After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the history of China once again entered the era of unification. In the vast areas of the north, the result of the warlord melee was the emergence of three powerful dynasties, namely, Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty. At the same time, nine smaller separatist regimes emerged in southern China, namely Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Chu, Houshu, Nanhan, Nanping and Fujian. There are northern Han forces in the Hedong area in the north. History says: "Five Dynasties and Ten Countries". In addition, there were some coexisting regimes in the border areas during this period, mainly including Liao (Qidan) in the northeast, Gaochang in the northwest, Tubo and Dali in the southwest.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, it is generally believed that it took 53 years from the destruction of the Tang Dynasty in Zhu Wen in 907 to the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty in 960. In fact, six of the ten countries perished after 960, the Northern Han was the last one, and the time of extinction was 979.

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was a period of great chaos and extinction. There were tyrants on the top and cruel officials on the bottom. There was fierce competition between rulers, big and small, and wars continued, which greatly affected social economy and culture. However, this period is also a period of unity and stability. After Zhou Shizong and Chai Rong, many reform measures were taken and the Northern Expedition War was launched, which laid the foundation for the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty. Other aspects, such as gunpowder, the development of printing and the appearance of characters, have also made achievements. (Representatives of the Five Dynasties and Ten Years: Hou Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, Wu, Southern Tang, wuyue, Chu, Northern Han, Southern Han, Hou Shu, Nanping and Fujian)

the Five Dynasties

At the end of the Tang dynasty, the separatist forces in the buffer regions further developed. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, there appeared the Hou Liang, the Later Tang Dynasty, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty in the Central Plains, which were called "Five Dynasties" in history. The Five Dynasties existed for 53 years, and * * * changed eight surnames and fourteen kings.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Quanzhong (formerly known as Zhu Wen), a traitor to the peasant uprising army and an envoy of Tang Xuanwu, wiped out many separatist forces. After the initial unification of the Yellow River Basin, in 907, Tang Aidi was abandoned to stand on its own feet and its capital was Kaifeng, which was called "Hou Liang" in history. After the establishment of Hou Liang, Zhu Quanzhong, the Emperor Taizu of Liang, continued to compete for hegemony with Li Keyong, a warlord in Hedong and a noble in Shatuo, and the arrogance of local buffer regions did not change much. In 9 12, after Zhu Quanzhong was killed by his son, the political situation became more chaotic, and the result was destroyed by the later Tang Dynasty. Hou Liang ruled *** 17.

In 923 AD, Li (Zhuang Zong), son of Shatuo Li Keyong, destroyed the beam, changed his country name to Tang, and made Luoyang his capital, which was called "the later Tang Dynasty" in history. In 926, Weizhou (southeast of Daming, Hebei Province) mutinied, Zhuang Zong died in Ada, and Li Keyong's adopted son Li Siyuan became emperor in Luoyang (Mingzong). Tang Mingzong reformed some disadvantages of Zhuang Zongshi. During his seven years in power, wars were reduced, agriculture was bumper, and people got a short respite. After the death of Mingzong, it was quickly destroyed by Houjin because of the internal attacks and killings of the supreme ruling group. Late Tang dynasty 14.

In 936 AD, Shi Jingtang, our envoy from Hedong, overthrew the Later Tang Dynasty with the help of Qidan soldiers, established political power, named Jin, and moved the capital to Kaifeng, which was known as the "Later Jin" in history. In the Five Dynasties, the post-Jin was the weakest. In order to repay the Khitan for using troops to destroy the Tang Dynasty, Shi Jingtang actually served the Khitan monarch as his father, calling himself the "son emperor" and cutting sixteen states as a reward. It spread to the emperor, and was destroyed by the invasion of Qidan because it was unwilling to surrender to Qidan again. At the beginning of 947, Liao soldiers invaded Kaifeng and later died. Twelve years after the Jin Dynasty.

When Liao soldiers invaded Kaifeng, Liu Zhiyuan (Shatuo), our envoy from Hedong in the late Jin Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Jinyang (Taiyuan), and also used the title of Tianfu in the late Jin Dynasty to win the participation of the old ministers in the late Jin Dynasty. Liao soldiers retreated northward and quickly entered Luoyang and Kaifeng, with Kaifeng as their capital, which was called "the later Han Dynasty" in history. After Emperor Gaozu did 1 1 months, the emperor died. After his nephew Liu Chengyou (Yin Di) ascended the throne, he avoided killing the minister. In our time, Guo Wei was forced to rise up against the Han Dynasty, and Yin Di was killed. After only four years of rule, the later Han Dynasty perished.

Guo Wei was founded in 95 1, and it is still in Kaifeng, which is called "Houzhou" in history. After three years in office, he died, and his adopted son, Chai Rong, succeeded Sejong, who had the strongest national strength in the Five Dynasties. Sejong paid attention to developing production, reorganizing the army, fighting in the south and fighting in the north, hoping to unify the whole country. Unfortunately, he didn't finish it and died in the army. His son Gong Di ascended the throne at the age of seven and was appointed by the Queen Mother. This situation of orphans and widows will not last long. Later, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the later dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, which destroyed Zhou Dynasty and established the Song Dynasty, ending the Five Dynasties.

