Date of birth: 1564 February 15.

Celebrity title:

Celebrity country: Pisa, Italy

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Name: Galileo

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1564 February 15.

Place of birth: Pisa, Italy

Galileo was a great Italian physicist and astronomer and a pioneer of the scientific revolution. In history, he first integrated mathematics, physics and astronomy on the basis of scientific experiments, expanding, deepening and changing human understanding of material movement and the universe. In order to prove and spread Copernicus' Heliocentrism, Galileo devoted his life. As a result, he was persecuted by the church in his later years. He was imprisoned for life. He overthrew the traditional speculative view of nature represented by Aristotle with systematic experiments and observations, and created a modern science with a strict logical system based on experimental facts. Therefore, he is called "the father of modern science". His work laid the foundation for the establishment of Newton's theoretical system.

Life and academic career

Galileo was born in Pisa on February 5th, 564. His father, Fen Cenzio Galileo, is proficient in music theory and acoustics, and has written a book "Music Dialogue". His family moved to Florence in 2008+0574. Galileo was influenced by his father since childhood and was very interested in music, poetry, painting and machinery. Like his father, he is not superstitious about authority. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he studied medicine at the University of Pisa according to his father's orders, but he was tired of medicine. After class, he listened to Euclidean geometry and Archimedes statics by a well-known scholar and family friend Professor O. Rich with great interest. In 2008+0583, Galileo noticed the swing of a hanging lamp in Pisa church, and then made a simulation with a copper ball (simple pendulum) suspended by wire, which confirmed the synchronization of tiny swing and the influence of swing length on the period, and thus created a pulse meter to measure the short time interval. In 2008+0585, he dropped out of school because of family poverty, but he still studied hard. In 2008+0586, he invented the buoyancy balance and wrote the paper "Little Balance".

1587, he went to the University of Rome with a paper on the calculation method of solid center of gravity, and sought audience with Professor C Clavius, a famous mathematician and calendarist, who was greatly praised and encouraged. Clavius got a lecture on logic and natural philosophy from Professor P. Valla of Rome University, which was of great help to his later work.

1588, he gave an academic speech on the graphic conception of purgatory in A. Dante's Divine Comedy, and his literary and mathematical talents were greatly praised. The following year, he published papers on several methods for calculating the center of gravity of solids, including some new statics theorems. Because of these achievements, the University of Pisa hired him to teach. He teaches geometry and astronomy. The next year, he discovered the cycloid. At that time, the textbooks of Pisa University were all written by Aristotelian scholars, and the books were full of theological and metaphysical dogmas. Galileo often expressed sharp objections and was discriminated and rejected by the school. 159 1 year, my father died of illness and the family burden increased. He decided to leave pizza. 1592, Galileo transferred to the University of Padua to teach. Padua belongs to the principality of Venice, far from Rome and not directly controlled by the Vatican. In this good atmosphere, he often participates in various academic and cultural activities inside and outside the school. Debate with colleagues with various ideas. At this time, while absorbing the research results of mathematics and mechanics of predecessors such as N.F. tartaglia, G.B. Benedetti and F. Comentino, he often inspected factories, workshops, mines and various military and civil projects, made extensive friends with technicians in various industries, and helped them solve technical problems, from which he could learn production technology knowledge and various new experiences, and was inspired.

During this period, he deeply and systematically studied the falling body, projectile motion, statics, hydraulics and some civil and military buildings. Discovered the principle of inertia, invented the thermometer and telescope.

1597, he received a book "The Mysterious Universe" by J Kepler, and began to believe in Heliocentrism, acknowledging that the earth has two movements: revolution and rotation. But at this time, he was deeply impressed by Plato's most natural and perfect circular motion thought, and was not interested in Kepler's theory of planetary elliptical orbit. 1604, a supernova appeared in the sky, and the light lasted for 18 months.

1609 In July, it was rumored that a Dutch glasses worker invented a telescope for people to enjoy. He didn't see the real thing, so he thought of making a telescope with organ tube and convex-concave lens in the future, magnifying it three times and then nine times. He invited Senator Venice to the top floor of the tower and watched the distant scenery through a telescope. The audience was pleasantly surprised. The Senate then decided that he was a tenured professor at the University of Padua. At the beginning of 16 10, he increased the magnification of the telescope to 33 times to observe the sun, the moon and the stars, and made many new discoveries, such as the unevenness of the surface of the moon, the light emitted by the moon and other planets reflected from the sun, Mercury has four satellites, the Milky Way was originally a confluence of countless luminous bodies, Saturn has a changeable elliptical shape, and so on. It opened up a new world of astronomy. 1in March, 998, he published the book Star Messenger, which shocked the whole of Europe. Later, he discovered the changes in the profit and loss and size of Venus, which was a strong support for Heliocentrism. Galileo later reviewed 18 in Padua, thinking that it was the most fruitful and refreshing period in his life. In fact, it was also the most academic achievement period in his life.

Galileo's fruitful achievements in physics and astronomy during his 20 years in Tuscany aroused his greater academic ambition. In order to get enough time to devote himself to scientific research, in the spring of 16 10, he resigned from the university and accepted the appointment of the Grand Duke of Tuscany as the chief mathematician and philosopher of the court and the honorary position of the chief professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa.

In order to protect science from the interference of the church, Galileo went to Rome many times. 16 1 year, he went to Rome for the second time to win the recognition of his discoveries in astronomy from the religious, political and academic circles. In Rome, he was warmly received by elites including Pope Paul V and several senior bishops, and was accepted as an academician by the Lindsay Institute. At that time, the Jesuit priest admitted his observation.

