China was a great historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Tan's son, Ren Taishiling, was imprisoned for defending Li Ling's defeat and surrender, and later served as the secretariat.
He worked hard to complete the historical records he wrote, and was called Shi Qian, Tai Shigong and the father of history by the later Buddha. Sima Qian studied under Kong Anguo and Dong Zhongshu in his early years, roaming around, learning about customs and collecting rumors.
As a first-time doctor, he served in the southwest. In the third year of Yuanfeng (108), he was appointed as the Taishiling, inherited his father's business and wrote history.
He created China's first biography and general history book (formerly known as Taishi Gongshu) with the historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, understanding the changes from ancient times to modern times, and making a family statement". It is recognized as a model of China's history books, which records more than 3,000 years' history from the legendary period of the Yellow Emperor to the first year of the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the first of the "twenty-five histories" and is praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme".
2. Personal achievements ① Literature. In 9 1 year BC (the second year of Zheng He), Historical Records was written.
Book 130, with more than 526,500 words, including 12 biographies, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies, 10 tables and 8 books, which have a great influence on later generations. They are called "true records and faithful history", praised by Mr. Lu Xun as "the swan song of historians, leaving Sao without rhyme", and ranked as the first of the previous "four histories", which is the same as Zi 2.
Sima Qian expressed his thoughts of governing the country through reform and development through the mouth of Laozi. It retains the core of Taoism and nature, and consciously eliminates the thought of "small country and few people" in primitive society and "creating man" in slave society, and embodies the thought of "keeping pace with the times" which has won the essence of Taoism.
Its core is the unity of man and nature, and its essence is human desire. (3) astronomy.
Sima Qian inherited his father's will and completed the task of "pushing forward the changes in the ancient times", which was clearly stated as "connecting the changes in the ancient times and studying the time between man and nature" His conclusion is expressed in the Book of Heaven, that is, according to the solar eclipse in the Spring and Autumn Period of 242, the astrology witnessed by comets, the decline of the emperor, the rise of the Five Dynasties and the social chaos and turmoil in the Warring States Period, the Qin and Han Dynasties are linked and summarized. This is the most important example of Sima Qian's applied astronomy, which occupies the highest position in the whole history of astrology education.
2. Introduction to Sima Qian Qian (145-87 years ago) China was a great historian, thinker and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi, talking about Hejin, Shanxi), he wrote Historical Records, also known as Taishigong Gong Ji. He recorded the times of the Yellow Emperor in the ancient legends of China, up to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Sima Qian, with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between heaven and man, connecting the changes of ancient and modern times, and forming a unified view", made Historical Records the first biographical general history in the history of China, which had a great influence on later generations and was praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme". His father, Sima Tan, is Taishiling (equivalent to the post of director of the National Library now).
Sima Qian lived a poor life in his hometown in his early years. In the sixth year of Jianyuan, after Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty stopped at Huang Lao's words, and was punished by hundreds of people, thus re-launching the respect for Confucianism. This is the famous "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".
In the second year of Yuan Shuo in Han Dynasty, Sima Qian moved from xia yang to Chang 'an, and then moved to Beijing with his family, learning Shangshu from Kong Anguo and Chunqiu from Dong Zhongshu. Then he inherited his father's career and became a Taishiling.
In BC 104, Sima Qian presided over the revision of the calendar, and at the same time officially began to write Taishi Gongshu. In the second year of Tian Han (99 BC), he pleaded for Li Ling who surrendered to the Huns because of the "Li Ling Incident". Because he was outspoken, he angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and thought that he was defending Li Ling, so he went to prison.
In prison, Sima Qian worked hard for self-improvement, endured unbearable pain and continued to write historical records. After Sima Qian was released from prison, he served as a secretariat official, continued to write books with indignation, and finally completed the Historical Records in 9 1 BC.
In 90 BC, Sima Qian died at the age of 56. The cause of Sima Qian's death is still an unsolved mystery because it is not clearly recorded in historical materials.
