Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, on the basis of feudal economic development, the teaching of Confucianism has experienced unprecedented prosperity. Doctoral official studies are not only complete in Confucian classics, but also because of the different inheritance of Confucian classics, there are often several schools at once, and each school tends to be abandoned. In the third year of Ganlu (5 1), in order to further unify Confucianism and strengthen ideological rule, Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, called Wang Zhi Jr., Liu Xiang, Wei Xuancheng, Xue Guangde and other Confucian scholars to meet in Shiqu Pavilion in the north of Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an to discuss the similarities and differences of the Five Classics, and he personally ruled and judged them. After joining forces, it was added as a barbarian, Xiahou as Shu and Chunqiu. Next year, Xuan Di, Doctor of Five Classics and Twelve. Doctors are Confucian classics. Their task is to recite and interpret Confucian classics. Their interpretation of the classics is complicated, sometimes reaching more than a million words. Doctors have disciples. There were 50 disciples of the doctor in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the number gradually increased. When he proclaimed himself emperor, there were as many as 3,000, and even reached 30,000 in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The prosperity of Confucian classics and the emergence of a large number of doctoral students are mainly because Confucian classics theoretically defended the rule of the Han Dynasty, so the rulers pursued a "road to enriching the people."
With the development of Confucianism, there has also been an upsurge of book collection. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Prime Minister Gong Sunhong to clear the way and present books, and at the same time set up officials to copy books. At that time, there were a large number of books, including Taichang, Taishi and Doctor in the outer court, Yan Ge House, Guangnei and Chamber of Secrets in the palace. At that time, the Royal Library had begun to take shape. Later, Emperor Han Chengdi ordered Chen Nong to visit the world's suicide notes, and since then, the collection of the Royal Library has become increasingly rich. Emperor Cheng's books were numerous and disorganized, but he still sent someone to sort them out separately, with Liu Xiang as the general manager. Liu's Jing Zhe Shi, Ren's The Art of War, Yin's Shu Shu (the book of divination) and Li's Xue Yi (the medical book). After proofreading each book, Liu Xiangtiao should make a table of contents and write a summary. Later, Liu Xin of Liu Xiangzi inherited his father's work and finished this work. He summed up the group essays and summarized their essence, and wrote a book with seven views: an outline set, a general outline of the book, an outline of six arts, an outline of Confucianism, an outline of poetry and fu, an outline of the art of war, an outline of mathematics and Ji Fang.
In the process of collating, Confucius and Liu Xin found some different versions of Confucian classics, which led to the distinction between modern Confucian classics and ancient Confucian classics and the dispute between the two schools. It turns out that the Confucian classics handed down by Dr. Western Han Dynasty are based on the word of mouth of scholars, apprentices and fathers since the Warring States Period. The official script records used at that time were not finalized until the Han Dynasty. However, there are still Confucian classics written in ancient Chinese characters in the pre-Qin period, which are said to come from Confucius' residential walls and folk. For example, in the last years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Lu * * * Yu destroyed Confucius' mansion, and got The History of Ancient Chinese Literature, Li, The Analects of Confucius, Xiao Jing and so on. They are all written in ancient Chinese characters, so they are called "ancient Chinese classics". Originally written in official script font, it is called "Jinwenjing".