In the same year, he observed sunspots and their movements, compared the movement law of sunspots with the projection principle of circular motion, and proved that sunspots are on the surface of the sun; He also discovered the rotation of the sun. 16 13 published three newsletters about sunspots. In addition, in 16 12, the book "floating body dialogue in water" was published.

16 15, a perfidious cleric group and many people in the church who were hostile to Galileo jointly attacked Galileo's argument of defending Copernicus and accused him of violating Christianity. After learning the news, he went to Rome for the third time in winter, trying to save his reputation, pleading with the Vatican not to be punished for keeping Copernicus' views, and not to publicly suppress him to publicize Copernicus' theory. The Holy See acquiesced in the previous request. But rejected the latter. In 16 16, Pope Paul V issued the famous "16 16 ban", forbidding him to reserve, teach or defend Heliocentrism orally or in writing.

1624, he went to Rome for the fourth time, hoping that his old friend, the new Pope urban VIII, would sympathize with and understand his wishes in order to maintain the vitality of emerging science. He had six audiences, trying to explain that Heliocentrism could be in harmony with Christian teachings, saying that "the Bible teaches people how to enter heaven, not how celestial bodies work"; And tried to convince some archbishops, but to no avail. Urbon VIII insists on "16 16 ban" unchanged; He is only allowed to write a book introducing Heliocentrism and geocentric theory at the same time, but his attitude towards these two theories must not be biased, and both should be written as mathematical hypotheses. In this hard year, he developed a microscope, "which can enlarge flies into hens."

In the following six years, he wrote a book "Dialogue between Ptolemy and Copernicus". He went to Rome for the fifth time on 1630 and obtained the "publishing license" of this book. The book was finally published in 1632. Appearing to be neutral, but actually defending the Copernican system, in many places implied a mockery of the Pope and bishops, far exceeding it.

Persecution of the Vatican and the elderly

Half a year after the publication of Dialogue, the Holy See ordered it to stop selling, arguing that the author had blatantly violated the "16 16 ban" and the problem was serious and needed to be examined urgently. It turned out that in the dialogue, someone used Simplicio Qiu, who was simple-minded and conservative, as the common language of the Pope, and provoked Galileo to make some ridiculous mistakes. He was angry. The group that supported him as pope strongly advocated severely punishing Galileo, while the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Spain believed that conniving Galileo would have a great impact on heresy in various countries and put forward a joint warning. Under these internal and external pressures and provocations, the Pope, despite the dissuasion of his old friends, issued an order to try Galileo by the Roman Inquisition this autumn.

Galileo, who was nearly seventy years old and sickly, was forced to go to Rome in the cold winter. Under the threat of severe punishment, he was tried three times, and he could not defend himself at all. After several tortures, at last 1665438 was jointly sentenced by 1633 cardinal in the hall of Santa Maria Abbey on June 22nd, 2008, and the main crime was to violate the "prohibition". The dialogue must be burned and it is forbidden to publish or reprint his other works. This judgment immediately informed the whole Catholic world that all cities with universities must gather to read it as an example.

Galileo was both a diligent scientist and a devout Catholic. He firmly believes that the task of scientists is to explore the laws of nature, while the function of the church is to manage people's souls and should not infringe upon each other. Therefore, he did not want to escape before being tried, nor did he openly resist when he was tried, but always obeyed the disposal of the Holy See. He thinks that it is extremely unwise for the Vatican to exercise its power outside the scope of theology, but he can only complain privately. Apparently, G Bruno was tied to the stake and burned to death, and T campanella was put on death row for a long time. The experiences of these two outstanding Italian philosophers cast a terrible shadow on his spirit. The inquisition's decision was later changed to house arrest. His student and old friend Archbishop A. Picolomini was assigned to take care of him in Siena's private house, and he was forbidden to receive visitors and had to hand in written materials every day. With Piccolomini's careful care and encouragement, Galileo pulled himself together, accepted Piccolomini's suggestion and continued to study uncontroversial physical problems. Therefore, he still used the three dialogists in the Dialogue to write his most mature scientific thoughts and achievements in a simple style, a Dialogue on Two New Sciences and Mathematical Proof. These two new sciences refer to mechanics and dynamics of materials. This manuscript is 6438+0638.

Galileo had just stayed in his home in Piccolomini for five months when someone wrote an anonymous letter to the Vatican accusing Piccolomini of being kind to Galileo. The Vatican ordered Galileo to move to his former residence in Chetri, near Florence, in February 65438+, and was taken care of by his eldest daughter Virginia. The ban still exists. She took good care of her father, but she died in front of him four months later.

Galileo repeatedly asked to go out for medical treatment, but was not allowed. He was blind on 1637 and was allowed to live in his son's house the next year. During this period, besides the Grand Duke of Tuscany, he was also visited by J Milton, a famous British poet and political critic, and P Gasanti, a French scientist and philosopher. His student and old friend B Casta Yi also discussed with him the calculation of ground longitude by using wooden satellites. At this time, the restrictions and monitoring of the Vatican on him are obvious.

1in the summer of 639, Galileo was allowed to accept V. viviani, a smart and studious 18-year-old youth, as his last student and take care of him. The young man made him very satisfied. 164 10 in June, Casta introduced her student and former secretary e torricelli to accompany her. They discussed with the blind old scientist how to design a mechanical clock with a pendulum, and also discussed the collision theory, the libration of the moon, the height of the water column in the mine under atmospheric pressure and other issues. So, until his death,

Galileo died on1642 65438+1October 8, and the funeral was sloppy. It was not until the next century that his bones were moved to the cathedral in his hometown.