brief introduction
From the first historical records to the legendary Yellow Emperor and then to Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms", namely:
Sima Qian's Historical Records in the Western Han Dynasty
Han Shu by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Southern Song Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty
The History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou in the Western Jin Dynasty
Brief introduction of Hanshu
Also known as Pre-Hanshu, China's first biographical chronology, written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly describes the historical events from the first year of Emperor Gaozu (206 BC) to the fourth year of Emperor Wangmang (23 years), which is another important historical book in ancient China after Shiji.
After the publication of Hanshu, it was highly praised and scholars rushed to tell it. The most difficult part of Hanshu is the seventh table, Guan Bai Gong Qing table, and the sixth record, Tian Wenzhi. These two parts were independently completed by Ban Zhao after the death of his brother Ban Gu, but Ban Zhao humbly crowned his brother Ban Gu's name. Ban Zhao is very knowledgeable. At that time, Ma Rong, a great scholar, knelt outside the Dongguan Library to listen to Ban Zhao's explanation in order to ask Ban Zhao for advice! Empress Dowager Cixi mourned for Ban Zhao's plain clothes when he passed away over the age of seventy.
Hanshu consists of twelve chapters, eight tables, ten records, seventy biographies and one hundred * * *. Later generations are divided into 120 volumes. Its chronology began in the first year of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang (206 BC) and ended in the fourth year of Emperor Wang Mang (23 years).
author
Ban Gu (32-92), author of Hanshu, Meng Jianren of Fufeng Anling (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi). "Smart since childhood", "I can be a writer at the age of nine, and I can recite poems and fu"; As an adult, I read many books. "The words of nine streams and a hundred schools of thought are all poor." Because Historical Records only wrote the early years of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, many people wrote sequels for it at that time. According to the records in the Book of Changes, there are more than ten people who wrote the sequel to Historical Records, such as Liu Xiang, Liu Xin, and so on, whose title is still called Historical Records. Ban Biao (3-54), Ban Gu's father, was not satisfied with these sequels, so he chose Old Stories and Different Theories as Historical Records and Postscript of Sixty-five. After Ban Biao's death, Ban Gu, who was only in his twenties, began to sort out his father's legacy, determined to follow in his father's footsteps, and completed this masterpiece, Biography of Historical Records. Shortly after Ban Gu began to compile Hanshu, someone wrote to the court in the fifth year of Yongping (AD 62) to report Ban Gu's "private reform of national history". The emperor ordered the arrest, Ban Gu was put into Jingzhao prison, and the books at home were confiscated. Ban Chao, his younger brother, was worried that he had been wronged, so he wrote a letter stating the meaning of Ban Gu's writings in front of Emperor Han Ming, and the local officials also sent his manuscript to the court. After understanding the situation, Emperor Han Ming appreciated Ban Gu's talent, called him to the school library and appointed him as the history of Lantai. Lantai is the place where books were collected in the Han Dynasty. There are six ministers in Lantai, ranking 600 stone. It is their duty to take charge of and proofread books.
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On the basis of absorbing the achievements of Records of the Historian, Hanshu made corrections and supplements. For example, Hui Di Ji supplemented the influential systems and decrees at that time. Biographies of the Tombs, Kuai Tong, Jia Shan were added, and Zhang Qian's deeds were taken from Biography of Wei Generals, which was expanded and set up as a special biography. In addition, in the biographies of Jia Yi, Chao Cuo and Han Anguo, many imperial edicts were added. For example, Jia Yi's Public Security Policy, Chao Cuo's Talking about Military Affairs and Recruiting People for Migration are particularly famous. It is an important feature of Hanshu to quote imperial edicts and memorials completely. In addition, the biographies of frontier ethnic minorities are also quite rich.
Compared with historical records, the style of Hanshu has changed. Shiji is a general history, and Hanshu is a dynastic history. "Hanshu" is called "Historical Records", which is a biography of the province, a biography of the province, a book record, and a family of Han Dynasty. These changes were inherited by some later history books.
The time recorded in Hanshu overlaps with Shiji, and the history of the Western Han Dynasty before the middle period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is recorded in both books. In this part, Hanshu often displaces Historical Records. However, due to the different ideological realm of the author and the different selection criteria, there are also additions and deletions when transcribing.