Not only the fonts and chapters are different, but also the interpretation of Confucian classics is very different. Modern literature's interpretation of Confucian classics mainly lies in "applying the practice", emphasizing the deduction of chapters and sentences, combining the theory of yin and yang and the five elements of disaster and the theory of criminal names to give play to the "micro-word righteousness" of scripture, and advocating the idea of unity, respecting the monarch and restraining the ministers, and distinguishing names. Its characteristic is to serve the reality in combination with the political needs at that time. The interpretation of Confucian classics in ancient Chinese mainly lies in "learning from the past", which is elaborated in exegetics. Confucian classics are regarded as ancient historical materials, and they advocate seeking truth from facts and oppose the use of topics. There is no great invention in theory, but it has established a systematic exegetical method in the process of understanding and interpreting pre-Qin characters and made certain contributions. Jin Wenjing appeared earlier, and Dong Zhongshu was appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for his treatment of Jin Wenjing's Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram. At his suggestion, he was successively established as a scholar. For example, there are three schools in Poetry: Lu, Qi and Han. There are Ouyang, Da and Xiao Xiahou in the book; "Yi" includes history, fear, respect; "Li" has a lot to wear; In Spring and Autumn Annals, there are Yan and Yan (both rams), both of whom have become doctors. Classics of Chinese studies came out late, which was rejected by the classical school of modern Chinese studies and could not be established as scholars for a long time.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin "wanted to establish Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, Shi Mao, Yi Li and Wen Gu Shangshu as academic officials" and competed with doctors. The Emperor Ai ordered him to discuss the Five Classics, but did not agree or refused to express his opinions, or said that the twenty-ninth chapter of Shangshu was complete, or that Zuo's biography was not in the Spring and Autumn Period. So, Liu Xin wrote a famous "Dr. Jean Taichang". On the one hand, he criticized the classic of this article for its ugliness, protecting the disabled, and reciting biographies casually, which is a teacher's end and not going to the ancient times. The reason for its incompleteness is that Qin Shihuang's method of burning books to learn from them, killing Confucian scholars and publishing books is an ancient crime. On the other hand, it vigorously publicizes the reliability of China's ancient classics, thinking that it can make up for the shortcomings of existing classics, such as The History of Ancient Classics in China, which is much more than that of Fu Sheng 16. It can also correct the mistakes of existing classics, which is more credible than existing classics. For example, Liu Xin thinks that "Zuo Qiuming likes and dislikes like a saint, seeing the master in person, while the ram and the seventy-year-old are different in details". Because of Liu Xin's incisive words, today's writers, ancient bronzes and officials in power are disgusted and lashed out. Stan, a scholar at that time, strongly opposed Liu Xin's idea and played Liu Xin's "Change the Old Chapter without Destroying the Old Empress" to the mourner. Although Liu Xin was not reprimanded by the emperor, he was the ruling minister, and Liu Xin was afraid of punishment, so he came up with a way to fill the post. From then on, he left Chang 'an and worked in other places. This argument is fruitless. Since then, there have been two schools of Confucian classics, the modernist school and the ancient school, and the debate is extremely fierce.
It turned out that in the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and implemented "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which became an important way for the people to become officials. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, saying that "imperial academy should be developed and a visionary teacher should be established to support people all over the world". Most of the scholars established at that time were Confucian scholars. Because the theories of modern scholars have been advocated by national laws and regulations, scholars are of course eager to choose officials, and most of them are based on these theories. Over time, the ministers in the imperial court were naturally mainly followers of Confucian classics. Once these people enter the official career, they will naturally regard what they believe as the only "truth" that conforms to Confucius' way. The school's view of the portal is intertwined with the struggle for wealth, and it is deadlocked.
When Emperor Gudiping was in power, Wang Mang was in power. Due to the need of entrust an orphan to reform, Liu Xin took the opportunity to establish Zuo's Chunqiu, Gu Wen Shang Shu, Yi Li and Shi Mao as academic officials, and later established Jing Yue as a doctor, and Liuzhou Guan Jing as a doctor. The study of ancient Chinese classics gradually became an official school.
Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty ascended the throne and gathered scholars from all directions in Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, abolishing the doctor of ancient prose established by Wang Mang and re-establishing the doctor of modern ancient prose. During the Jianwu period, Han Xin, the great Stuart, proposed the establishment of Fei's doctor and Zuo's Chunqiu doctor. It has caused another controversy. Finally, Emperor Guangwu decided to make Zuo Chunqiu a doctor, but it was soon abolished because of "group discussion". When Emperor Zhang was in the White Tiger Pass, he convened a group of Confucian scholars to discuss the similarities and differences of the Five Classics. Emperor Zhang personally presided over and made a conclusion. The achievement of White Tiger View Conference was compiled into White Tiger Yi Tong by the famous historian Ban Gu, which concentrated the basic viewpoints of modern literary classics and was an important material for us to understand modern literary classics in Han Dynasty. At the end of the Han Dynasty, China's ancient classics no longer stood in the position of scholars. However, due to the fact that the study of ancient Chinese classics is superior to the present text in content, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, several masters of ancient Chinese classics, such as Jia Kui, Fu Qian, Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, appeared. , they are all ancient writers in China or learned from ancient times. Ma Rong is the nephew of Queen Matthew (Queen Ming Di), and his aristocratic status is enough to defend his status as a teacher. He has a wide range of knowledge, is knowledgeable and courteous, and has thousands of students, so the status of the ancient prose school is higher. His student, Zheng Xuan, has a high reputation. Under the influence of Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan's adoption of modern ancient prose and exegetical classics, modern ancient prose gradually became chaotic. At the end of the Han Dynasty, after Dong Zhuo's rebellion, the doctor lost his official position for nearly 30 years, and the study of modern literature was declining day by day.