[Edit this paragraph] I. Overview
The ISBN consists of ten digits. Divided into four segments by three short horizontal lines, each segment has a different meaning.
The first group number field is the area code, also known as the group identifier. The shortest number is one digit, and the longest number is five digits, generally taking into account the language, country and region. Countries and regions that voluntarily apply to participate in the ISBN system are divided into several regions, and each region has a fixed code: the country code of books published in the United States is 0; 1 stands for English, and the countries that use these two codes are: Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Britain, the United States, Zimbabwe and so on. Stands for French, which is used in French-speaking areas of France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Canada and Switzerland; 3 stands for German and is used in Germany, Austria and German-speaking Switzerland; 4 is the code of Japanese publications; 5 is the code of Russian national publications; 7 Codes used in Chinese mainland publications, etc. The longest country field may be five digits (for example, Bhutan is 99936), but the remaining digits that can be used and allocated are narrower.
The group number is divided into five grades, with the length of 1-5 digits, and the specific setting range is as follows:
Number of digits of group number setting range Number of groups that can be allocated Number of publications allowed per group Number (category) Total number of publications per file (category)
One bit 0 ~ 781800 million
Two digits 80~94 15 0. 1 billion10.5 billion.
Three digits 950 ~ 99748 0.0 1.0048 billion
Four digits 9980 ~ 9989100.001.01100 million.
Five digits 99900 ~ 99999100 0.0001.005438+0 billion.
Total181100 billion.
The second set of numbers is the publisher identifier, which is assigned by the ISBN center of the country or region to which it belongs, and the allowable value range is 2-5 digits. The bigger the publishing house, the more books it publishes, and the smaller the number.
The third group is that the book sequence code (title identifier) is given by the publishers themselves, and the book sequence number of each publisher is fixed (the number 9 minus the number of digits occupied by the group number and the publisher code is the number of digits of the book sequence code). The shortest one and the longest six. The bigger the publishing house, the more books published and the longer the serial number.
The fourth group is the computer parity bit, with only one digit, from 0 to 9.
Four groups of numbers should be connected by a hyphen (-) (for example, 2-02-033598-0). However, some library integration systems can't automatically assign hyphens, and library catalogers don't know much about ISBN segmentation, so people often omit hyphens in bibliographic records (for example, 2020335980).
[Edit this paragraph] 2. develop
In the 1960s, the London School of Economics and the British Publishers Association put forward the idea of establishing a clear international uniform book number. 1966165438+1October, at the third international conference on book market research and book trade rationalization in west Berlin, H. J. Ehlers of Klett Publishing Company of the Federal Republic of Germany put forward the initiative of standard book number, which was recognized as the historical starting point of international standard book number. At that time, many publishing houses and book publishers in Europe were considering using computers for book ordering and bibliographic control. 1967, Britain established the SBN- Standard Book Number Center in Whitaker Company. April 1969 The 46th Technical Committee of ISO (ISO/TC46- ISO/Technical Committee 46) drafted the ISBN scheme in Stockholm. 197 1 year, ISO approved the implementation of ISBN worldwide for five years.
The publishing house should convert the ISBN-10 (including the books on the inventory list) still in circulation from June 5438 to October 2007 into ISBN- 13 format. New books published after June 65438+1 October12007 must be assigned a new ISBN- 13.
1976, China and hongkong introduced the international standard book number system. By 1986, Chinese mainland had introduced the international standard book number system. After 1989, Taiwan Province province of China introduced the international standard book number system. In 2000, due to the handover of Macao's political power, the original country, language or region code of Macao was changed from "957" to "99937". In June 2007, the format of 65438+1October 65438+1October ISBN was changed from 10 to 13.
[Edit this paragraph] III. Inspection method
According to ISO-2 108, the parity bit generation is calculated by the coefficient 1 1. The calculation method is to multiply the first nine digits of ISBN by numbers from 10 to 2 in turn, add the products, and divide the sum by11; If there is no remainder, the check number is "0"; If there is a remainder, use 1 1 to subtract the remainder, and the difference is the check number. If the difference is 10, it is represented by an "x" representing the Roman numeral 10.
ISBN is used in textbooks, printed matter, micro-reproduction, educational television or movies, mixed media publications, microcomputer software, atlases and maps, Braille publications and electronic publications.
