitive and concerned issue for parents in early education. For a long time, it is the most common phenomenon to take the development of language ability as the starting point of intellectual development. Many parents are busy training their language skills from the birth of their children, hoping that their children can miraculously speak as soon as possible. However, no matter how hard parents try, most babies will speak after one year old, but before children learn to speak, there is an intellectual training project that is more important than language training, that is, the training of sensory motor ability.
Emphasizing the cultivation of infants' sensory motor ability can not be simply understood as letting children listen and watch more and develop their physical exercise level. These training programs are only used as means and ways. The real purpose is to let children develop their observation ability, thinking ability and practical ability in their own sports and practical activities of operating objects.
For example, babies like to grab things and throw things. Some parents think that grasping and throwing things are unsanitary and annoying, so they all ban them. However, this has made children lose a good opportunity to develop their intelligence and increase their wisdom. Because children grasp not only specific toys and objects, but also feelings and experiences that combine touch, sight and taste. Throwing things is a rich learning process for babies. Throwing objects requires not only the coordinated movement of brain and hand, but also the separation of subject and object, the trajectory of falling objects, the distance and sound of landing, from which we can observe and learn many novel physical phenomena and principles that have long been ignored by adults but are extremely novel to babies, and also understand the causal relationship between our own body movements and object movements.
Intelligence is an extremely complex concept, which includes many abilities such as observation, memory, thinking and imagination, among which thinking ability is its core content. In the development of infants' cognitive ability, what is of great significance is not the increase of knowledge, but the sudden change of thinking structure. We encourage infants to participate in the practice of direct contact with natural objects because children can trigger a series of thinking activities and psychological exploration activities in this process, which is essentially different from the learning process of adults spreading knowledge through language. The same concept holds. The former is really through active thinking and personal experience, through the operation of the brain. While the latter is indirectly and passively accepting ready-made conclusions.
The development of thinking ability is based on active thinking, which must be based on active participation, and the motivation of participation comes from the psychological force of curiosity. Therefore, cultivating children's curiosity is an extremely important basic content in early intellectual development. China's parents have not paid much attention to how to stimulate and satisfy their children's curiosity. Adults are used to treating children as passive educatees rather than active learners, which is a big misunderstanding in early intellectual education.
Encyclopedia of Intellectual Development 3 Children's intellectual development is particular.
The development of baby's brain potential is mainly before the age of 4, and the later education is more about increasing knowledge and learning skills.
From the development process of human brain, brain cells are formed in embryonic stage, and the process of growth, development, differentiation and myelination of brain cells is from late embryonic stage to 4 years old, which is called the rapid development stage of brain and has good plasticity. Especially in the late embryo and the half year of brain cell growth and division of labor, its plasticity is better.
Education at this time (mainly external information stimulation) is not only knowledge growth, but more importantly, it promotes brain development and lays a material foundation for future education. Therefore, medical experts believe that the development of brain potential is mainly before the age of 4, while education after the age of 4 is more about increasing knowledge and learning skills.
The development of the human brain does have certain laws and processes. Clinical research has proved that the visual cells of 3-month-old babies have developed to a considerable level, and the vision can be concentrated on an object and can move with the movement of the object. At 7 or 8 months, the memory cells in the hippocampus of the brain also developed to a certain extent and began to have memory function.
If we ignore the development of these babies and do not strengthen their development, these functions will be weakened or diluted, which will directly affect their future intellectual development level. There is also a famous proof of the importance of early development: during World War II, the Germans besieged Leningrad for several months, and kindergartens in this city could only feed children without any education. Later, after testing, the intelligence of these children was obviously low.
How to develop the brain? It should change with time. If beautiful music is used in prenatal education, the living environment of pregnant women should be comfortable and keep a good mood, which is very beneficial to the brain development of the fetus. Breastfeeding, hugging, touching, language and even colorful toys after birth are also good information stimulation, which is conducive to the development of brain potential.
The passive crawling mode advocated by American doctor Dimpre and others is that babies go through a certain number of passive crawling training (150-250 times/cycle, 5-6 times a day), then semi-passive crawling training with the help of parents, and then transition to active crawling and obstacle crossing. Because crawling needs the full coordination of limbs and brain, it is a very good external information stimulus, which is most suitable for infants who can't crawl and has obvious effects on developing their intelligence.