From 1950s to 1970s, the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to economic growth in developed countries increased from 65,438+00% at the beginning of 20th century to 50-70% respectively. According to experts' calculation, the contribution rate of China's scientific and technological progress to economic growth was 27.78 in1952-1957+1965, and only 8.24% in1976. Therefore, compared with the world's scientific and technological progress, from the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) to the end of the Cultural Revolution, China's scientific and technological progress was very slow, which played a very limited role in promoting national economic growth and social development.

Fourth, the construction and scale of transportation and industrial systems reflect the comprehensive strength of a country. At the end of 1970s, although the heavy industry in China's industrial system developed, the construction of light industry, transportation, cities, etc. Compared with the rapidly developing countries in the world, it is still very backward. Even in heavy industry, there is still a big gap between technology and technology. The transportation and communication system lags behind India.

1980, the railway mileage was 5532 1 km, and the average speed was only about 40 km/h; The highway mileage is 888,000 kilometers, of which the hardened road mileage is 66 1 0,000 kilometers, and there is no expressway. The per capita mileage of railways and highways is 0.5m and 8m respectively, and the density of traffic lines such as railways, highways, waterways and pipelines is1.229km/10,000km2. 1980 The railway mileage in India is 6 1300 km, and the highway mileage is 16300 km. The per capita mileage of railways and highways is 0.9 m and 23 m respectively, which is nearly 1 times and 4 times that of China. The density of traffic lines such as railways, highways, waterways and pipelines is 57 15 km/10,000 km2. In terms of communication, in 1980, there were only 0. 19 fixed telephones per 100 people in China, and 0.43 in India, which was more than 1 times that of China.

In terms of industrial system, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has made great progress. On the whole, by 1980, the total industrial output value of the whole country was 470.3 billion yuan, 46.3 times higher than that of 1949, and the proportion of industrial income in national income rose from 1949 to 12.6% in/980. From 1949 to 1980, the output of major industrial products ranks in the world, with steel rising from 26th to 5th, coal from 9th to 3rd, and power generation from 25th to 6th. Chemical fiber and TV sets, 1949, China has no production at all, 1980 ranks fifth in the world. However, due to the large population, the per capita output of industrial products is still very low in the world. For example, in 1980, compared with some developing countries in the world, the per capita steel output in Brazil was 12 1 kg, the per capita power generation was 1880 kWh, the per capita coal output in India was 168 kg and the per capita crude oil output in Mexico was/kloc-0. China's per capita steel output is 36.7 kg, power generation is 297 kWh, coal is 66 kg, and crude oil 105 kg is still lower than the development level of these developing countries.

In the 1950s, China machinery industry built a number of manufacturing plants for heavy machinery, mining machinery, power generation equipment, chemical machinery, oil refining and production equipment, machine tools, automobiles, tractors, airplanes, tanks, ships, bearings, pneumatic tools, electrical appliances, cables, insulation materials and so on in a short time by introducing technical equipment for the first time. In the 1960s, on the basis of the first introduction, a number of new technologies and equipment were introduced, which further improved the manufacturing level of China and produced new materials, instruments and equipment needed for the development of atomic bombs, missiles and new aircraft. After the introduction and construction in 1970s, China has basically established a relatively independent and complete industrial system and national economic system. For example, after several introductions, China has established new industrial sectors such as petrochemical, radio, automobile, tractor, airplane, military industry, chemical fiber, computer and color TV. However, judging from the technical level, equipment status, industrial structure, production scale and time period, the overall level of industrial development in China at that time was only in the primary stage of industrialization compared with the progress of developed countries and newly industrialized countries in the world.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), if the party's central work is centered on economic construction, if there is no influence of frequent political movements on science and technology, if the system adapts to the development of productive forces, and if the national economy grows at an annual rate of 9.5% like some emerging developing countries and regions in East Asia after the reform and opening up, by 1978, the total economic output of China will reach 7360 at constant prices. It is 372.2 billion yuan more than the actual 364.5 billion in that year, and the per capita GDP of RMB will reach about 450 US dollars, and the development level of China will enter the ranks of lower-middle income countries in the world. If the scale is197,873.67 billion RMB, even if the average annual growth rate is 7.5% for another 29 years after the reform and opening up, the total GDP of China in 2007 is 40126.7 billion RMB, and the per capita GDP is 30,369 RMB, which is higher than the actual per capita 1845 RMB. During the rapid growth in the postwar decades, due to the rising dependence on foreign countries, the narrowing of commodity prices and the improvement of productivity, the currencies of developing countries in East Asia generally appreciated 100% to 200% against the US dollar, even if the depreciation factors of currencies during the Asian financial turmoil were deducted. We take the median appreciation rate of 150%. Without the interference of leftist thoughts on economic development after the founding of the People's Republic of China, our per capita GDP will reach 1 1000 USD in 2007. By 2000, we had completed the first modernization process, and now we have entered the ranks of newly industrialized countries in the world. At this point, we can't help but feel deeply sad and sorry for the major mistakes in the choice of work center in the 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

In short, during the 30 years from the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) to 1978, the producers of China * * * have a strong desire to build China into a modern world power, and have made arduous efforts and explorations for this purpose. However, since the victory of the revolution, the party has not changed from a "revolutionary party" with class struggle as its work center to a ruling party with economic construction as its work center. It is not familiar with how to build a socialist economy, but only learns the Soviet model through examples. In addition, it has implemented a planned economy in resource allocation. All the means of production have adopted the state-owned system of one hospital and two schools, the urban collective ownership system and the rural people's commune system, and the external relations have taken the road of self-isolation, and the development has tilted towards the national defense industry. As a result, labor production efficiency is low, scientific and technological personnel and enterprises have no power source for innovation and technological progress, technological progress is slow, investment and construction are wasted, the internal structure of the tertiary industry and the secondary industry is unbalanced, the process of dual structure transformation is stagnant, and the gap with the economic and social development of the whole world is growing. It can be evaluated as follows: in the 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, in the competition of global economic and social development, we took detours and delayed opportunities. It can be said that achievement three and question seven.

Looking back on that year, without the adjustment of the development path in the past 30 years, the reform of the inefficient planned economy system in the past 30 years, and the experience of opening to the outside world to learn advanced foreign technology and management knowledge, our economic and social development level today will undoubtedly remain one of the poorest countries in the world. 1978, whether to carry out reform and opening up is related to the prosperity of the Chinese nation, which accounts for15 of the world population, or the decline of poverty. This is the main reason why producers in China and people in China resolutely chose reform and opening up 30 years ago, persisted for 30 years, and will continue to do so.