Cultivation techniques of lazy watermelon
First, the plots where watermelons are planted should be planted in the lee of the sun, and continuous cropping is not allowed. It should be planted in plots with convenient irrigation and drainage, deep soil layer and rich organic matter.
2. After the soil is deeply ploughed and aired for half a month, the soil is broken and made into a frame with a width of 1.5m and a height of 20cm. Dig a planting ditch with a depth of 30 cm near the ridge, and apply decomposed farm manure 1000 ~ 1500 kg, compound fertilizer 25 kg, borax 1.5 ~ 2 kg and magnesium sulfate 4 kg per mu in the ditch. When applied into the ditch, the fertilizer should be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.
Third, seed soaking.
Watermelon seeds with full seeds are soaked in warm water at 55℃ and stirred constantly. When the water temperature drops to 30℃, soak the seeds for 5 hours, wash off the mucus on the seed coat, drain the water and sow in time.
Fourth, cultivate strong seedlings.
Generally, in the first ten days of March, seedlings are raised with nutrition pots and trays to avoid direct seeding. The average temperature in Hengyang from March to April is relatively low. Nutrient soil should be prepared 1 week before seed soaking to accelerate germination, and it should be put in a nutrient bowl and covered with a film. In order to prevent rain from wetting the nutrition bowl. When sowing, first water the nutrient soil with a watering can, then sow, and cover the wet fine soil with the thickness of 1cm. Seedling age is 30-35 days, and it can be transplanted into the field when there are 2-4 real leaves. Spray seedlings one day before transplanting to prevent pests and diseases.
Five, seedling management and seedling density
After emergence, pay attention to timely ventilation of seedlings to prevent them from being roasted to death. Watermelon seedlings can be planted when they grow to three leaves, and the planting density per mu is 600-700 large watermelons and 700-800 small watermelons.
Intransitive verb Tian Tuan management
1. Fertilizer and water management. Water more before flowering and fruit setting to promote nutritional growth. Pay attention to the careful use of seedling fertilizer, clever use of rattan fertilizer and swollen melon fertilizer. Fertilization should be carried out 5 ~ 7 days after planting. Generally, urea and compound fertilizer are mixed into 0.3% solution according to the ratio of 1: 2 and applied 1 time. Generally, about 20 days after seedling raising, urea 10 ~ 15g and potash 15g are applied to each plant, and ditches with a depth of 25cm are opened on both sides at a distance of 35cm from the planting point, and fertilizers are applied into the ditches to cover the soil; Expanding melon fertilizer should be carried out when young fruit eggs are small. Each plant needs 30-40g of urea, 0/5g of calcium superphosphate/kloc-and 30-40g of potassium fertilizer. The application method is the same as that of spreading rattan fertilizer, but the ditch position should be perpendicular to spreading rattan fertilizer ditch.
When watermelon is planted in spring, it must be drained in time after the rain, so that the rain stops and the ditch dries. In case of high temperature and drought during melon sitting, furrow irrigation can be used at night, but the border must be kept slightly dry and drained.
2. intertillage weeding. Intertillage weeding should be carried out when watermelon vines are 40 ~ 50 cm long. If the vine is too long, it is not only inconvenient to operate, but also easy to damage the vine, causing disease invasion, and loose soil is easy to splash leaves, flowers and young melons after rain.
3. Trim the vines. Common pruning methods are double vine and three vine. Double-vine type refers to keeping the main vine and a thick side vine at the base of the main vine, and removing other side vines as soon as possible. This method is suitable for close planting, with high fruit setting rate, and is widely used in early-maturing cultivation or plots with poor soil. Three-vine style is to keep the main vine, and choose two strong side vines from the third to the fifth section of the main vine base, and remove other side vines. This method is widely used in late-maturing varieties. When the main vine leaves the vine, after the first female flower opens, arrange the melon seedlings every 3-4 days to make the main vine stretch forward regularly. After flowering, vines are no longer pruned.
4. Artificial pollination. Watermelons planted in spring are prone to continuous rainy weather, which affects insect activities. Artificial pollination can be used to improve the fruit setting rate.
5. Promote sitting on a melon. Choosing the second and third female flowers on the main vine has the best result. The fruit of female flowers far from the main root is small and generally not suitable for staying.
6. Fruit management. In the process of pruning and laissez-faire cultivation, sometimes the node position of planting several melons or sitting on melons is not ideal. At this time, measures should be taken to pick melons with low nodes or young melons with abnormal shapes and diseases to preserve and ensure the normal development of fruits with normal nodes.
