2 English reference Aralia pentaphylla [Landau Chinese-English Dictionary]
American ginseng [Landau Chinese-English dictionary]
American ginseng [Xiangya Medical Dictionary]
American ginseng [Xiangya Medical Dictionary]
American ginseng [Chinese medicine terminology Committee] Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
American ginseng [Chinese medicine terminology Committee]. Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
3 Overview of American ginseng
Panax quinquefolium is the name of traditional Chinese medicine, which comes from Compendium of Materia Medica [1]. It is the dried root of Araliaceae plant Panax quinquefolium [2].
Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China (PRC) (20 10 edition) records the pharmacopoeia standard of this Chinese medicine.
4 Latin scientific name American ginseng (Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004))
5 English name American ginseng (Chinese medicine terminology (2004))
The aliases of American ginseng are American ginseng, American ginseng and American ginseng [1].
7 Source and place of origin: the root of Panax quinquefolium of Araliaceae [1]. Venue: USA, Canada and France [1]. Native to North America; China is also cultivated.
8 plant morphology perennial herbs. The stem is cylindrical and about 25 cm high. Palmately 5-compound leaves, usually 3-4 leaves, whorled at the apex of the stem, leaflets broadly ovoid to obovate, 4-9 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide and pointed at the top. Umbellies; The total pedicel is extracted from the center of petiole at the stem end, which is as long as or nearly equal to the tip of petiole; Sepals green, bell-shaped, apex 5-toothed; Petals 5, green and white. Berries are oblate, paired and bright red when ripe. The flowering period is July and the fruit maturity is September.
American ginseng roots are fleshy and spindle-shaped. The stem is cylindrical with longitudinal stripes or slightly angular edges on the surface. Palmately compound leaves with irregular rough serrations on the edge. Umbellies, many small flowers, green and white, rectangular, berries, oblate, bright red. Flowering in May and fruiting in June.
August to September is the mature period of American ginseng seeds. The red fruits are harvested in batches, the pulp is rubbed off, washed, the seeds and sand are evenly mixed in a box according to the ratio of 1: 3, kept moist, buried underground, checked every two weeks, sown up and down to adjust the moisture, and can be sown after the seeds crack. Autumn sowing ends at 10 and begins at 1 10. Sow after leveling the border. The spacing between rows is about 8×3cm, and the seeds in sand storage are about 1 12kg per hectare. After sowing, cover the border with wheat straw or rice straw about 8 10cm. Before the seedlings were unearthed, a shed was built for shade, and the height of the shed was two or three meters. The practice and specifications of short sheds are similar to those of ginseng. After the seedlings are unearthed, hang side curtains to prevent sunlight radiation. When planting ginseng in a large area, the area of ginseng shed should not exceed 65438±0.3 ha, weeding 23 times a year, watering in time to prevent water accumulation in rainy season. In areas with poor soil fertility, thin decomposed cake fertilizer or compound fertilizer should be applied 23 times a year.
American ginseng likes warm and humid environment, so it needs a shed for shading, and the light transmittance is 20.25%. Suitable for sandy loam and humus loam with good drainage and rich humus. The first crops were corn, wheat, sorghum and millet.
10 American ginseng diseases and pests include black spot, Fusarium wilt, damping off, rust, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and root rot; Grubs, ground tigers, grubs, golden worms, etc.
165438+ also has the skin knocked off, smoked with sulfur and dried in the sun.
The main root of 12 is cylindrical or long spindle-shaped, with a length of 2 ~ 6 cm and a diameter of 0.5 ~ 1. 1 cm. No reed head, no branch root, no fibrous root. The surface of non-skinner is light brown or white, while that of skinner is white, with dense thin horizontal stripes, and the top stripes are more dense and annular. The fracture is flat and yellow-white, with dark cambium ring and scattered reddish-brown resin pipe. Light weight. The gas is slightly fragrant, slightly sweet and slightly bitter.
13 is sweet, slightly bitter and cool [1].
Sweet, bitter and cold.
