First, any education should focus on children, not adults. Let children become active learners;
Second, prepare a prepared environment for children and let them complete their self-education.
Third, sensory education is the foundation, and everything starts with perception.
Montessori believes that all kinds of human intelligence and physical qualities are developed by adapting to the environment, and children's psychological development is the process of actively absorbing the environment. "Children use everything around them to shape themselves." It is the guiding ideology of Montessori's art education to provide children with a prepared environment and let them absorb a lot of beneficial elements in the prepared environment.
Follow this concept, according to children's interests and internal needs, and based on children's natural development, provide a relaxed, free and harmonious art learning environment for children to operate, experience and create, and grow into people with individuality, independent thinking, perception of beauty and artistic creativity.
With its distinctive personality, rich emotion and strong appeal, art enables children to enter a higher spiritual realm and become a person with noble sentiments. Art education plays a particularly important role in cultivating and improving people's emotions. In the process of artistic appreciation and artistic creation, children can freely stretch their inner feelings, which is helpful to establish a healthy and complete personality.
Science can make people become technical experts, and art has a comprehensive impact on people's wisdom and mind, touching any corner of people's spirit. Through artistic means, children re-understand the world from a higher level, including the natural environment, social culture and psychological world, and form their own aesthetic and value judgments.
Montessori believes that the goal of education is to "inspire life and make every child become himself". Under this goal, the contribution of artistic activities is self-evident, "children will realize the natural goal in free creation".
Encourage children to fully and freely perceive and express their inner thoughts through artistic activities, rather than being influenced by other people's ideas; Encourage children to create and express their own personality, instead of letting children really become themselves and build their own inner strength like teachers or others.
Various artistic activities are conducive to the development of children's sports, sensory systems and spatial abilities, and promote the development of various abilities including concentration, understanding and expression, imagination and creativity.
The teaching content of fine arts should not be limited by the solidified classroom form. Whether it is artistic creation or handicraft, or music and dance, the following principles should be followed in the education of artistic enlightenment.
Montessori believes that the environment itself is the most important art education. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to provide children with a colorful, beautiful and profound cultural environment for them to experience and feel, and at the same time develop the skills they need.
Montessori is a pioneer and advocate of environmental aesthetics. She believes that the aesthetics, taste and balance of the environment play an important role in children's development. In the early environment of children's growth, it is advisable to use simple and elegant space decoration, beautifully arranged and carefully selected works of art, and choose exquisite, coordinated and attractive equipment and teaching AIDS in form and color design. Such an environment is the best aesthetic education for children.
Montessori said: "If we are based on scientific principles, the most suitable place for human life is the place of art ... Therefore, kindergartens must have a sense of beauty ... A kindergarten with a beautiful environment and rich spirit will guide children's spirit to the sense of beauty and stabilize the tired experience." "Proper interior decoration can not only distract the children who concentrate on their work, but also guide them to beautiful things and achieve the effect of stabilizing their tired psychology. This is the same as the church that helps people calm down and meditate. It unifies all aesthetic feelings, inspires genius and produces supreme inspiration. "
Imitation of some great works, such as prints, cards, or books, or music, or reading and telling stories, can stimulate children of all ages to know and understand beauty; We can put these art materials in the children's environment or enter the work area to become operational art cards; Good children's books, such as excellent picture books, are also good materials for children to perceive art; Music played in environment, courses and activities is an important way for children to cultivate music art, so it should be carefully selected.
In addition, the children's environment, the more important factors are people, parents and teachers. If an adult is really obsessed with the beauty of life and nature, if he likes photography, handcrafting, fiddling with small objects, collecting, singing or dancing, and playing a musical instrument, then such a person takes his children to feel, discover and create in life and nature, and allows them to exert their imagination. This is the best example of the development of children's aesthetic and artistic abilities.
In the field of art, the influence of environment is far stronger than any course. Children who grow up in an artistic environment will have different temperament, sensitivity and aesthetic level.
When it comes to art, we often think of works of art that surprise us, but we often ignore the art that exists around us. However, art is not limited to classrooms and art galleries. The architecture of the city, the decoration of the rooms, the delicious food we enjoy and the natural environment in which we live are all filled with artistic breath. Children's first task is to learn to appreciate and appreciate the art in our lives.
Montessori said: "The closer art is to reality, the more perfect it is." She believes that art for children is to learn to appreciate and appreciate the art in our lives and master the skills needed for artistic creation, and what teachers and parents need to do is to help and assist children to discover those beautiful things. "There are a pair of eyes to discover beauty, a pair of hands to turn waste into treasure, and a soul to perceive the world."
Rich experience is the source of inspiration for artistic creation. The richer the emotions, longings and impulses in your heart, the more you will make a person full of artistic creativity. When children enter life, they have real feelings and touches and express their wishes, which will naturally lead to creation. A person without perception can't be an artistic creator. Therefore, if children want to develop or cultivate in art, they need to cultivate their love for life and their perception of beauty first.
We must never separate art from other aspects of life. Most importantly, we should help children to have the soul of an artist-to capture the art scattered in life.
Artistic expression is a very personal thing, and there should not be a single correct evaluation standard. A good art enlightenment teacher will attach importance to guiding children's personalized expression, encouraging children to follow their inner feelings, encouraging free creation, removing the requirements of patterning and reducing the judgment of adults. In art teaching, teachers are not necessarily masters of art, what is more important is to prepare the environment, take children to experience art and let them create freely.
For example, compared with the so-called imitation-oriented art courses, free graffiti is the best way to stimulate children's artistic development. Compared with collective creation or models made by teachers for children, children's spontaneous personal works are more meaningful to them.
In good art activities, children will learn how to use various forms of artistic expression to create. The quality of children's final works is not important, but the process of learning and application. It is through the hands-on operation of these materials that children improve their self-creation ability-tearing, cutting, pasting, painting, playing with mud, and making dynamic works and sculptures with paper, thread, rope and pulp models.
Taking art enlightenment as an example, it is very necessary to prepare a great art district in Montessori environment. Here are all the things that children need to create freely, and they can use them freely: some tools, including brushes, paints, easels, sketchpad clips, picture frames, cardboard, scissors, paper cutters, tool boxes and so on. All kinds of paper, all kinds of materials that can be used for creation. Creation can be anywhere, not limited to the drawing board. For example, you can paint on stones, graffiti walls, trees, bodies, cloth, boards and sand.
The world is pluralistic, so are the themes, viewpoints, contents and artistic expressions of art. Art is a very personalized expression, and it is also very different because of the differences of artists, countries, regions, cultures and races. Through artistic activities, guide children to perceive these differences. While developing their individuality, children also learn to accept, understand and respect others' differences, and establish a knowledge of the diversity of the world.
Art education is not an isolated activity, it should permeate all aspects of teaching and life, not just art courses. Art education is closely related to sensory education, daily life education, language education and even mathematics.
For example, watching a seed grow into a plant will inspire children to do many things: draw a plant, make leaf rubbings, carve a plant, or create their own with watercolor or egg-colored pigments. Not only that, building blocks, visiting museums, listening to music or composing music, and compiling ethnic recipes-these activities can guide children to make artistic creation spontaneously.
For example, children can use light and shadow for artistic creation. Justice Sunshine is a great painter who can make everything in the world glow with different shapes and colors. For example, Montessori often works as a color card, and it is also a very interesting experience for children to find objects with similar colors in nature.
Let's enjoy a painting created by Montessori class children.