3. Introduction of Sima Qian Qian (former145-about former 87) was born in xia yang (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi).
He was born into a family of historians, and his father Sima Tan was an official of Taishiling. Sima Qian went to Chang 'an with his father at the age of ten, and studied under Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo successively.
At the age of 20, he began to travel to famous mountains and rivers. After his father was Taishiling, he also traveled with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Mount Tai, the Great Wall, Hebei, western Liaoning and other places to increase his knowledge. On the appointment of Taishi, he enjoyed the collection of emperors and began to sort out historical materials to fulfill his father's last wish.
In the second year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (the first 99 years), Li Ling surrendered to the Huns, and Sima Qian was sentenced to imprisonment for protecting Li Ling and angering Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Sima Qian was humiliated and didn't want to live in anger, but in order to realize his ideal, he decided to "live in silence" and wrote angrily, and finally completed the great historical masterpiece Historical Records.
Historical Records records the contemporary historical events from Huangdi in Xuanyuan to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. It is the earliest biographical general history of China, with high historical and literary value. Therefore, Lu Xun called it "the historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme." Sima Qian realized the ideal of "understanding the changes of ancient and modern times and becoming a family statement when studying the relationship between man and nature" with his Historical Records.
4. Introduction of Sima Qian Introduction of Sima Qian
Sima Qian (former 145 or former 135~? Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), it is said that he was born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), and the date of his death cannot be verified. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records. Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu.
After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image. Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.
5. Sima Qian introduced Sima Qian (about 145 BC-the first 90 years) and xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi).
/kloc-started reading ancient books at the age of 0/0, and studied very hard. When he meets a difficult problem, he always thinks over and over again until he understands it. At the age of 20, Sima Qian set out from Chang 'an and traveled around the world.
Later, I returned to Chang 'an and became a doctor. The doctor guarded the palace gate, rode horses and traveled with the emperor.
He made several voyages with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and visited many places. At the age of 35, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent him to Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou.
He learned about the customs of some ethnic minorities there. After the death of his father Sima Tan, Sima Qian succeeded to the throne as Taishiling in 108 BC (the third year of Yuanfeng).
In BC 104 (the first year of Tai Chu), he signed taichu calendar with astronomer Tang Dou and others. In the same year, I began to compile historical records.
In 99 BC (the second year of Tian Han), Li Ling attacked the Huns and was defeated and surrendered. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was furious. Sima Qian defended Li Ling, angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was arrested and imprisoned, and issued a letter.
He paid for atonement according to the laws of the Han Dynasty and was "corrupted". In 96 BC (the first year of Taishi), he was pardoned and released from prison, issued a written order and mastered the confidential documents of the emperor.
He wrote a book in anger, and finally completed the writing and revision of the whole book at the age of 55. In addition to historical records, Sima Qian also wrote eight poems, all of which have been lost. Only the 30th volume of Literary and Art Newspaper quoted the fragment of Fu's Mourning for the Past.
He also wrote "Bao Ren An", describing his imprisonment and his ambition to make a fuss about history.
6. Biography of Sima Qian Sima Qian (145-87 years ago) was a great historian, thinker and writer in the Western Han Dynasty in China, and was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi, talking about Hejin, Shanxi). He wrote Historical Records, also known as Taishi Gong Gong Ji, which recorded the time from the legend of the ancient Yellow Emperor in China to the next one.
Sima Qian, with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between heaven and man, connecting the changes of ancient and modern times, and forming a unified view", made Historical Records the first biographical general history in the history of China, which had a great influence on later generations and was praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme". His father, Sima Tan, is Taishiling (equivalent to the post of director of the National Library now).
Sima Qian lived a poor life in his hometown in his early years. In the sixth year of Jianyuan, after Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty stopped at Huang Lao's words, and was punished by hundreds of people, thus re-launching the respect for Confucianism. This is the famous "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".