Records of criminal law, five elements, geography and art have been added to Hanshu. For the first time, the annals of criminal law systematically recorded the evolution of the legal system and some specific laws and regulations. Geographical records record the administrative divisions, historical evolution and number of households of counties and countries at that time, and the records on local products, economic development and customs are even more striking. Yiwenzhi is the earliest existing book catalogue in China, which has verified the origin of various academic schools and recorded the existing books. Shihuozhi evolved from PingZhun Shu, but its content is richer. It has two volumes. The first volume talks about "grain", that is, the agricultural economy; The second volume of Commodities, namely, Commercial and Monetary Conditions, was an economic monograph at that time.
Among the eight tables in Hanshu, there is a table of ancient and modern characters, from Tai Hao to Guangwu. It is "ancient" rather than "present", so it has aroused the contempt of future generations. Later generations highly praised Han Shu Bai Guan Guan Biao. This table first describes the creation of officials in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the authority and salary of various official positions, and then records the rise and fall of officials and officials in the Han Dynasty with a brief table, which is divided into 14 and so on. The space is short, but it clearly shows us the changes of bureaucracy and bureaucracy at that time.
The materials used in this book first come from his father's works and the works of Liu Xiang, Liu Xin, Yang Xiong, Feng Shang, Shi Cen and others. There is a book in the history of Han called Notes, with a volume of 190. This book was written by the historian of Hanshu, and perhaps it was also adopted by Ban Gu when he wrote Hanshu. Ge Hong's "Bao Pu Zi" said: "There are more than 100 volumes of Han books in Ivanx Liu. If you want to write a Chinese book, you will die if you catalogue the Chinese affairs, so there is no copy of the book, just a miscellaneous catalogue. If you try to take what Ban Gu did, you will almost take all of Liu Shu, but he didn't take more than 20,000 words. " This means that there are no books, only miscellaneous notes, or just some reading notes. So he "catalogued China affairs", almost one by one. Results Han Shu 100 volumes compiled by Ban Gu in our school were all compiled by Ivanx Liu, and only 20,000 words were useless. This passage by Ge Hong doesn't seem to be made up casually, so read it carefully. First, Liu Xin's books are just miscellaneous collections, and they must be books. Secondly, there are two sayings that "almost everything Ban Gu did was Liu Shu". First, Ban Gu completely copied Liu Xin of Han Shu; One is Liu Xin's Miscellanies of Hanshu, which was completely copied by Ban Gu. These two statements are quite different. We can never say that Ban Gu's Hanshu is a "take all Liu Shu" because his father has written dozens of biographies. But Liu Xin's catalogue, Ban Gu copied all, only more than 20,000 words were not copied. Liu Xin was a great scholar in the late Western Han Dynasty. He catalogued more than 100 volumes of materials, all of which were taken by Ban Gu. It must be very important. As for the intermediate materials of 100 volumes of Zhu Hanji, we have no way of knowing. It is not necessarily inevitable to say that the Spring and Autumn Period is not over before Confucius. And Liu Xin's academic position in the Western Han Dynasty should probably be above Yang Xiong and not lost to Ban Biao. Ban Gu worked there for decades, relying on many good materials compiled and recorded by his father and Liu Yang. If you want to write a history of the Republic of China today, if someone leaves you a note to write the history of the Republic of China, it will be of great use! The materials recorded by Liu Xin are always very useful. For example, Gu Yong wrote in great detail in Hanshu. This man has a great influence on Liu Yu. In Chronicle of Liu Xiang and Xin Gongzi, Gu Yong was said to be a great scholar at that time, and his political thoughts had a great influence in the second half of Han Dynasty. Liu Xin's support for the Han Dynasty was based on a set of political thoughts, which was different from usurping the throne in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Today's Hanshu contains a lot of Gu Yong's materials, which may have been recorded by Liu Xin.
Hanshu, following and different from Shiji, has three characteristics.