The main functions of 14 are nourishing lung yin, reducing deficiency fire, nourishing stomach and promoting fluid production [1]. Indications: Chronic cough and hemoptysis due to lung deficiency; Fever impairs yin, dry throat and thirst [1].
Has the effects of nourishing yin, clearing away fire, promoting fluid production and quenching thirst. Indications: fever due to yin deficiency, cough and hemoptysis, thirst due to deficiency of fire and toothache.
15 American ginseng soup usage and dosage: 2.4 ~ 6g [1].
16 pay attention to avoid iron and fire frying [1].
17 chemical composition this product contains a variety of ginsenoside (saponin hydrolysis products are mainly panaxadiol, panaxatriol and oleanolic acid) [1]. It also contains ginsenoside R 1, gypenosides, ginsenoside F 1 1, volatile oil, resin, etc. [1]. Oil contains β-Arabic gum and octanol [1]. It also contains panaxatriol, sickle alcohol, glycerol diphosphate, phosphatidylcholine, oleanolic acid, carotene, etc. [1].
American ginseng root contains a variety of saponins, the total saponin content is about 7%, and it also contains a small amount of volatile oil, monosaccharide, disaccharide and various amino acids.
It contains ginsenoside Ro, Rb 1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg 1, ginsenoside f 1 (ginsenoside 1 1), arginine, aspartic acid and other amino acids 18.
18 pharmacological effects of American ginseng and its saponins have anticonvulsant, antiarrhythmic, anti-fatigue, anti-hypoxia and immune function [1]. Animal experiments have a sedative effect on the brain, but a moderate excitatory effect on the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata [1]. Ginsenosides can enhance myocardial hypoxia tolerance and protect cardiovascular system [1]. Ginsenoside has gonadotropin, which can promote animal growth [1].
19 pharmacopoeia standard American ginseng 19. 1 was named American ginseng.
Western gods
American Ginseng
19.2 Source This product is the dried root of Panax quinquefolium of Araliaceae. They are all cultivated products, which are dug, washed, dried or dried at low temperature in autumn.
19.3 features This product is spindle-shaped, cylindrical or conical, with a length of 3 ~ 12 cm and a diameter of 0.8 ~ 2 cm. The surface is light yellow-brown or yellow-white, with transverse ring lines and linear lenticels, thin and shallow longitudinal wrinkles and fibrous root marks. There are one or several lateral roots in the middle and lower part of the main root, most of which have been broken. Some have rhizomes (reed heads) at the top, obvious connections, round or semi-circular stem marks (reed bowls), adventitious roots (taro) or broken. Heavy, solid, not easy to break, flat section, light yellow and white, slightly powdery, yellow-brown punctate resin grooves can be seen in the skin, the cambium is brown, and the wood is slightly radial. The gas emblem is single-minded and tastes slightly bitter and sweet.
19.4 Identification Take this product powder 1g, add 25ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 30min, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 20ml of water to dissolve the residue, add 25ml of saturated n-butanol, shake and extract twice, combine the n-butanol extracts, wash them twice, add 10ml each time, separate the n-butanol solution, evaporate and add. In addition, 65438 0 g of Panax quinquefolium was taken as the control medicinal material, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take ginsenoside F 1 1 reference substance, ginsenoside Rb 1 reference substance, ginsenoside Re reference substance and ginsenoside Rg 1 reference substance, and add methanol to prepare a solution containing 2mg per 1ml as reference substance solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography test (Appendix ⅵ b), 2μl of each of the above six solutions was absorbed and spotted on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, and chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol water (15: 40: 22:10) 5 ~10℃ were used as developing agents. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color or fluorescent spots are respectively displayed at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the reference medicinal materials and the chromatogram of the reference substance.
19.5 check that the moisture content shall not exceed 13.0% (appendix ⅸ H first method).
The total ash content of 19.5. 1 shall not exceed 5. 0% (appendix ⅸ k).
