★ The normal average body length is 65.12.2 cm for boys and 63.8±2.2cm for girls.
★ Head circumference is 42. 1. 1.2cm for boys and 41.2cm for girls.
★ Chest circumference is 42.3 1.8cm for boys and 4 1.3 1.8cm for girls, and the head circumference is roughly equal to the chest circumference.
★ The normal average value of the anterior fontanel is 2×2 cm.
★ Babies from 125 to 135 days after birth can learn to recognize the first item, and many babies know the light first; Some babies like cats or cars. Parents should observe what their babies often watch, or what they like best, and they can teach them first. Every time a name is said, the baby looks at it with his eyes, which shows that the baby knows this item.
★ On the basis of patting and hanging the ball last month, the baby of 4 ~ 5 months can hold and hang the ball and small toys.
★ Practice turning 180 degrees, that is, turning from prone to supine or from supine to prone.
Generally speaking, if the baby has enough breast milk four months ago, there is no need to add any complementary food. Don't worry about feeding your baby milk juice or other baby food because breast milk is not nutritious enough or insufficient. Breast milk is the best and most comprehensive nutritional food for infants. The amount of breast milk secretion will be adjusted with the needs of the baby's growth, which can fully meet the baby's needs without shortage. Most mothers can even meet the needs of twin babies, or feed another baby because the demand has increased.
After 4 months, due to the rapid growth of the baby, the intake will increase. At this time, his stomach has developed to adapt to the digestion of other foods other than breast milk, and fruit and vegetable juice, rice flour paste, egg yolk and so on can be gradually added. But babies' growth speed is different, and their physical needs will be very different. Some babies may breastfeed for 6 months without adding other complementary foods.
How to judge whether the baby needs to add complementary food? Breastfeeding mothers should pay attention to the baby's breastfeeding situation, and do not add complementary food too early when breast milk is sufficient. Generally, if the baby is still crying for food after both breasts are empty and unwilling to let go of his mother's nipples, he will start crying for food at intervals after feeding, indicating that breast milk is insufficient. You can add milk to your baby at this time.
By measuring the baby's weight regularly and often comparing the curves on the growth chart, it can also help to determine whether it is time for the baby to add complementary food. Generally, the growth curve shows a uniform upward trend every month after eating breast milk, indicating that the baby's nutrition is normal and its growth and development are normal. If the growth curve starts to rise gently and slowly, and the nipple can't put down and wants to eat after breastfeeding, it means that breast milk is not enough, and mothers should consider adding complementary food to their babies.
Many babies' growth rate will slow down after 4 months, and the curve will flatten out, indicating that exclusive breastfeeding can no longer meet the needs of baby growth, so it is a general rule to add complementary food after 4 months.
How to match breast milk and complementary food? After you decide to start adding complementary food to your baby, you should follow the principle of step by step. Some mothers are afraid that the baby's lack of nutrition will affect the growth, and they start to add complementary foods early, and the varieties are diverse. In this way, the baby will not accumulate food and even refuse the mother's milk, thus affecting the baby's growth.
It is best to add complementary food according to the following steps:
1. Start with diluted milk (fresh milk or milk powder), and add half a bottle in the morning and evening, or only half a bottle before going to bed at night, and the rest will be breast-fed. If you can't eat half a bottle, you can reduce it appropriately.
After 2.6 months, you can also feed a small bowl of diluted milk rice noodle paste before going to bed at night. Or rice flour paste mixed with half an egg yolk, so that the baby won't wake up hungry all night, and the urine output will be reduced appropriately, which will help the mother and son rest and sleep. But when feeding rice flour paste for the first time, we should pay attention to observe whether the baby does not think about breast milk for a long time. If so, the feeding amount or consistency of rice flour paste can be appropriately reduced, and it should not affect the intake of breast milk.
After 3.8 months, you can add a little vegetable juice and an egg yolk to the rice noodle paste. You can also feed some apple puree (scraped out with a spoon), watermelon juice, a short banana and so on. Especially when the baby's stool is dry after breastfeeding, watermelon juice, banana, apple puree and vegetable juice all have the function of softening stool, and can also supplement fresh vitamins.
4. After10 months, the rice flour paste can be added once, some minced meat, minced fish and carrot paste can be added to the rice flour paste, or half a bowl of rotten noodles can be properly fed. You can feed with a bottle in the morning and afternoon. At this time, the nutrition of breast milk is gradually insufficient, so you can reduce breast-feeding several times (for example, once in the morning and once in the afternoon), and then gradually reduce the number of breast-feeding with the growth of months, so that the baby can gradually eat natural food after the transition to one year old.
What problems should I pay attention to when adding complementary food for the first time? When the baby starts to add complementary food after 4 months or 6 months, the mother's attention should still focus on ensuring breastfeeding. The number of times the baby directly sucks the mother's milk should not be less than 3 times a day. Remember that no matter how much breast milk you have, don't give up breastfeeding too early. At this time, adding complementary food must be at the point of "insufficient assistance".
