Noun interpretation information

Information (noun explanation)

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1 1, compare

Comparison, also called contrast, is to find out the similarities and differences of the research objects through observation and analysis. It is a logical way of thinking to understand things. Revealing the similarities and differences between objects through comparison is the most primitive and basic way for human beings to understand objective things.

According to different standards and angles, comparison can be divided into different types, such as comparison in time and comparison in space. Time comparison is a vertical comparison, that is, comparing some indicators of the same thing in different periods (such as product quality, performance, cost, price, etc. ) to dynamically understand and grasp the history, present situation and trend of the development and change of this thing. Spatial comparison is a kind of horizontal comparison, that is, comparing the same thing in different countries, regions and departments in a certain period, finding out the gap and judging the advantages and disadvantages. It can be divided into horizontal comparison and vertical comparison. Horizontal comparison refers to the similarities and differences of the same attributes of similar things at a certain moment;

When using comparison method, we should pay attention to the comparability between different comparison objects, reasonably design and select comparison indicators according to the purpose of comparison, and use more data and charts.

12, analysis

Analysis and synthesis is a logical thinking method to reveal the internal relationship between individual and general, phenomenon and essence, and is the main means of scientific abstraction, which mainly solves the problems of part and whole. )

Analysis: it is a logical thinking method that decomposes an objective thing into parts or elements as a whole, and achieves the purpose of understanding things through reasoning and judgment according to the specific relationship between things or internal elements of things. Generally, there are causal analysis, representation and essence analysis, correlation analysis and so on.

Steps of analysis: define the purpose of analysis; Break things down into several relatively independent elements; Respectively investigate the characteristics of the analysis object and each element; Find out the interrelationships between all the elements and the elements that make up the whole thing, and then study the nature, manifestation, status and role of these relationships in the development and change of things.

13, Delphi method

Delphi method is also called expert investigation method (expert evaluation method) in China. It is a method that experts rely on their own knowledge and experience to judge, evaluate and predict problems through investigation and research.

It has three main characteristics: anonymity, feedback and statistics.

The steps are as follows: a, preparation before investigation; B, the first round of investigation, c, the second round of investigation; D, the third round of investigation; E, the fourth round of investigation;

Advantages and disadvantages of Delphi method;

Advantages: a, quickly reach the knowledge of * * *; B. Participants are not subject to geographical restrictions; C. experts covering many fields; D, avoid team loss; F, it has obvious effect on predicting specific and one-dimensional problems;

Disadvantages: a, the initial questionnaire ignores the cross-influence of questions; B, the effect of paradigm shift is not obvious; C, the effectiveness of this method also depends on the quality level of participants; D, hold the view of the ancestors or intervene in the Delphi team's own point of view; E. Different opinions are ignored or ignored; F, underestimate the application conditions and requirements of Delphi method;

14, cross-impact analysis method

Cross-influence analysis, also known as cross-introduction method or cross-influence matrix method, is to explain the influence and degree of one event on the possibility of other events related to this event in the form of introduction; Cross-influence analysis is a modification and supplement to Delphi method.

15, Bradford law

Bradford's law is an empirical law which was first put forward by the famous British linguist B.C.Bradford in 1930s to describe the law of document dispersion. Its written statement is: If the sci-tech periodicals are arranged in descending order according to the number of professional papers published by a certain discipline, then the periodicals can be divided into core areas, related areas and unrelated areas. The number of articles in each region is equal. At this time, the number of periodicals in the core area, related area and irrelevant area is1:n: N2 (the square of n).

Bradford's law is one of the important laws of bibliometrics, and it is also called the three laws of bibliometrics together with Lotca's law and Ziff's law.

Edit the current situation of foreign research in this section.

Regarding the applicability of Bradford's law in the network environment, foreign scholars have made relevant research after Almind put forward the concept of network metrology in 1997. By comparing and analyzing the distribution of dissertations and their published news, periodicals and their papers, Bar-Ilan determined the core newsgroups with the theme of "mad cow disease" according to Brussel's law, and found that Brussel's law is also applicable to the web environment, but this research is aimed at a certain topic, and the data has certain limitations and does not have wide applicability. Cui analyzed the links of the top 25 medical college web pages in the United States, and found that there are concentrated and scattered web links. The ratio of the number of web sites is 78:452: 120 1, which is close to 1:4:42. This result shows that the medical college website conforms to Bradford's law. Due to the limitation of data selection, it is not clear whether the law is applicable to all network environments. Tsay MY and Yang made a bibliometrics analysis of the relevant literatures in MEDLINE database. Through regional analysis, it was found that the number of periodicals in fourth area was obviously greater than the predicted value, but the ratio of the number of periodicals in the four regions was close to L: 2.5: 2.52 (6.25): 2.53 (15.6), which was in line with the traditional Brinell's law, but there were obvious differences. Boelens H and Lukesch P analyzed the literatures about crystallography in the database of inorganic crystal structure, and fitted and analyzed the sample data with Lemkule function, which verified that the literatures about crystallography conformed to the distribution of Brinell's law. This study mainly focuses on database data, and only uses a single method to analyze the data, which can not represent the distribution of all network information. Cristina Faba-Perez found through the image analysis of the chained cyberspace that the obtained image did not conform to the typical Brinell's law distribution, and through the regional analysis, it was known that the proportion of each partition did not meet the relationship of 1:n:n2.