First, Hanshu has a strong feudal orthodoxy. During the period of Ban Gu, feudal theological thought had developed into the ruling thought at that time. Ban and his son were historians who only cared about the way of saints and then devoted themselves to the way of saints. Naturally, they regard the way of saints as the guiding ideology of their works. In this way, the author inherited the contents of Historical Records, and at the same time accused it of being "absurd to saints", thus tampering with the views of Historical Records and making Hanshu more in line with feudal orthodoxy. Hanshu deified the imperial power of the Western Han Dynasty, taking Han as the orthodox thought, and its purpose was to demonstrate the orthodoxy of the Eastern Han Dynasty and deify the imperial power of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, the theory of "five virtues ending in the beginning" based on the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and the feudal theological preaching endowed by the royal power became the dominant thought in Hanshu. In order to carry forward the feudal theological thought of "the connection between heaven and man" and the sense of disaster and good luck, Hanshu pioneered the Five Elements Records of Hyunri, which recorded the disaster and the five elements, and also created the Biography of Xiahou Jingyi Li, which recorded the deeds of the five elements.
Secondly, Hanshu initiated the compilation style of chronology and neat biography.
It is not accidental for Ban Gu to trace back to the past, but it conforms to the requirements of the times.
He summarized the historical works of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for about a century and a half from the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and creatively developed them in order to serve the politics of the ruling class at that time. Ban Gu believes that the general history style of Historical Records puts the Western Han Dynasty at the end of the hundred kings and ranks among the Qin items, which is not conducive to promoting "Hande" and it is difficult to highlight the historical position of the Han Dynasty. This is the basis of the chronology of Hanshu. Thus, the history of the Han dynasty "includes a generation", starting from the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty and ending with the demise of the new dynasty. In order to highlight Liu Bang, the history of Emperor Gao is put in the first chapter. This style of dynastic history was praised by later feudal historians and became the basis for the compilation of "official history" in past dynasties.
In terms of compilation style, Hanshu inherits and develops the compilation style of Shiji, making biographical style a relatively complete compilation style. For example, although Historical Records established Lv Hou's biography, it supplemented Huidiji with chronology and Hanshu, which solved the confusion in the style of Historical Records. The record of the year and month is also more detailed and clear than the historical record. Furthermore, the four newly created records in Hanshu recorded the political and economic system and social culture of the Western Han Dynasty more completely than Shiji, and improved the historical value of Hanshu. For the arrangement of biographies, Hanshu is basically in chronological order, and its style is more unified than Shiji.
Third, it is rich in information and has preserved many important historical documents. The existing Hanshu is about 800,000 words, which is more abundant than Historical Records. It added many important imperial edicts, mainly focusing on the emperor's admonition. Among many biographies, Hanshu also contains a lot of political, economic, military and cultural notes, countermeasures, writings and letters. In the annals of Hanshu 10, there are similar important historical documents, such as "The Record of Food" included in Chao Cuo's Lunchan Sushu.
Hanshu also supplemented the information about the history of various nationalities at home and abroad. For example, Hanshu supplemented a lot of historical facts after Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty on the basis of Historical Records and Biography of Xiongnu, and recorded the history of Xiongnu nationality from ancient times to the end of Western Han Dynasty. Hanshu combines the biographies of South Vietnam, East Vietnam, North Korea and Southwest Yi in Historical Records, and on the basis of supplementing a large number of historical facts, it has written a more detailed biography of Southwest Yi, Guangdong and North Korea in the form of joint biography. At the same time, Hanshu changed Historical Records into Biography of the Western Regions, which recorded the history of all ethnic groups in China and the history of countries in Central Asia and Southwest Asia.