The amount of milk a baby needs to supplement every day or every time depends on his age, appetite and breastfeeding. At the beginning, when the baby is empty and wants to eat, let him suck milk from the bottle freely until the baby feels full and satisfied. Try it these days. If the baby is normal, well digested, and there is no anorexia in breast milk, it means that the amount of milk added is more appropriate, and how much milk to add every day can be determined.
If the baby eats milk, the time to eat the next hungry cry is obviously delayed, indicating that too much breastfeeding will affect breastfeeding and reduce breast milk secretion, then the amount of milk should be reduced accordingly. Later, with the growth of the baby's age and the increase of food intake. The amount of milk added should also be gradually increased.
If the baby has indigestion and diarrhea after free breast-feeding, it should be diluted slightly (with water or rice soup) to supplement the milk or reduce the feeding amount appropriately. The baby will increase gradually after it is fine.
Be careful when feeding milk. That is, don't put sugar in milk. Especially with more sugar. If the milk is sweet, the baby will like it after drinking it and stop smoking, then breastfeeding will give up halfway. Breast milk is always the best baby food before the baby is one year old, so don't give it up easily.
Before supplementing other milk substitutes, it is not easy to judge the lack of breast milk, otherwise it will affect the breast-feeding confidence and mood of the lactating mother and lead to breast-feeding failure. If there are the following manifestations, it means that the breast milk is insufficient: the breast of the nursing mother does not look full, and the milk is quickly sucked out; Babies suck hard, but swallow little, and can't hear the regular continuous swallowing sound; Sometimes babies suddenly give up their nipples and cry loudly; Babies defecate more often, but less. At this time, it can be determined that the amount of milk is insufficient, and milk or other complementary foods can be added.
Complementary food should be gradually added by feeding only a small amount of liquid and paying close attention to the baby's digestion. If the stool is fine and there is no vomiting and diarrhea, it can be gradually increased. For example, first half a bottle of milk, then half an egg yolk 1 ~ 2 is rice paste, then half a bowl of rice paste with half an egg yolk, half a bowl of rice paste with an egg yolk or minced fish, and half a bowl of minced meat. Eating porridge can start from thin and gradually transition to thick, adding egg yolk, minced fish or minced meat; Fruits and vegetables can be cooked and mashed, and then gradually transformed into broken vegetables and small fragile pulp (such as watermelon, soft apples, banana pieces, etc.). ); Minced meat and minced fish are not easy to digest and absorb. Try to feed minced fish first, and then try to feed minced pork gradually. Feed the minced beef and sheep later, and it is best to grind it with an electric grinder.
Don't be impatient when adding complementary food. Some mothers want to give their babies all kinds of nutrition and change it one day in advance, which is not conducive to the baby's gastrointestinal adaptation. Be sure to "gradually" and start to consider changing varieties at least half a month; Don't increase the amount too much at once, but carefully observe the baby's appetite. If the baby doesn't want breast milk for a long time after adding complementary food, it means that the complementary food is added too much and too fast, so it should be reduced appropriately. If the baby doesn't digest it, he will vomit and have loose bowels, and he has no appetite. If you feed everything, your head will turn away, and there will be a slight blue-purple color on the lower side of your palm and thumb, indicating that you have accumulated food. You can consider stopping feeding for two days, or you can buy several packs of "children's digestion tablets" from Chinese medicine stores for your baby (usually powdered, add a little to rice soup, milk or diluted milk paste).
It should also be noted that when adding complementary food, the mother must overcome the psychology of always feeling that the baby is not full and nutritious, and make sure that the baby is hungry before feeding. Now the baby is a little overeating and prone to indigestion, not malnutrition. In fact, it is good for the baby to be hungry properly. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that "if children are safe, they will often be hungry and cold", which is a valuable experience accumulated by our people in long-term life practice and a famous saying of baby health care and well-being. New parents must remember. If the baby doesn't eat, it will be fine after two days of hunger, and there will be no problem. Parents should not feel distressed.
Supplementing iron-containing foods At this time, the iron stored from the mother to the baby's liver in the third trimester is almost exhausted, and iron-containing foods need to be supplemented. You can add some cooked jujube paste, animal liver paste, egg yolk, spinach paste, green vegetable paste and so on. You can add one or two spoonfuls of this iron-rich food paste between morning and afternoon feeding, or ask the doctor to give some supplements containing fortified iron suitable for babies. But between the two, food tonic is better than medicine tonic, so mom should choose food tonic first. Iron supplementation can accelerate the synthesis of baby myelin sheath and promote the development of nervous system. Iron exists in the memory area of the limbic lobe of the brain, and iron supplementation can promote the baby's learning and memory.