In the second year of Yuan Shuo in Han Dynasty, Sima Qian moved from xia yang to Chang 'an, and then moved to Beijing with his family, learning Shangshu from Kong Anguo and Chunqiu from Dong Zhongshu. Then he inherited his father's career and became a Taishiling.
In BC 104, Sima Qian presided over the revision of the calendar, and at the same time officially began to write Taishi Gongshu. In the second year of Tian Han (99 BC), he pleaded for Li Ling who surrendered to the Huns because of the "Li Ling Incident". Because he was outspoken, he angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and thought that he was defending Li Ling, so he went to prison.
In prison, Sima Qian worked hard for self-improvement, endured unbearable pain and continued to write historical records. After Sima Qian was released from prison, he served as a secretariat official, continued to write books with indignation, and finally completed the Historical Records in 9 1 BC.
In 90 BC, Sima Qian died at the age of 56. The cause of Sima Qian's death is still an unsolved mystery because it is not clearly recorded in historical materials.
Xia yang, county name, near Longmen. Therefore, Sima Qian claimed to be "moving to Longmen" (Preface to Taishi Gong).
Longmen, Longmen Mountain, is very famous. Legend has it that Dayu once opened a mountain in Longmen to control water.
To the south of Longmen Mountain is the Yellow River. Sima Qian's home is between the Yellow River and Longmen.
There are many local places of interest. Sima Qian liked scenic spots since childhood, but he also had the opportunity to hear many historical legends and stories.
There is no clear history of Sima Qian's birth and death. According to Wang Guowei's research on Taishi Gongxing Year, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC) and died in the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (86 BC) at the age of 60.
It is said that Sima Qian's family is a historian and writer who passed down from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Cuo was a famous soldier when King Hui of Qin attacked Shu, and Sima Chang was an iron-fisted official of Qin Shihuang. Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was also an official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he resumed his ancestral career as a historian.
Sima Qian was born in Hancheng. Sima Qian was a "grandson of farming and grazing rivers and mountains" when he was a teenager. Sima Qian grew up in this natural environment (Preface to Hancheng County Records) and had some experience in folk life.
At the age of ten, Sima Qian followed his father to Chang 'an, the capital, where he studied under the old doctor Fu Sheng and the great scholar Kong Anguo. Family learning is deeply rooted, and it has benefited a lot from the education of famous teachers and inspiration. At this time, the Han Dynasty was strong, the economy was prosperous, and the culture was prosperous. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing wiped out the Xiongnu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yuefu ...; That's when Sima Qian was rich in knowledge and keen to be born in Beijing.
Around the age of twenty, Sima Qian began to travel abroad-"traveling south to Jianghuai, attending meetings, exploring Yu caves, spying on nine doubts, floating in Yuan, Xiang, covering Wen and Si in the north, talking about the capital of Qi and Lu, observing the legacy of Confucius, and shooting Zou, Yi, Er, Kun, Xue, Yu Xiang, Du Liang and Chu back to China." After returning to Chang 'an, he became a close minister of the emperor and went to Pingliang and Kongdong with Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to serve Bashu. He went to Kunming at the southernmost tip.
According to Sima Qian himself, when he was a teenager, he used to "plow mountains and rivers and graze the sun of rivers and mountains", which means that he did some farm work in his hometown when he was a child. Later, his father Sima Tan made an imperial edict in Chang 'an, and Sima Qian also went to Chang 'an with his father. Under the guidance of his father, he studied hard and laid a deep cultural foundation. He worshipped many famous teachers as his teachers.
Sima Qian's family, that is, his family, has been historians for generations. As a historian, he has the responsibility to record the words and deeds of emperors and sages, collect and sort out the heritage of the world, and provide reference for the rulers at that time through narrators. Then his father, Sima Tan, was interested in sorting out the history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years and tried to write an unprecedented historical work.