Let's continue to talk about the comparison between Hanshu and Shiji. Hanshu has a greater influence on later generations than Shiji, and it should be said that it is well written, which is its ten aims. The "ambition" in Hanshu is called "book" in Shiji. The Book of Guanchan is included in Historical Records, and the Book of Hanshu has been changed to the Book of Suburb Sacrifice. Closure of Zen is a great event in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Sima Qian's father did not adopt it because he had different opinions from the imperial court at that time. He is depressed and ill at home. Later, Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, which was devoted to this matter. In fact, Historical Records of Guan Chan is not only about Guan Chan in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but Ban also renamed this topic "Records of Sacrifice in the Suburbs". "Suburb" is a place to worship heaven, and "sacrifice" is a place to worship. Sacrifice to heaven and earth has always been a major etiquette of the imperial court, and Zen meditation is only one thing in this project. From top to bottom, Ban Shu talks about the evolution of this suburban shrine. In fact, the teaching method is similar to Taishi Gongshu, but the title has changed and the meaning is different. After that, the official history of all previous dynasties can be recorded as a sacrifice to the suburbs, which is not as good as the book of Guan Zen in Historical Records, but it seems to be only a special event at that time. Another example is The Book of Pingdu in Historical Records, which was changed to The Book of Food in Hanshu. "Leveling" was an economic policy in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. This is a very important economic policy, and Tai Shigong specially named it "Book". In Ban Meng Jian, the grade was changed to food. Pingping only talks about "goods", which adds "grain", the two most important things in the national economy-grain and commodities. This article will become the economic history of this generation. Every subsequent official history can have a "food record", but it is not necessarily a hierarchy. Another example is Tai Shigong's Hequ Book. Tai Shigong wrote this book because the Yellow River burst during and before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was repeatedly dealt with by the Han Dynasty. The canal is the channel, and Ban Mengjian expanded this topic and changed it to "The Ditch". "Canal" is a water conservancy irrigation in ancient ore field system. Of course, water control and canal opening can be written in it. Eight books in Historical Records often cite one thing as the topic, while Hanshu is changed to a general theory, which is not limited to one thing. Although Hanshu is a dynastic history, his Ten Records are from ancient times to the present, not limited to dynasties. Sima Qian's Historical Records is a general history, but his eight books emphasize the contemporary. Ban Mengjian changed his topic, which is equivalent to treating it as a universal, up and down, ancient and modern thing. We have said that when a dynasty changes in history, it will change its face, and the writing system can be changed. However, many systems, such as the ceremony of rural worship and the food economy, have been followed in history and will not be completely changed because of the replacement of dynasties. Class found several biggest topics to do "ambition", and this integration became a special event in the official history of past dynasties. Generally speaking, people who study history find local chronicles the most difficult to read. Unlike biographies, local chronicles are like an expert study. Studying history, it is relatively simple to know historical events, such as what happened during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and what happened during the reign of Xuan Di. However, we should know that the economic and water conservancy in the Han Dynasty, like this, is a big subject, which needs to go all the way from top to bottom and cannot be dated. According to the appellation of Zen and Ping Zhun in Historical Records, it seems to be only a special event at that time, and it is obviously a big change in nature to change the appellation from Ban Meng.
Moreover, some things are not found in historical records, but added in Hanshu. There are only eight historical records, but there are ten Han books. For example, geography in Hanshu, and then when it comes to the evolution of geography in China, the first reference book is Gong Yu, but in fact, Gong Yu is only a fake book at the end of the Warring States Period, and the second book is Hanshu Geography, which has a great influence on its utility. Geographical content can be divided into two parts. First, the political geography at that time, divided into counties and countries, * * * 103, made us clear that the political areas of the two generations were roughly divided at a glance, and they were all here. The political divisions of later dynasties were different, and the history of almost every dynasty was recorded geographically. Will be together, can study the evolution of China's geography. At the same time, according to the style of the fifteen countries in the Book of Songs, Ban briefly recorded the differences of people's feelings and customs in different places. However, this part is extremely important in Hanshu Geography, and it is a pity that future generations can't continue to write deeper and better according to this point. As we all know today, Taiwan Province Province is different from Fujian, and Fujian is different from Guangdong. Every time is different. If someone can learn from Ban Gu's geography, it will be a great contribution to those who read history. Therefore, since Hanshu, the ten poems in Hanshu have been greatly used by people who study history in past dynasties. For example, Historical Records only talks about people who studied it in the Qing Dynasty, but they don't know much about it, which has become a specialized knowledge in history. For example, there is an article in Hanshu, Yi Wen Zhi, which is also not found in historical records. Han Shu Literature and Art Annals is based on Liu Xin's seven views. At that time, Liu and his son were in charge of the royal library of the Han Dynasty, and all the books that could not be seen outside were in the royal library. Their father and son classified these books into seven views, which is an outline catalogue. According to this catalogue, Ban Gu wrote the History of Han Literature and Arts. Although it is only based on Liu Xiang and Liu Xin, not