Elevator knowledge I 1. Some basic knowledge of elevators.
1. elevator and escalator basics 1 definition (1) elevator: it is a fixed lifting transportation equipment used in high-rise buildings. It has a car carrying passengers and runs between floors along a guide rail with a vertical or inclined angle less than15.
(2) Carriage: It is a part similar to a carriage and carries passengers directly. Generally, the door is a closed box after it is closed. (3) Door: the door of a car, which automatically opens and closes when the passenger sees it from the car.
It runs up and down with the car. (4) Landing door (or hall door): The door set at the entrance of the elevator on each floor does not run up and down with the elevator, but opens or closes with the car door.
(5) Call box (or call box): It is located next to the elevator entrance door on each floor, and generally has two buttons with arrows on the top and bottom for passengers to call the car to this floor. (6) Control panel inside the car: it is installed on the inner wall of the car and has digital buttons representing all floors, door opening and closing buttons and emergency call buttons, which are mainly used for passengers to select the destination floor after entering the elevator.
(7) Escalator: transportation equipment with circulating steps, which is used to continuously transport passengers obliquely upwards or obliquely downwards. Looking straight, it looks like a moving staircase with moving handrails.
(8) Moving sidewalks: Circulating sidewalks, like horizontal escalators, are generally used to transport passengers and articles carried by passengers, and their horizontal or inclined angles shall not exceed 12. 2 classification (1) passenger elevator: elevator used to transport passengers, generally used in office buildings, hotels and other occasions.
(2) sickbed elevator: an elevator used to transport sickbed (including patients) medical equipment, which is mainly installed in hospitals and other occasions. Its characteristic is that the load capacity and carriage area should not be too small, otherwise it is impossible to transport rescue equipment such as hospital beds, oxygen cylinders and bottle racks. (3) Residential elevator: The shape and size of the elevator car should consider not only the transportation of personnel, but also the transportation of some furniture, electrical appliances and stretchers or wheelchairs.
(4) Sightseeing elevator: mainly installed in hotels, shopping malls and high-rise office buildings. One or several surfaces of the shaft wall and the car wall are made of transparent materials, so that passengers can watch the scenery outside the car when they take the elevator. 3 Basic knowledge of taking the elevator 3. 1 Take the elevator normally At present, the manned elevator is an intelligent and automatic equipment controlled by a microcomputer, which does not need special personnel to operate and drive. Ordinary passengers only need to ride and operate the elevator according to the following procedures.
(1) At the elevator entrance on the elevator floor, press the up or down arrow button according to your own needs. As long as the light on the button is on, it means that your phone has been recorded. Just wait for the elevator to come. (2) After the elevator arrives and opens the door, let the people in the car get out of the elevator first, and then the caller enters the elevator car.
After entering the car, press the corresponding number button on the control panel in the car according to the floor you need to reach. Similarly, as long as the button is lit, it means that your layer selection has been recorded; At this time, you don't need to do anything else, just wait for the elevator to reach your destination floor and stop.
(3) The elevator will open automatically after driving to your destination floor. At this point, step out of the elevator in order to end the process of taking the elevator. 3.2 Precautions for civilized elevator ride (1) Call (summon) the elevator.
Press the call button on the call box according to your needs of going upstairs and downstairs. Press the up arrow button to go upstairs and the down arrow button to go downstairs. Don't press both buttons, or the elevator may be slower.
Just press the call button once, as long as the button light is on, there is no need to press it again. Because it doesn't matter how many times you press it, it won't speed up the elevator, but it's easier to damage the button.
Don't knock on the button or the door panel of the landing door just because the waiting time is a little long. (2) enter the elevator.
When the called elevator arrives at this station, there will be a light, number or sound prompt, and according to this prompt, wait to enter the elevator. After the elevator opens the door, enter the elevator in turn and select your destination button on the control panel in the car.
When entering the elevator, if the elevator door is closed, don't be afraid at this time, because the door of each elevator is related to the door detection device. When passengers come in and out, the door will automatically reopen. Even if the safety touch panel touches the human body when the door is closed, there is no need to be afraid and no harm will be caused. Attention: Passengers and children should not stay and play at the elevator door.
When the passengers in the elevator car are full, don't enter the car by force, otherwise the car will give an alarm because of overload and can't start. (3) When the elevator is running.
Passengers should relax and stand when the elevator is running, and don't knock on the door; Once the door is opened, the elevator will brake urgently, which will affect the normal operation. (4) Get out of the elevator.
When the elevator reaches your destination floor, wait until the elevator stops running, the door opens automatically, and then walk out of the elevator in turn. 3.3 Take the escalator correctly. Escalators and moving sidewalks are continuous transportation equipment. When riding the escalator, children should be led by adults, and children should be picked up by adults.
Don't hesitate to get in and out of the escalator. Generally, there is a box-shaped security cordon on the steps where people stand on the escalator. When stepping on the steps, don't step on the line, that is, don't step on the joint between two steps, otherwise when the escalator enters the inclined running section, people will stand unsteadily and fall down.