Is to write history books, since his father began to have such an ideal, after his father made an official order, he began to collect and read historical materials to prepare for the revision of history. However, Sima Tan felt that he was too old to write a historical work independently in time, energy and knowledge. Therefore, Sima Tan has high hopes for his son Sima Qian, hoping that he can participate in it as soon as possible and finally realize such a great ambition.
So, he asked his son to go to Wan Li Road on the basis of studying in thousands of books, and he asked his son to roam the country for more than two years. So I want to introduce Sima Qian's roaming here, so Sima Qian began to roam at the age of 20. Sima Qian was preparing for a field trip to write historical records. He personally interviewed and obtained many first-hand materials, which ensured the authenticity and scientificity of historical records.
Then his roaming is also the concrete embodiment of the spirit of Historical Records. For example, he roamed to the bank of the Miluo River, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the river. He read Qu Yuan's poems aloud. He wept bitterly, so he was so emotional when he wrote Biographies of Qu Yuan that he went to see it himself. He wrote Qu Yuan on the basis of studying Qu Yuan.
For example, in Huaiyin, Han Xin's hometown, he also collected many stories about Han Xin. For example, he asked others himself that Han Xin was cheated and humiliated. As we all know, this allusion, why can Han Xin be cheated and humiliated without getting angry? I didn't do anything illegal, but endured it. Han Xin is so tall that he climbs between the legs of a rogue. If he follows his character, he will be killed with one knife.
But if you kill him, can you make achievements in the future? Han Xin later helped Liu Bang push.
7. Introduction to Sima Qian Introduction to Sima Qian
Sima Qian (former 145 or former 135~? Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), it is said that he was born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), and the date of his death cannot be verified. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records. Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu.
After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image. Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.
8. Introduction to Sima Qian (BC 145 or BC 135~ 87? Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty.
Word length. Zuo Fengyi was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi).
Father Sima Tan, a versatile scholar, was appointed as Taishiling between Jianyuan and Yuanfeng. In The Essentials of Six Classics, he summed up six important schools of thought, namely Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Ming, Fa and Taoism, and evaluated them respectively: he affirmed the five schools of Yin and Yang, pointed out their shortcomings, and gave a comprehensive affirmation to Taoism.
This shows that Sima Tan accepted the influence of Huang Lao's thought, which was dominant in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and it was not completely in tune with the policy of ousting a hundred schools of thought and worshipping Confucianism alone during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Sima Tan attached great importance to family traditions and his duties as a historian. He once sighed: "Since Lin was awarded, he has been over 400 years old, and he is a vassal, and his historical records are deserted.
Today, the Han family is prosperous and unified at home. The wise men of the Ming dynasty were loyal to their ministers and died, while the rest devoted themselves to world history and abolished it. "
(Biography of Taishigong in Historical Records) All these had a very obvious influence on Sima Qian's later career. Sima Qian spent his childhood at the foot of Longmen Mountain near the Yellow River in his hometown.
/kloc-at the age of 0/0, he began to study ancient literature with his father, Chang 'an, Sima Tan, and directly studied under the famous Confucian masters Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, I traveled to Jianghuai in the south. According to the preface to Historical Records, he "went to the meeting, explored Yu Cave, traveled nine caves, drifted in Yuan, Hunan, traveled to northern China, talked about the capital of Qilu, watched the legacy of Confucius, shot in the countryside and was trapped in Hubei, Xue and Pengcheng.
Later, he was appointed as a doctor, a teacher, a Chinese book, etc., and traveled more places, either as an envoy or as a guard. These experiences gave him the opportunity to personally appreciate the magnificent natural scenery of the motherland, investigate and understand many historical facts, correct and supplement the omissions in the literature, and also made it possible for him to get in touch with the real life of the broad masses of the people and increase his understanding of social reality.
Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi).
Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), it is said that he was born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), and the date of his death cannot be verified. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies.
During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends.
Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians.
In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records.
Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records.
People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image.
Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties. Sima Qian is a great historian in the history of China. "He was imprisoned for his outspoken advice, but he was even more angry because of it. His Historical Records, a famous historian at all times and all over the world, left a valuable cultural heritage for the people of China and the people of the world.
1. Stepfather Zhi, historian, Sima Qian and Yu Zichang, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty was born at the foot of Longmen Mountain (now Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province) in the fifth year (BC 145). In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Qian inherited his father Sima Tan's legacy and became an official, and began to sort out and select historical classics from the Royal Library.
Sima Qian's ancestors were not very prominent, and the family was in charge of Taishi's position for generations. But Sima Qian and his father were proud of it. In their minds, compiling history is a lofty cause.
They devoted their lives to it. Sima Tan has been preparing to write a history book linking the past and the present.
Under the direct guidance of his father, Sima Qian began to learn ancient Chinese at the age of ten. Later, I studied Chunqiu from Dong Zhongshu and Shangshu from Kong Anguo.
Sima Qian studied hard, made rapid progress and was full of learning spirit. "When Sima Qian's father died, he took his son's hand and said to him with tears.
After my death, you must continue to do Taishi, and don't forget my lifelong wish to write a general history.
You must inherit my career, don't forget! Sima Qian was surprised at this sincere entrustment. He saw his father's rare sense of mission and responsibility as a historian, and he also knew that his father pinned his unfinished business on himself. Sima Qian bowed his head with tears and replied sadly and firmly: "Son, although I have no talent, I will definitely fulfill your wish."
"After Sima Qian made the Taishi Order, he had the opportunity to read books and important materials that could not be seen by the outside world. This provided good conditions for him to write historical records in the future.
However, data sorting is very complicated. Due to the confusion of books and national archives at that time, even there was no catalogue to consult, Sima Qian had to look for clues from a large number of wooden slips and silk books, and sort out and textual research on historical materials.
Over the past few years, Sima Qian has racked his brains and made great efforts to sort out and textual research historical materials almost every day. Sima Qian has always remembered his father's legacy and is determined to follow Confucius' example in compiling Spring and Autumn Annals and write a historical work that can also be immortal.
In BC 104, Sima Qian presided over the revision of the calendar and officially began to write his masterpiece Historical Records.
9. Introduction to Sima Qian Sima Qian was a famous historian in the Western Han Dynasty in China.
10 years old can recite ancient Chinese. At the age of 20, I began to travel, inspecting customs everywhere, collecting legends, and traveling all over the country. After coming back, I became a doctor at first and have been to all parts of southwest China.
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded his father, Sima Tan, as an official, in charge of drafting documents, compiling historical materials, managing national classics, astronomical calendars and so on. He read a large number of books, files and documents collected by the emperor.
Later, he was arrested and imprisoned for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. After he was released from prison, he served as the secretary in charge of confidential documents of the royal family.
He worked hard to write a book and completed the Historical Records in 9 1 BC. Introduction to Historical Records The Historical Records, formerly known as Taishi Gongshu, is the first general history of China, creating a style of writing biographies and books.
This book consists of 130 volumes, including five parts: twelve biographies (recording the political traces of emperors), eight books (recording various laws and regulations), ten tables (recording dates), thirty biographies (recording the death of Hou Guoxing) and seventy biographies (recording the words and deeds of important historical figures), with 520,000 words. It recorded the political, economic and cultural history of 3000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, comprehensively and profoundly reflected the social features of ancient China, and had a far-reaching impact on the historical research of later generations.
Commenting on Wen Xin Diao Long in the Southern Dynasties, Xie said: "Therefore, this book is based on the description of emperors, the biography of generals, eight books on political system and ten tables on chronology." Why did Chen She become an "aristocratic family"? Chen She was born in a humble background, and he is the so-called "son of a bow and jar, son of a rolling servant". Although he became king himself after the uprising, it only lasted for six months.