written by Ban Gu himself, this "Yi Wen Zhi" has become the deepest source and the biggest foundation of the so-called catalogue arrangement in the future. Of the twenty-four Chinese histories, eight have the same aspirations. Later generations will call these eight articles a single line, "Eight Historical Classics". Judging from ancient books, when any book was handed down, some had been circulated and some had been lost halfway. For example, some books in the Han Dynasty were gone in the Sui Dynasty. There were in the Sui Dynasty, but not in the Tang and Song Dynasties. We just need to look up the history of the Records of Literature and Art and the Records of Classics. When it comes to academic history, there is this big bibliography accumulated in two thousand years, which is the bibliography of national libraries in past dynasties. It's really precious and unusual. It is easier for scholars to pay attention to geographical records, but it is more difficult to pay attention to artistic records. It was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that Zheng Qiao's Brief History of Han Dynasty and Zhang Xuecheng's General Theory of Literature and History and General Theory of Han Dynasty further understood the connotation of Han Shu's study of literature and art. Until today, it has become a major basis for us to talk about academic history, especially ancient academic history. Of course, some people who read Hanshu don't understand geography and Hanshu Geography. Some people don't read Yiwenzhi, and they don't understand the importance of the classification of Liuyilue and Zhuzilue. However, some people specialize in studying some of the ten records of Hanshu, such as geography and art, and their contributions are often above those who study Shiji.
Hanshu also has tables, and there is a table of ancient and modern people in the middle, which is very criticized by future generations. Because Hanshu is very old, and the List of Ancient and Modern Characters lists all the characters from ancient times to the present, which is inconsistent with the style of Hanshu. Although Historical Records is a general history, there are not many biographies of the ancients. The first article is Biography of Boyi, and people in front of Boyi don't care. In the second Biography of Yan Guan, there are still many people from Boyi to Guanzhong who are gone. And this ancient and modern watch is prepared. Of course, there should have been books to prove it at that time, but in modern times, nine times out of ten, you can take the exam. In the Qing dynasty, proprietary people checked the source of this person one by one. However, this watch has been criticized. The important thing is not that most of these people were before the Han Dynasty, but that he divided ancient and modern people into nine categories from top to bottom. For example, Confucius is above, Yan Yuan is above, and Lao Zi is below. Of course, it is not appropriate to divide people in history into nine categories. But on the whole, Yao Shun is better than others, not as good as others, so there is no need to be too harsh. Because of some criticism, this paper discusses whether the Table of Ancient and Modern People was written by Ban Gu or added by later generations. Let's not talk about this. Let's just say that the ancient and modern people's tables in Hanshu, such as geography, art and literature, are a kind of articles other than Shiji, which should be regarded as the valuable part of Bangu's Hanshu.
Brief introduction of later Han dynasty
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty is another important privately written history book after Historical Records and Han Shu. This book records the history of the whole Eastern Han Dynasty (from Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu to Xian Di Liu Xie) for nearly 200 years. Of course, Ji and Biography are the most important parts in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. Ye Fan was born in Yangshun (now Xichuan County, Henan Province), and was born in the second year of Jin 'an Emperor Longan (398). He joined the army as the son of Song Wudi, king of Pengcheng. Because he offended Liu Yikang, he was demoted as the satrap of Xuancheng. He was depressed, so he tried to write the Book of Later Han Dynasty. Ye Fan was involved in the struggle between Liu Yikang and Song Wendi for power and interests. In the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), he was accused of rebellion and was killed. Ye Fan is a very talented historian. On the basis of the books of the later Han Dynasty, he learned from others' strengths, simplified the complex, formed his own style, and made false textual research to write the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. This book is concise and easy to understand, and many families can pull it up behind. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty criticized the divination superstition prevailing in the Eastern Han Dynasty ideologically, and also exposed the dark politics under the autocratic power in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The evaluation of historical figures in the book pays more attention to moral quality. In terms of style, The Book of the Later Han Dynasty added three emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yi, Chong and Zhi, who had a short reign and few deeds, to the commandments of other emperors, and created a precedent for adding this commandment to the empress. This not only reflects his respect for monarchical power, but also reflects the increasing political status of the Empress in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In addition, in Historical Records and Hanshu, there is also a kind of biography, that is, people of the same kind are put together for biography; In this respect, The Book of the Later Han Dynasty created biographies of Dang Hu, officials, Wen Yuan, viceroy, Fang Shu, Yimin and Lienv. Among them, Biography of Party Obsession and Biography of Officials reflect the important characteristics of feudal politics in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Besides The Scholars, The New Biography of Wen Yuan also shows the separation of literature and Confucian classics. As for women's biographies, it created a precedent for women in biographical history books. This biography includes Cai Wenji, a famous poetess in the late Han Dynasty. In terms of literary value, the "theory" and "praise" of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty are commendable. The author thinks it is "profound", and later generations even praise it as "fantastic and magnificent".