The practice and feeding method of egg yolk mud, the iron content of egg yolk is higher, and the baby is more acceptable. After the eggs are cooked, peel off the yolk, put the yolk in a bowl and grind it with a spoon. 4-month-old babies should be fed 1/4 teaspoons every day, which can be diluted with warm water or fresh orange juice. Be careful not to feed the baby directly with yolk mud. The yolk mud is too dry and it is easy to choke the baby. If there is no indigestion or reduced milk. After two weeks or a month, you can appropriately increase the egg yolk to half and the liver mud to a spoonful.
Feeding the yolk mud too early will cause food accumulation in the baby's stomach, and there will be symptoms such as decreased appetite and insufficient milk. Mothers should pay attention. Once this happens after feeding the baby with egg yolk, you can stop feeding the egg yolk first; If the baby's appetite still doesn't improve, you can let the baby starve for a day first, and then start breastfeeding when he is hungry and wants to eat.
Because the iron in egg yolk is difficult to be absorbed, the absorption rate is only 3%. In order to improve the absorption and utilization rate, it can be taken with vitamin C or orange juice. Vitamin C can increase the absorption rate of iron by 4 times.
Egg yolk should not be eaten with various complementary foods and milk at the same time, so as not to interfere with the absorption of iron by phytic acid in grain and organic matter in milk. If the stool is normal after adding egg yolk, you can add a little egg yolk every 4 ~ 5 days and eat 1 egg every day until the end of the month.
Practice and feeding method of liver mud After chicken liver or pig liver is cooked, put a small piece into a bowl and grind it with a spoon. Animal liver is best chicken liver, because chicken liver is delicate in texture, more delicious than other livers, and easy for babies to like and digest. Pig liver is hard, even if it is mashed into mud, there will be hard particles, and the taste is not as good as chicken liver, which is easy to accumulate food.
Add a little cooked soy sauce and mix well. Mix liver mud with porridge soup or milk to feed your baby, or add it to porridge to feed your baby. Be careful not to directly feed the baby with liver mud, which is dry and easy to choke the baby. If the baby has the same symptoms of food accumulation after feeding liver mud as after feeding egg yolk, the treatment method is the same as above.
Add a small amount of starchy food appropriately. The baby began to salivate. There is amylase in saliva, which can digest starchy food. When the egg yolk is added to half, a small amount of starchy food such as paste can be added as appropriate. After feeding, you can add 1 ~ 2 teaspoons of starchy food, not too much.
After 4 months, you can feed your baby with fruit and vegetable puree, or raw fruit and vegetable puree or juice. For example, you can wash apples, bananas, oranges and tomatoes, blanch them with boiling water, peel them, crush them in a juicer, and then feed the puree directly to your baby. You can also cook vegetables such as green vegetables and spinach and mash them into mud, and add a little salt to feed them to your baby.
If the baby doesn't adapt to the fruit and vegetable paste and has indigestion, you can dilute it with some boiling water first, or you can add the fruit paste to porridge or other food to feed. Generally, the baby will accept it after a few days of adaptation.
Feed your baby with fruit and vegetable puree step by step, and master the process from less to more, from thin to thick, from juice to mud to lumps, from adding sugar to not adding sugar to adding salt, and from like taste to dislike taste.
For children with frequent constipation, you can use mild laxatives, such as inducing tablets, phenol tablets, liquid paraffin and so on. In principle, children, especially infants, should not use laxatives. Suppositories can be used, such as glycerin suppositories, or kaisailu. You can also use a soap head, soak it in water properly, make it into a plug, and stuff it into the anus. After inserting suppository or enema, the anus should be clamped, so that the medicine can stay in the anus for a period of time to make it melt and take effect, which can better relax the bowels.
This month, the third dose of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus vaccine is planned.
From the perspective of early education, babies can look in the mirror more often. People can not only know the world around them, but also know themselves, not only the physical appearance, but also various psychological activities, and evaluate them. This is self-awareness. Self-awareness is an important aspect of infant consciousness development. Let the baby look in the mirror more, which can promote the development of the baby's self-awareness. Mother can hold the baby, let him face a big mirror, knock on the mirror and ask him to look at himself in the mirror. Babies will be surprised to see people in the mirror. He would stare at the mirror in front of him. Mother smiled in the mirror. When the baby looks at the mirror with his familiar mother's face, he will feel happy, be interested in his image in the mirror, and pat himself in the mirror with his hand. Often let the baby look in the mirror, let him touch his face and his mother's face in the mirror, and teach him to say "this is the baby, this is the mother". With the growth of months, the baby will gradually show a friendly and inquiring tendency towards Byakki Smoker, and gradually realize the mother and herself in the mirror, which is of great significance to the germination of self-awareness.
The development of self-awareness is a sign of brain maturity. Positive self-awareness makes the baby have more self-awareness ability and self-worth, strong self-confidence and strong independence. It is beneficial to avoid or reduce children's social withdrawal behavior.