Watermelon planting method
1, soil preparation, base fertilizer
For half a month, the depth of the soil is turned white, and 50-75 kilograms of quicklime is applied per mu, then the soil is broken and made into a 2.5m-meter-long sloping border, one side of which is 40cm high and the other side is 20cm high. A planting ditch with a depth of 25cm and a width of 40cm is dug near the ridge, and decomposed farm manure 1 0,000 ~ is applied in the ditch. When applied into the ditch, the fertilizer should be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.
2. Choose improved varieties
Improved varieties are the premise of high yield and high quality. Rational distribution of early, middle and late maturity varieties can prolong the supply period of watermelon and improve economic benefits.
3. Seed treatment
Sun the seeds for 1-2 days before sowing to increase the physiological activity of the seeds. Soak the sun-dried seeds in warm water of about 55℃ for 5-6 hours, pour off the water, then wash the seed coat with 5% lime, gently knead the seeds with your hands until they are not slippery, then rinse them with clear water, dry the water vapor and accelerate germination.
Step 4 accelerate germination
Germination can be accelerated in greenhouse, electric blanket, bedding and body temperature. The planting area is large, which can be accelerated through greenhouses, electric blankets or with corn and rice. Beginners can take body temperature and bedding heating to accelerate germination. First, the body temperature accelerates germination. Spread the treated seeds on a wet towel, then wrap them in a film or plastic bag and put them in adult underwear. It can germinate in 24 hours. The number of seeds per package is preferably 50 to100g. Secondly, heat the bedding to accelerate germination. Add 5 ~ 10 times of clean and moist sawdust or fine soil to the treated seeds, mix well, put them into small paper boxes, put them into plastic bags without sealing, and put them into bed bedding. Then use two high-temperature glass bottle caps filled with boiling water to tightly place them next to the paved seeds, change the boiling water 1 time every 4 to 5 hours, and keep it for 36 hours, and the seeds will begin to germinate. No matter which method is used to accelerate the germination, when the bud grows to one meter long, it is time to sow.
Step 5 sow seeds
Put a one-meter-long germinated seed flat on the nutrient soil of the prepared nutrient cup, with the bud facing down, because the bud is the root. Only one germinated seed is placed in each nutrient cup, covered with nutrient soil with a thickness of 1cm, and sprayed with a little 1 0,000 times of Tobuzine water or other fungicides. Insert bamboo blocks, cover with film, and press the film around with fine mud. Then insert a layer of bamboo blocks, about 15 cm away from the first layer, cover the film, and then press the film around with fine mud. During this period, the temperature in the shed should be kept at 22-28℃, and the temperature can be gradually reduced after the first real leaf grows. A few days before emergence, the temperature dropped by 1-2℃ every day, and finally kept consistent with the natural temperature to adapt to the natural temperature after planting.
6. Tian Tuan management
Watermelon grows slowly at seedling stage, so it is necessary to manage early to promote early development, control fertilizer and water after vine stretching to prevent excessive growth, create conditions for fruit setting, and choose better nodes for artificial pollination.
6. 1 fertilizer and water management
6. 1. 1 water management. Watermelon should be watered at least 2-3 times during the whole growth period. After the watermelon is stretched, the leaves will increase, the sunshine time will be long, the water demand will increase, and it is necessary to water it once. When the young watermelon grows to the size of a fist, it should be watered well to ensure the yield, quality and normal growth and development of watermelon. In the future, you can decide whether to water according to the climate and soil humidity at that time, and stop watering one week before harvesting.
6. 1.2 topdressing, watermelon is a fertilizer-loving crop, and rational fertilization is one of the important measures to ensure high quality and high yield of watermelon. The general principle is: carefully apply seedling fertilizer, skillfully apply vine fertilizer, and then apply swollen melon fertilizer. Topdressing is mainly quick-acting fertilizer. In the case of applying base fertilizer, seedling fertilizer is generally not applied to non-sandy soil, and topdressing is mainly used twice. The application of nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented by quick-acting potassium fertilizer, can promote the vegetative growth of watermelon and ensure the formation of developed roots and sufficient leaf area required for high yield of watermelon. Generally, 8 kg of urea and 5 kg of potassium sulfate are topdressing per mu. The second time is topdressing the quick-acting chemical fertilizer before the fruit expansion period, and the topdressing should be mainly potassium and nitrogen fertilizer, which is beneficial to the formation of fruit yield and the improvement of fruit quality. Generally, topdressing urea is 20-25kg and potassium sulfate 10- 15kg per mu. Water and fertilizer management should be reasonably controlled according to the local soil climate conditions and the growth of melon seedlings, so as to achieve the combination of chasing control and irrigation and drainage.