The edition of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty has gone through a complicated process. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zhao annotated thirty volumes of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and Li Xian annotated Shu Fan. It was not until the first edition of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty in the fifth year of Chunhua in Song Taizong (994) and the revised edition of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty in the second year of Jingdezhen in Song Zhenzong (1005) that it was included in the sequel. In the first year of Ganxing (1022), due to Sun Ying's suggestion, later editions attached the sequel to Fan's biography. So is the Ji Gu Pavilion in Shi Mao. In the Ming Dynasty, Sima Biao's name was erased when the prison edition was engraved, and Liu Zhao's annotation was changed to a supplementary annotation. In the Qing Dynasty, Wuying Palace also carved the light prison edition. In this way, it is easy to make people mistakenly think that eight local chronicles are supplemented by Liu Zhao's notes. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, compiled and published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1965, swept away the carelessness of the ancients in this respect. Proofreaders refer to each book and rewrite new entries; In the order of arrangement, the biographies of He are put in the front, the notes of Sima Biao's sequel and He are put in the back, and the author's name is indicated in each part. After this arrangement, the whole book of the later Han Dynasty took on a new look.
The author is Fan Yezi, a great man. Born into a clan family. His grandfather, Fan Ning, was a satrap of Jin Dynasty and wrote Gu Liang Ji Jie. The Biography of Gu Liang in the Notes to Thirteen Classics was written on the basis of Gu Liang Ji Jie. His father, Fan Taiguan, worships Dr. Jin Zi Guanglu and is a constant attendant. He is the right-hand man of Emperor Wu of Song Wudi. He read widely and devoted himself to writing, and wrote 24 good ancient and modern words. Therefore, Ye Fan has a deep family background and has always considered himself a noble family. He is aloof and informal by nature, and he doesn't want to live behind others, whether in his official career or in his writings. Become famous and then die.
In the 9th year of Yuanjia (432), Ye Fan offended Stuart Liu Yikang when he was mourning for Taifei in Pengcheng, and was demoted as the satrap of Xuancheng. Ye Fan was very depressed, so he relied on the revision of history to pin his ambition and began to write the Book of Were Han. In the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), while completing biographies and biographies, he and Xie Yan * * * jointly completed five chronicles, including Li Yuezhi, Yu Fu Zhi, Wu Xingzhi, Tian Wenzhi and Zhou Junzhi. It is said that he participated in the plot of Liu Yikang to usurp the throne, so he died in prison. In the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), Ye Fan was killed. At that time, Ye Fan asked Xie Yan to write a manuscript. Although the manuscript was completed, Xie Yan was afraid that the disaster in Ye Fan would hit him, so he hurriedly destroyed the manuscript [4], so that only the biographical part of the manuscript was handed down.
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Before Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, there were no fewer than ten important works about the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, including the History of the Eastern Han Dynasty edited by Serina Liu and others, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty edited by Xie Cheng, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty edited by Sima Biao and Hua Hua, and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty edited by Xie Shen and Yuan.
Eight books of the later Han dynasty
Xie Cheng's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, 130. Thanks, ambition and biography are both available and innovative. For example, The History of Soldiers and Biography of Wind Religion are all unique to them. Inferred from the lost articles, the biographies of Duzhuan, Magic Biography, Yimin Biography and Lienv Biography were founded in Xie Shu and absorbed by Ye Fan. Xie Shu respected loyalty and seclusion, not limited to fame and status. Moreover, many Jiangnan celebrities mentioned Xie Shu, which was beyond the reach of Shu Fan and other later Han Shu. There are a lot of lost articles in the existing thank-you books, half of which are lost in the model books. However, the book has a strong local color, lacking the Luo Jing incident in the Three Wu Dynasties, and can't fully reflect the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Xue Ying's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, 100 volumes. There are only a few lost articles in this book, including Guangwu, Ming, Zhang, An, Huan and Ling, and a few scattered sentences. His theory of praise, criticism and suppression comes from honest and frank, who has certain historical knowledge.