[Edit this paragraph] 4. use
The institution responsible for ISBN is located in the National Prussian Cultural Heritage Library (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Preu? Ischer Kulturbesitz) International Book Numbering Authority (ISBN). One of the main tasks of this institution is to assign regional numbers to lower-level regional institutions. Generally, regional institutions are located in the National Library, but not in some big countries and regions. For example, the regional organization in Britain is Whitaker. Before ISBN came out, it was the national ISBN center in Britain, which can be said to be the pioneer of ISBN. The regional center of the United States is R.R. Bowker; China's regional institutions are located in the Press and Publication Administration. The main work of the regional organization is to accept the application of the publishing house and grant the second paragraph number, that is, the code of the publishing house. The third number and check code are decided by the publishing house.
It is not easy to make every book published in the world have a number and not repeat it. To strictly control the book number within 10 digits, a set of precise design arrangements is needed. The first is the area code. English, French, German, Japanese, Chinese and Russian, the most widely used languages in the world, occupy only one place in order to leave more digits for a large number of publishers and books. The smallest regions, such as Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, have only five figures. Publisher number is the biggest headache for ISBN designers. Take English as an example. In addition to the area code and check code, there are eight digits used to solve every publishing house and book in English. The number of the publishing house is 2 to 7 digits, and the ISBN is 1 to 6 digits. The ISBN distribution of each publishing house is as follows:
Digital digits of publishing house
Starting number of publishing house
ISBN number
Number of books that can be published
2
00
six
1 000 000
three
200
five
100 000
four
7000
four
10 000
five
85000
three
1 000
six
900000
2
100
seven
9500000
1
10
The smallest publishing house is only 10 ISBN, which is easy to run out. After use, you can apply to the regional organization for another number. For example, 0- 13-00 1660-8 is the founder of ISBN prentiss Hall Publishing House. 98 1-238- 187-2 is an ISBN of Singapore World Science Press. Some publishers publish the same book in branches in different countries or regions, using two different ISBN. For example, the book Introduction to the Murray Project published by springer Publishing House uses 0-387-98465-8 in new york and 3-540-98465-8 in Berlin. For this publishing house, the last six digits (book serial number and parity bit) of the two ISBN are the same. In this case, librarians should sum up experience from practice and search through multiple channels to reduce the omissions in the search. But many publishing houses publish books in different places and use different book numbers. However, when many publishing houses publish in different countries or regions, there is no necessary connection between different ISBN.
After the international standard book number came out, it quickly spread. Mainly because it is initiated by publishing houses, it is of great benefit to both publishing houses and booksellers. Its advantages are: ISBN is a machine-readable code, which is consistent from book production to distribution and sales, and plays a huge role in the book distribution system; Its introduction simplifies the branch procedures of any book industry, such as book ordering, inventory control, accounting and output processes; ISBN can also promote the ordering, purchasing, cataloging and circulation procedures of libraries and document centers. The introduction of ISBN system also serves the flow and use of bibliographic information, providing economic bibliographic control for a country's book production; ISBN is more effective for the book market. It can identify any internationally published book and its publishing house. In the book industry, it is customary to call ISBN book number because it is widely used in stack management. It can be seen that it plays a great role in the development of the book industry.
[Edit this paragraph] V. Impact on the library
Publishers and booksellers have different views on libraries. The library focuses on distinguishing the varieties of books, and books with the same content should have only one ISBN number. In this way, when checking the duplicate, you can check the ISBN to determine whether it is duplicate. But for publishers, ISBN explains the version, binding, language, materials and publishing place of a book. The ISBN is different for books with the same content because of different versions, binding, languages, materials and publishing places. In this way, there are some special relationships between ISBN and books. A book has multiple ISBN, which brings great trouble to librarians. It is impossible to determine whether to copy based on the ISBN alone. Whether ISBN can be used for duplicate checking is controversial. It can be said that ISBN is unique. As long as it is the same, it must be the same book. This can avoid duplication caused by incorrect catalog report, order error and film arrangement error; However, ISBN is not the only duplicate checking method at present, and it must be combined with items such as book titles. In addition, ISBN is a machine-readable code produced to meet the needs of electronic computers, and it can save time by using it to check the duplicate of computers.
Because ISBN is the only international code that can identify publications in bibliographic data, many libraries now use it to check duplicates in interviews and cataloguing. For example, for ordinary books, the cataloging methods of various institutions may be slightly different, and the information reports of publishers and booksellers are not the same, so it is almost impossible for us to let the computer check the duplicates by author or title. However, ISBN is unique and standard, and people can let the computer automatically check its duplication, thus saving a lot of manual labor and then making manual judgments.