19.5.2 Ginseng takes reference medicinal material lg, and makes reference medicinal material solution according to the preparation method of reference medicinal material solution under [Identification]. Thin-layer chromatography (Appendix ⅵ b) test: Absorb 2μl of the solution to be tested and the solution of the above-mentioned reference medicinal materials, respectively, and spot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, and use the lower layer solution of chloroform and methanol water (13: 7: 2) for 5 ~10℃12 hours as the developing agent, and take them out. There must be no spots in the chromatogram of the test sample that are completely consistent with those of the control medicinal materials.
19.5.3 heavy metals and harmful elements shall be determined by the determination method of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper (appendix ⅸ B atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), and the lead shall not exceed 5 parts per million; Cadmium shall not exceed three parts per million; Arsenic shall not exceed two parts per million; The mercury content shall not exceed two parts per million; The copper content shall not exceed 20 parts per million.
19.6 determine the extract according to the hot dip method (appendix X A) under the alcohol-soluble extract determination method, with 70% ethanol as the solvent, not less than 30.0%.
The content of 19.7 was determined by HPLC (Appendix VI D).
Chromatographic conditions and system applicability test with octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as filler; Using acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0. 1% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase B, gradient elution was carried out according to the following table; The detection wavelength is 203 nm; ; The column temperature is 40℃. According to ginsenoside Rb] peak, the theoretical plate number should be not less than 5000.
Time (minutes) Mobile phase A(%) Mobile phase B (%) 0 ~ 2519 → 2081→ 8025 ~ 6020 → 4080 → 6060 ~ 9040 → 5560 → 4590 ~ 65438+00. Accurately weigh ginsenoside Re reference substance and ginsenoside Rb 1 reference substance, and add methanol to prepare solutions containing ginsenoside Rg 10. 1mg and ginsenoside Rbl 1mg respectively.
Preparation of test solution Take the powder of this product (passing through No.3 sieve) about 1g, weigh it accurately, put it in a conical flask with a stopper, add 50ml of water-saturated n-butanol, weigh it, put it in a water bath, heat and reflux extract it for 65,438 0.5 hours, let it cool, weigh it again, make up the weight loss with water-saturated n-butanol, shake it evenly, and filter it. Accurately measure 25ml of continuous filtrate, put it in an evaporating dish, evaporate it to dryness, add 50% methanol to the residue to dissolve it, transfer it to a 10ml volumetric flask, add 50% methanol to the scale, shake well, filter and take the continuous filtrate.
The determination method accurately absorbs 65438 00μ l control solution and test solution respectively, and injects them into the liquid chromatograph for determination.
The total content of ginsenoside Rg 1(c42h 720 14), ginsenoside Re(C48H82O8) and ginsenoside Rb 1(c54h 92023) in this product shall not be less than 2.0%.
19.8 pieces of American ginseng 19.8. 1 Processing to remove reed, fully wetting, slicing, drying or mashing if necessary.
This product is rectangular or quasi-circular. The skin is yellow-brown. The section is yellow-white to yellow-white, the cambium ring is brownish yellow, and the epidermis has yellowish-brown punctate resin channels, which are more and more obvious near the cambium ring, and the wood grain is slightly radial. The gas is slightly specific, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.
The extract of 19.8.2 is the same as the medicinal materials, not less than 25.0%.
19.8.3 Identification, inspection and content determination are the same as those of the medicinal materials.
19.8.4 Sexual taste and meridian tropism are sweet, slightly bitter and cool. Heart, lung and kidney meridians.
19.8.5 Functions and indications: benefiting qi and nourishing yin, clearing away heat and promoting fluid production. Can be used for treating qi deficiency and yin deficiency, asthenic heat fatigue, cough and asthma, excessive phlegm and blood, thirst due to internal heat, and dry mouth and throat.
19.8.6 Usage and dosage: 3 ~ 6g, decocted separately.
19.8.7 Note that it should not be used with Veratrum nigrum.
19.8.8 stored in a cool and dry place, sealed and moth-proof.
19.9 source: People's Republic of China (PRC) pharmacopoeia (20 10)
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