He was included in the "aristocratic family" because he dared to attack first under the strict rule of the Qin Dynasty. Such an extraordinary achievement really deserves a great book. At the end of this biography, Sima Qian wrote: "Although Chen She died, he sent his ministers to Qin to die, which was the first thing involved."
That is to say, he doesn't judge heroes by success or failure. Sima Qian's famous saying, I always think about my life and die for the urgency of my country.
If you don't fly, you will fly to heaven; If you don't sing, it will be a blockbuster. People are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, so they are used differently.
Sima Qian bluntly said that he was imprisoned in Tianhan (99 BC) for two years. While writing historical records wholeheartedly, Sima Qian encountered unexpected troubles, that is, the Liling incident. This summer, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent his favorite younger brother, General Li Guang of the Second Division, to crusade against Xiongnu, and another sent Li Guang's grandson Li Ling to accompany Li Guangli to escort the trench.
Li Guangli led five thousand foot soldiers out of Juyan and met Khan. Xiongnu besieged Li Ling with 80,000 cavalry.
After eight days and nights of fighting, Li Ling killed more than 10,000 Xiongnu soldiers, but because he could not get the support of the main force, he ran out of ammunition and was unfortunately captured. After the news of Li Ling's defeat reached Chang 'an, Emperor Wu hoped that he could die, but later he heard that he had surrendered. He was very angry. The civil and military officials of the Qing Dynasty watched and listened. A few days ago, he praised Li Ling's bravery, and now he echoes Emperor Wu and accuses Li Ling of sin.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the Taishi for Sima Qian's advice. On the one hand, Sima Qian comforted Emperor Wu, on the other hand, he hated those ministers in have it both ways and tried his best to defend Li Ling. He believes that Li Ling is filial to his mother, loyal to his friends, courteous to people, loyal to soldiers, and always desperate for the country's urgent needs, and has the demeanor of a national scholar.
Sima Qian hated ministers who only knew how to protect themselves and their families. Now they see that Li Ling's invasion is unfavorable, so they blindly hit people when they are down and exaggerate the charges. He said to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "Li Ling led only 5,000 infantry, went deep into the Huns, fought alone, and killed many enemies, which made great contributions.
Without reinforcements, ammunition and food, and desperate, we still fought bravely to kill the enemy. Even the famous soldiers in ancient times were so powerful.
Although Li Ling himself failed, he killed many Huns, which is famous all over the world. The reason why he didn't die, but surrendered to the Huns, must be to find a suitable opportunity to repay the Han. "
Sima Qian seems to mean that General Li Guangli didn't do his duty. His outspoken remarks angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who thought that he was defending Li Ling and satirizing Li Guangli, who returned from the failed expedition, and ordered Sima Qian to be put in prison.
After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed.
Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I am a courtier, can't I express my opinion? " Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son.
Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. According to the provisions of the criminal law of the Han Dynasty, there are two ways to reduce the death penalty: one is to make amends with 500,000 yuan, and the other is to punish the crime of corruption.
Sima Qian's official family is poor, and of course he can't afford so much money for atonement. Corruption not only cruelly destroys people's body and spirit, but also greatly insults people's personality.
Sima Qian certainly didn't want to endure such punishment. He even thought of suicide in grief. But then he thought that people always die, but "death is heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather", and the meaning of death is different.
He felt that if he "died before the law" in this way, it would be as worthless as a hair missing from a cow. He thought of Confucius, Qu Yuan, Zuo Qiuming and Sun Bin, their humiliation and their impressive achievements.
Sima Qian suddenly felt full of strength, and he resolutely chose corruption. In the face of the most cruel punishment, Sima Qian suffered to the extreme, but at this time he had no resentment and fear.
He has only one belief, that is, he must live and finish the Historical Records. "It's based on intestines, nine times a day, and then he suddenly died, but I don't know where he went. Every time I think about my shame, I sweat. "
Because he didn't finish the historical records, he survived with humiliation.