However, some special problems should be paid attention to when using ISBN to check duplicate. Some books may have three book numbers (series number, sub-series number and book number). For example, The History of Civilization: A Complete History of Human Beings in Prehistoric Times, published by routledge Publishing House, UK, has 50 volumes, with a total ISBN of 0-415-14380-2; It is divided into six parts, including Greek civilization (7 volumes) (ISBN 0-415-15612-2) and orientalization (10+00 volumes) (ISBN 0 and each volume under each part also has its own ISBN, including In addition, the same book is published in different countries with different ISBN, and the ISBN of different binding forms (such as paperback and hardcover) is also different; These situations are very common.
China standard book number
1982 China participated in the ISBN system and established the China ISBN center (located in the General Administration of Press and Publication). China Standard Book Number was implemented from 1 98765438+1October1,and the original unified book number was completely replaced by 1988 1.
The Chinese standard book number * * * is divided into two parts. The first part is ISBN, which is the main part; The second part is the basic category number and category number of China Library Classification. Except for books about industrial technology, the category number uses one letter. The serial number is the serial number of books published by the same publishing house under the same subject category, which is compiled by the publishing house itself. Use an intermediate point (? ) separated. The first part and the second part are arranged in two rows, or they may be separated by diagonal lines and arranged in one row. For example, ISBN 7-144-00316-x/TP? 340。
[Edit this paragraph] VI. ISBN and bar code
At present, the internationally recognized commodity packaging coding system is called EAN-UCC system, which is jointly developed and maintained by ean international (EAN) and the United States Uniform Coding Committee (UCC). It is a global unified and universal business identification system and an open international standard for effective management of global multi-industry supply chains. EAN-UCC system has two codes: ①UPC barcode, which is mainly used in the United States. (2) EAN-13 bar code, ean is the European article number, which is the article representation symbol established by the European Article Coding Association with reference to the experience of UPC. The association was renamed "ean international" on 1997. Besides Europe, many countries in Asia also use EAN bar codes. China joined the association in July, 199 1.
EAN-UCC system is committed to the global uniqueness of coding, which solves the problems of coding confusion, repetition and wrong decoding. EAN member organizations and UCC ensure the uniqueness of the code in the world through a specific prefix agreement. The special prefix code assigned by EANInternational to the international standard book number (ISBN) system is 978.
In 2004, the International Standard Book Number Center (IIA) published the Implementation Guide of 13 ISBN, which described the general situation of 13 ISBN to be launched in 2007. ISO, the international organization for standardization, will issue a new standard on June 5438+ 10, 2005. The standard will adopt 13 digital book barcode as the only barcode for books and book-related products. From June 5438+1 October1,all ISBN institutions in the world will only publish 13 ISBN. Therefore, the publishing house will have two years to complete the upgrade from 10 ISBN to 13 ISBN. During the transition period (2005-2007), publishers are encouraged to provide 13 ISBN and 13 ISBN for the same document according to the ISBN guide published by ISBN.
The new ISBN is called "ISBN- 13" internationally. The prefix code 979 will be used as the new serial number of ISBN- 13, and will be activated after the serial number 978 is used up. When ISBN- 13 is used, the EAN- 13 barcode and ISBN- 13 digital code should be arranged at the same time, and the ISBN- 13 digital code should be arranged above the EAN- 13 article barcode, which includes the identifier "ISBN" and numbers. The 13 digits that are the same as the barcode code should be arranged continuously under the barcode (excluding hyphens and spaces), without adding the identifier "ISBN" in front.
ISBN: 7-30 1-048 15-7
EAN- 13:978-7-30 1-048 15-3
Prefix 978 (for books), the middle part is the same as ISBN, and the last digit is the check code. The weighting algorithm of parity bit is different from that of 10 ISBN. The specific algorithm is as follows: the odd number of 12 bits before ISBN is multiplied by 1, and the even number is multiplied by 3. The sum of the fractions is modulo 10, and the difference between 10 and the modulus can get the value of the parity bit, and the value range should be 0 to 9.
Before 65438+2007 1 October1,the 10 ISBN that has not been allocated by ISBN institutions in various countries can be prefixed with 978. Once the existing 10 ISBN is used up, all newly applied ISBN will start from 979. That is, the 979 prefix is currently used in two situations. First, newly-built publishing houses applied for ISBN for the first time, and existing publishing houses applied for ISBN number after 2007 1. Second, if the digits prefixed with 978 are used up first, then you can only use 979.