16, analytic hierarchy process

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a systematic method that takes a complex multi-objective decision-making problem as a system, decomposes the objective into multiple objectives or criteria, and then into multiple indicators (or criteria and constraints) at several levels, and calculates the hierarchical single arrangement (weight) and total ranking by fuzzy quantification method of qualitative indicators, which can be used as objective (multiple indicators) and multi-scheme optimization decision. Analytic Hierarchy Process (ahp) is a hierarchical and structured decision-making method to analyze the multi-index system of the scheme, which fuzzifies and quantifies the decision-making thinking process of the decision-maker on the complex system.

17, data mining

A. Technical definition: Data mining is a process of extracting hidden, unknown but potentially useful information and knowledge from a large number of incomplete, noisy, fuzzy and random practical application data.

B. Business perspective: Data mining is a new business information processing technology. Its main feature is to extract, transform, analyze and model a large number of business data from commercial databases, and extract key data to assist business decision-making. In short, data mining is actually an in-depth data analysis method.

18, information source

Information source is the results and all kinds of original records produced by people in scientific research activities, production and business activities and all other activities. The finished products obtained by processing these results and original records are information sources. Information sources are rich in connotation, including not only various information carriers, but also various information institutions. It includes not only traditional printed literature, but also modern e-books and newspapers. It includes not only various information storage and information transmission institutions, but also various information production institutions.

Types of information sources

(1) According to the chronological order of information sources.

Leading information source, instant information source, lagging information source.

The dominant information source refers to the information source generated before social activities. Such as the weather forecast. Instant information sources refer to social activities, such as work records and experimental reports. Lagging sources of information such as newspapers and periodicals.

(2) According to the form of information dissemination.

Oral information sources, literature information sources and physical information sources. Oral information sources exist in the memory of human brain. People communicate and spread physical information sources in natural and artificial products through communication, discussion and report. People can communicate and spread the information sources in literature through practice, experiment, collection and visit, and people can communicate and spread through reading, audio-visual learning and so on. (including printed information sources and electronic information sources, etc.). )

(3) According to the processing and density of information.

Main information sources: original information directly from the author, without any processing; Secondary information source: information extracted from primary information source by perceptual information source; Tertiary information sources: renewable information sources or reference books (encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, yearbooks); Three-level information sources: libraries, archives, databases and museums. The book Documentary Terminology published by UNESCO 1976 defines information sources as information sources obtained by individuals to meet their information needs, which is called information sources. All sources of information generation, production, storage, processing and dissemination can be regarded as information sources.

19, citation analysis method

Citation analysis is an information econometric research method, which uses various mathematical and statistical methods to compare, induce, abstract and generalize, analyzes the citation and cited phenomena of scientific journals, papers, authors and other analysis objects, and reveals their quantitative characteristics and internal laws.

The mathematical basis of citation analysis is probability theory and mathematical statistics. In the analysis and comparison, its function has been excluded from the measurement results.

From different angles and standards, there are different types of citation analysis methods. From the way of obtaining citation data, there are direct method and indirect method. The former is a method of directly counting the cited documents attached to the original paper from the source journals, so as to obtain data and conduct citation analysis; The latter is a method to analyze citation data through citation analysis tools such as Scientific Citation Index (SCI) and Journal Citation Report (JCR). From the relevance of literature citation, there are self-citation analysis, double-citation analysis and triple-citation analysis. From the starting point and content of analysis, there are three basic types of citation analysis:

1. Citation analysis: mainly used to evaluate journals and papers; Study the law of literature information flow.

2. Citation network analysis: mainly used to reveal the scientific structure, the degree of discipline correlation and literature retrieval.

3. Citation chain analysis: There is a "citation chain" between scientific papers, such as document A being cited by document B, document C being cited by document B, document D being cited by document C, and so on. Studying the chain structure of this citation can reveal the development process of science and look forward to the future.

20, time series prediction method

Time series prediction method is an extended prediction of historical data, also known as historical extended prediction method. It is a method to predict the development trend by extending and extrapolating the development process and regularity of social and economic phenomena reflected in time series.

Time series is also called time series, historical complex number or dynamic series. It is to arrange the values of a statistical indicator in chronological order to form a sequence. Time series prediction method is to compile and analyze time series, taking simple time series average method as an example.

Reflected in the development process, direction and trend, analogy or extension, so as to predict the level that may be reached in the future or in the next few years. Its contents include: collecting and sorting out the historical data of a social phenomenon; Check and identify these data and arrange them in order; Analyze the time series, find out the law of social phenomena changing with time, and get a certain pattern; Use this model to predict the future of this social phenomenon.

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