Sima Biao's Book of Continued Han Dynasty, 83 volumes. As mentioned above, his eight records were compiled into Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty. The number of lost articles in Biography is second only to that of Xie Chengshu. The title "Continued Hanshu" is obviously written by inheriting Hanshu. When compiling history, Fan Shu is more important than literary talent, and some historical facts are abridged and obscure, which are often supplemented by the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, and the continuation of the Han Dynasty is the most valued. Taking Li Xian's Notes as an example, Sima Biao cited as many as 149 kinds of books, far above his books. In Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms, The Book of Continued Han is also the most cited to explain the events at the end of the Han Dynasty.
Hua Guan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, 97 volumes. Ba renamed Zhi as Canon, planned to write ten articles, and died unfinished. It was completed by his sons Huache and Huachang. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Liu Xie called his book "Jing" in Wen Xin Diao Long, which was on a par with Sima Biao's book "Detailed". Therefore, Ye Fan wrote the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, which is based on the historical data of the Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Book of Hua Tuo became its main blueprint. There are as many as ten people who can praise Huahua directly, accounting for one tenth of Ye Fan's praise.
Xie Shen's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, 122. There are only five lost articles on etiquette, sacrifice, astronomy, five elements, county and country, which are of little help to the continuation of Hanzhi. There are few lost articles in biographies, which are as useless as Fan Shulei.
Yuan Shaosong's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, 100. The quality of meta-biographies is not high, and there are occasional merits in lost articles. However, the records are comprehensive and there are many lost articles. Among them, the lost articles in County Records and Five Elements Records are helpful to the revision of Continued Han Records.
Zhang Kun's Collection of Later Han Dynasties, 30 volumes. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty seems to be an unfinished work, which did not spread widely and died early. However, the events recorded in the late Han Dynasty were quite detailed, which was absorbed by Yuan Hong. Judging from the missing articles, officials of Siku Library think Yuan Jiwen is the best choice. Therefore, the use value of Ji Ji is not great.
Zhang Ying's After Hannan, 55 volumes. Books die early, and the least articles are lost. Only when Emperor An saw the copper bar, he carried it alone.
The compilation of the first seven books above is the earliest one of Yao in Qing Dynasty. Wang Wentai's Book of the Later Han Dynasty is the best book in Qing Dynasty.
Wang attached great importance to the books of the later Han Dynasty, and made great efforts to review the old and learn the new, focusing on searching for addenda. In the collection of Yao's version, I saw a note like this, almost everywhere. Disciple Wang Xuedun recovered and compiled the manuscript. It has a wide collection of books, rich books, meticulous textual research, thorough provenance and orderly cataloging. At the end of the article, there is a lost volume of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, which is quite convenient to use. But Wang lives in a remote county, and it is inevitable to look for rare books with the help of capital and schools. After the king died, the manuscript was sold to others. Although it was recorded by Tang players to pay for their son, they still lost. In the eighth year of Guangxu (AD 1882), when it was published and published, the proofreading was not accurate, which increased the number. In addition, Zhang Yingji's work has not been completed, which needs to be revised. The publication of Zhou Tianyou's Eight Stories of the Later Han Dynasty makes up for the deficiency of Wang's book collection, which is a good book collection.
Taking History of the East View of Han Dynasty as the basic historical data and Hua Tuo Shu as the main blueprint, we absorbed the strengths of all the books, simplified them by deleting the complicated ones, sorted out the stories, surpassed others and came from behind. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty replaced the Book of History of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was called "Three History" with Historical Records and Hanshu, which prevailed in the world. However, except Justin's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, all the books of the Later Han Dynasty have been lost. So Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty has become the most basic basis for us to study the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The account of Ye Fan in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty began when Liu Xiu rose up and overthrew Wang Mang, and finally Emperor Xian of Han meditated on Cao Pi, which recorded the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty 195 in detail.