Shikoku

During the Five Dynasties, there were ten separatist regimes in the south and Hedong areas, which were called "ten countries" in history.

Yang Xingmi, a pioneer of Wu, was promoted to Huainan by the Tang Dynasty during the suppression of peasant uprising and warlord scuffle. In 902, Tang Zhaozong made him King of Wu and made Yangzhou its capital. When Yang Pu was in power, Prime Minister Xu Wen and others made Yang Pu the son of heaven, with the title of Wu.

But at this point, Yang's power has long been sidelined. In 937, Xu Wen's adopted son, Xu Zhi, patented it, abolishing Yang Pu's independence, taking Tang as the national title, making Jinling its capital, and renamed it Libian, which was called "Southern Tang" in history. Li Yu, the late ruler, was destroyed by the Northern Song Dynasty.

Wang Jian, the secretariat of Tangbizhou (Sichuan River Diversion), has successively annexed Xichuan, Dongchuan and Hanzhong since 894. After the establishment of the Liang Dynasty, he proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Shu, which was called "Qian Shu" in history. His son, Wang Yan, succeeded to the throne and was famous for his extravagance, debauchery and peeling people's skin. In 925 AD, after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Zhuang Zong sent troops to destroy the former Shu, and Meng Zhixiang (Li Keyong's niece) was appointed as our envoy to give up the war.

In 926, Meng Zhixiang entered Chengdu, rectified the bureaucracy, reduced exorbitant taxes, and captured Dongchuan. In 934, he became emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Shu, which was called "Houshu" in history. After Meng Zhixiang's death, Meng Changjun succeeded to the throne and captured Fengzhou, with the same territory as the former Shu. But Meng Chang and Rainbow Yan are cruel and extravagant. In 965, it was destroyed by the Northern Song Dynasty.

In 893 AD, Qian Liu, the founder of wuyue, was appointed as Zhenhai Ambassador by Tang Zhaozong. Soon, due to the merits of Dong Chang, a warlord in Yuezhou, he was promoted to be our envoy in Zhenhai and Zhendong. In 907, he was named Yue, and both of them lived in Hangzhou and owned land in Zhejiang. There are few wars, developed production and prosperous economy in this area. The Qian regime spread to the early Qian Dynasty and perished in the Northern Song Dynasty in 978.

At the end of Tang Dynasty, Ma Yin was divided into Hunan. In 907, Hou Liang made him King of Chu, and they were all in Tanzhou (Changsha). In 927, the later Tang Dynasty made him King of Chu. Ma Yin died, hundred schools of thought contended and the political situation was chaotic. 95 1 year, destroyed by the southern Tang dynasty. However, shortly after the destruction of Chu in the Southern Tang Dynasty, Chu and Ada defeated the Southern Tang army and continued to occupy Hunan. After Ada was killed by his men, Zhou Xingfeng and his son Zhou Baoquan ruled Hunan successively. In 963, it was destroyed by the Northern Song Dynasty.

In 893, Wang and his brother Wang Chao were stationed in Fuzhou. In 897, he succeeded Wang Chao as the special envoy of our powerful army. In 909, Hou Liang made him king of Fujian, and it is said that there are springs, pavilions and other places. After the death of the king, all the people who succeeded him were tyrants, and civil strife continued. In 945, they were conquered by the Southern Tang Dynasty.

In 905, Liu Yin was our ambassador to Tang Jing Navy. In 907, Hou Liang made him king of Dapeng County. After Liu Li, a hidden brother, succeeded to the throne, he expanded his sphere of influence. In 9 17, he became emperor, and the title of emperor rose, making Guangzhou his capital. The following year, he changed his surname to Han and called it "Nanhan". The monarch of the Southern Han Dynasty was extremely extravagant, ruled brutally, and the class contradictions in the territory were very sharp. He was destroyed by the Northern Song Dynasty in 97 1 year.

In 907, Hou Liang appointed Gao Jixing as the envoy in Jingnan. In 924, after the Tang Dynasty, he was named King Nanping, all in Jiangling, only Jingzhou, and only in Tang Mingzong, he was returned to Zhou Xia, making him the weakest among the ten countries. He died in the Northern Song Dynasty in 963.

The Northern Han Dynasty was founded by Liu Chong, the ancestor of the later Han Dynasty. In 95 1 year, Guo Wei was the Han Dynasty. Liu Chong proclaimed himself emperor in Taiyuan, according to the land in the east of the river, and still took Han as his country name, which was called "Northern Han" in history. In the Northern Han Dynasty, "the soil is barren and the people are poor, and the military service is at home, while the Qidan military service is abroad, and the people fight for the people", and the social contradictions are very sharp. He died in the Northern Song Dynasty in 979.