books
Books are the main carrier used by human beings to record all achievements, and also an important medium for human beings to exchange feelings, acquire knowledge and inherit experience, which has made great contributions to the development of human civilization. Books have the characteristics of many varieties, large quantity and wide range, and generally give people systematic, complete and continuous knowledge and information.
2. periodicals
Broadly speaking, the classification of periodicals can be divided into informal periodicals and formal periodicals. Informal periodicals refer to those that have been approved by the administrative department to receive "internal approval" as internal communication in the industry. Generally limited to internal communication, it is not published publicly, but it is also a legal periodical. Generally speaking, formal journals have gone through the process of informal journals. The official issuance shall be examined and approved by the State Press and Publication Administration and the State Science and Technology Commission within the agreed quota, and incorporated into the "unified domestic issuance number". The application for running a journal is relatively strict, which requires a certain strength in running a journal. Official periodicals have independent publishing policies. Periodicals have the characteristics of short publishing period, fast reporting speed, large quantity and new information content, and are very important sources of information.
3. newspapers
A newspaper refers to a paper publication that mainly publishes news and news comments. It is usually printed on loose pages without binding and cover. Modern newspapers are published once a day, called daily newspapers; Or published once a week, called weekly. Newspapers are characterized by timely reporting, wide audience, mass and popularity.
4. Meeting documents
Meeting documents can be divided into three types: before, during and after the meeting.
(1) Pre-meeting documents include the notice of essay writing, the notice of meeting, the agenda of meeting, preprints and abstracts of pre-meeting papers.
(2) The meeting documents during the meeting include opening remarks, speeches or reports, discussion records, meeting resolutions and closing remarks.
(3) After the meeting, there are meeting minutes, compilations, essays, reports, reports of academic seminars, special issues of meetings, etc. Among them, meeting minutes are documents that compile papers, reports, discussion records, etc. into a book and make it public or published after the meeting. The characteristics of conference documents are strong professionalism, which can comprehensively and quickly reflect the development level, trend and trend of a certain technical field or discipline.
5. Science and technology report
Scientific and technological report refers to a report that records the achievements or progress of investigation, experiment and research of a scientific research project, also known as research report and report literature. It appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and developed rapidly after the Second World War, becoming a major category in scientific and technological literature. Each report is a book of its own, which usually includes the host unit, report writer, classification, report number, research project number and contract number. According to the content, it can be divided into reports, papers, notices, reading notes, technical translation, memos and special publications. Scientific and technological reports are divided into volumes, the date of publication is uncertain, the content is in-depth, the report is rapid, and most of them are confidential and distributed under control.
6. Standard literature
In a narrow sense, standard documents refer to a set of normative documents, such as norms, rules and technical requirements, which are formulated in accordance with prescribed procedures and approved by recognized organs or competent departments and must be implemented within a specific scope. Broadly speaking, standard documents refer to all documents related to standardization work, including various documents, manuals and other publications that promote standards during the formation of standards, as well as directories and indexes that reveal and report information about standard documents. This is a binding, normative and legal document.
7. Patent literature
Patent document refers to the document that records the information of invention and creation. Patent documents in a broad sense include patent applications, patent specifications, patent bulletins, patent retrieval tools and all patent-related information; Patent documents in a narrow sense only refer to patent specifications or invention specifications published by patent offices in various countries (regions). It is detailed, novel, practical and timely.
8. thesis
Dissertation refers to the thesis written by the person who is awarded a degree in order to obtain a degree. According to People's Republic of China (PRC) Academic Degrees Regulations, dissertations can be divided into bachelor's dissertations, master's dissertations and doctoral dissertations. Bachelor's thesis is an academic thesis that college graduates need to write in order to obtain bachelor's degree and graduation qualification. Undergraduate graduation thesis should show that the author can master the professional knowledge learned in the university stage, learn the basic methods of scientific research by comprehensively applying the knowledge learned, and have his own independent views on the research topic. The master's thesis is an academic thesis written by master students, which has a certain theoretical depth and a high academic level. It emphasizes the originality of the author's thoughts and viewpoints, and the research results should have stronger practical value and higher scientific value. A doctoral thesis is an academic thesis written by a graduate student who is pursuing a doctoral degree. It requires the author, under the guidance of doctoral supervisor, to choose the potential research direction that he can grasp and control and open up new research fields. The content of the paper is systematic, the topic is novel, the theory is systematic, the content is detailed and innovative.
9. Technical documents
Technical archives refer to technical documents, drawings, charts, photos and original records with specific things formed in scientific research and production activities. The detailed contents include task book, agreement, technical indicators, approval documents, research plan, program outline, technical measures, research materials, design data, test and process records, etc. These materials are important documents for accumulating experience and drawing lessons in scientific research. Technical files are generally for internal use, not published publicly, and some are confidential, so they are rarely cited in references and retrieval tools.
10. Electronic document
Electronic documents are also called electronic publications. Electronic publication refers to the mass media that stores pictures, words, sounds, images and other information in the form of digital codes on magneto-optical media, reads and uses them through computers or devices with similar functions, and can express ideas, popularize knowledge and accumulate culture, and can be copied and distributed. The main media forms of electronic publications are floppy disk, CD-ROM, interactive cd-rom (CD-I), photo CD-ROM, ic card, etc. It has the characteristics of large storage capacity, small volume and easy retrieval, storage and appreciation.