6.2 Pruning watermelons generally adopts double vine or three vine pruning. Double vine pruning is to select and leave the main vine, select the strong side vine at the base of the main vine, and remove all other side vines. In this way, the distribution of stems and vines is reasonable, the leaves are ventilated and transparent, and the photosynthesis and disease resistance are enhanced, thus increasing the yield and improving the quality. Pressing vines can fix melon seedlings, prevent them from being blown down by strong winds and control the growth of melon seedlings. When the main vine of the melon seedlings grows to about 30cm, the melon seedlings are moved down from the upright type, forcing the melon seedlings to grow in the specified direction. Generally, there are two ways to press rattan: open pressing and dark pressing. Open pressure refers to fixing melon vines on the ground with clods or branches; Concealed pressure is to level the soil with a shovel and bury the melon vines in the ground. Generally, the main vine is pressed for the first time when it is 40-50cm, and then it needs to be pressed for 2-3 times every 4-6 knots.
6.3 Artificial pollination In order to ensure that female flowers bear fruit at suitable nodes, artificial pollination must be carried out. The third female flower of the main vine or the second female flower of the lateral vine has the best quality and the highest yield. Pollination is carried out at 7- 10 every morning. When the watermelon blooms in the morning, the newly opened male flowers are collected from the pollinated varieties, the petals are folded back to expose the stamens, and then the stigma of the female flowers of the seedless watermelon that opened that day is gently rubbed for a week to make them pollinate evenly.
When the young fruit grows to the size of steamed bread, the fruit begins to expand rapidly. At this time, the fruit generally no longer falls. It is necessary to select fruits with good node position and positive fruit shape in time, and prune them with double vines or three vines, leaving one fruit per plant.
7, pest control
The main diseases of watermelon are Fusarium wilt, Fusarium wilt, blotch, anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew and blight, and the main pests are cutworms, aphids, spider mites, thrips, cucumber worms, Spodoptera litura and melon moth. Fusarium wilt can be prevented by grafting and changing roots; For Fusarium wilt, spot disease and anthracnose, 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder 1000 times, 25% Amisi dipyridamole suspending agent 1500 times, 50% poly wettable powder/2500 times, 70% Antaisheng wettable powder 10% world can be selected. Downy mildew and epidemic disease can be sprayed 800 times with 72% Kelu wettable powder and 0/500 times with Kejia suspension. Powdery mildew can be sprayed with 6000 times 40% Fuxing EC and 1500 times 25% triadimefon WP. To control aphids, thrips and tetranychus mites, 2500 times of 1% insecticidal emulsifiable concentrate and 2500 times of 1% primary net wettable powder can be used for spraying. 5% Regent suspension can be sprayed 2500 times to control the melon silk moth; To control Spodoptera litura and tobacco budworm, 15% Anta EC 4000 times, Oulu 1SC 800 times and 10% EC 1500 times sc can be sprayed.
8. Choose in time. According to the maturity of watermelon varieties, the number of days after pollination is calculated according to the fruit setting mark, and the maturity can be accurately judged and harvested in time when the number of days after fruit setting is reached. In addition, mature watermelons are characterized by clear fruit surface patterns, shiny surface, contraction of umbilicus and pedicels, sparse or shed hairs on fruit stalks, withered tendrils at fruit nodes, and tired and turbid sounds when tapping with fingers. In production, the recovery standard depends on the distance of transportation. Local sales can be harvested in nine to ten years, and foreign trafficking can be harvested in eight to nine years.
Growing environment of watermelon
temperature
Watermelon likes warm and dry climate and is not cold-resistant. The optimum temperature for growth and development is 24-30 degrees, the optimum temperature for root growth and development is 30-32 degrees, and the lowest temperature for root hair generation is 14 degrees. Watermelon needs a large temperature difference between day and night in the process of growth and development, and a large temperature difference between day and night can cultivate high-quality watermelon.
moisture
Watermelon is drought-tolerant, moisture-intolerant, rainy and continuous, with excessive humidity, easy to get sick, low yield and poor quality.
illuminate
Watermelon likes sunshine, and in the case of sufficient sunshine, it has high yield and good quality.
nutrimental
Watermelon has a long growth period and high yield, and needs a lot of nutrients. Every 100 kg watermelon needs to absorb about 0. 19 kg nitrogen, 0.092 kg phosphorus and 0. 136 kg potassium, but there are obvious differences in nutrient absorption in different growth stages, with germination stage accounting for 0.0 1%, seedling stage accounting for 0.54% and elongation stage accounting for/.
land
Watermelon has strong adaptability, and sandy soil with loose soil, deep soil layer and good drainage is the best. Like weak acidity, PH5-7.
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