For people who normally ride the escalator, they should stand on the right side and hold the handrail on the right side. They don't have to be nervous at the exit of the escalator, so they can follow the trend. 3.4 Precautions for Civilized Escalator Ride (1) Children are not allowed to stay and play at the upper and lower entrances and exits of escalator steps.
(2) Don't climb and sit on the handrail. (3) Don't dig the lower part of the handrail by hand.
(4) Don't bend over on the moving escalator, put your hand into the comb plate at the entrance and exit of the steps. (5) Don't throw nuts, stones and other hard objects on the steps, don't put sharp hard objects such as umbrella tips in the gaps around the steps, and don't put them in the comb plate.
(6) Articles and luggage should be carried by special personnel. 4 Emergency response when taking the elevator 4. 1 After entering the elevator, if the elevator door cannot be completely closed automatically, passengers should immediately get out of the car, change to another elevator or take the stairs.
If it's convenient, report it to the elevator maintenance department for repair. 4.2 The passenger locked in the car is in the car, the car stops or does not start for some reason, and the door cannot be opened automatically; At this time, passengers should keep calm and don't make any hasty moves (for example, knocking down the door or the safety window on the roof of the car to climb out, etc.). ).
2. Basic knowledge of elevator
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Content from user: Zhang Xiaoyun.
Basic knowledge of elevator
1, the definition of elevator
2. Type, model and main parameters
3. Commonly used terms
4. System composition
5. Main performance requirements
6. Traction system
7. Door system
8. Balanced compensation system
9. Safety protection system
10, electrical system
1 1, installation work
12, maintenance work
13, the content of equipment technical documents.
14, escalator
First, the definition of elevator:
1, the definition of narrow elevator = vertical elevator.
2. The definition of generalized elevator = vertical elevator+escalator+moving sidewalk.
3, the definition of generalized elevator:
Mechanical and electrical equipment uses boxes running along rigid guide rails or steps running along fixed lines to lift or transport people and goods in parallel.
Two. Type, model and main parameters of elevator
1, classified by use, speed, driving mode and control mode:
(1). By use: passenger elevator, freight elevator, sickbed elevator, residential elevator, sightseeing elevator and special elevator.
(2) According to speed: low-speed ladder, fast ladder, high-speed ladder and ultra-high-speed ladder. Their speeds are: less than or equal to 1m/s, greater than 1m/s and less than or equal to 2m/s, greater than 2m/s and less than or equal to 3m/s, and greater than 3m/s. ..
(3) According to the control mode, it can be divided into signal control (driver control), centralized control (automatic control), parallel control and intelligent control.
(4) According to the driving mode:
DC drive, AC asynchronous drive,
AC synchronous drive, hydraulic drive
2. Elevator model
TKJ 1000/ 1.5-JX
3. Parameters of the elevator:
Rated speed, rated load, number of passengers, car size, door form, operation mode, number of landings, lifting height, landing height, top floor height and pit depth. 92 1c2 (6) (28)22476
3. What does the elevator mainly learn?
The principle of electric drive is also the principle of elevator operation.
1: elevator classification
There are many classification methods of elevators, and different classification methods will cross each other. According to the purpose, elevators can be divided into the following categories:
Passenger elevator: an elevator designed for transporting passengers, which has a wide range of uses.
Cargo elevator: an elevator that can carry people, mainly designed to transport goods, and used in factories, buildings and warehouses.
Passenger and freight elevator: an elevator that mainly transports passengers, but can also transport goods.
Bed elevator: an elevator designed to transport beds (including patients) and medical equipment, used in hospitals and medical centers.
Residential elevator: designed to facilitate the transportation of passengers, furniture, sofas, stretchers, etc. , and used in residential buildings.
Miscellaneous brand elevator: the car space is limited, and personnel are not allowed to enter. Mainly used to transport a small amount of food, books and documents.
Car elevator: an elevator designed for transporting vehicles and used for three-dimensional parking equipment.
Special elevators: elevators used in some occasions with special requirements, including explosion-proof elevator, anti-corrosion elevators and marine elevators.
Sightseeing elevator: At least one side of the shaft and car wall is a transparent elevator, where passengers can watch the scenery outside the car, mainly to transport passengers.
2. Basic principles
Elevator is mainly divided into mechanical and electrical aspects.
Mechanically: driven by the traction machine, the car is driven to move up and down by the friction between the steel wire rope and the traction sheave; The balance weight is opposite to the running direction of the car.
Electrical aspect: It is driven by the microcomputer program in the control cabinet and cooperates with the mechanical system to control the operation and stop of the elevator.
3. Elevator safety protection device
overspeed protective device
When the vertical speed of the elevator exceeds the specified speed, the safety switch of the speed limiter will act to stop the elevator.
Electrical protection device for door lock
Both the hall door and the car door are equipped with electric interlocking switches to confirm that the doors are completely closed. As long as one door is not closed properly, the elevator can't run.
Parking protection device (braking)
When the car stops at the station, the traction machine brake can keep the car lying flat.
Terminal forced deceleration device
The forced deceleration switch of the upper and lower stations is installed at the speed change point to ensure that the elevator can reliably slow down when approaching the terminal.
Terminal station limiting device
When the forced deceleration switch doesn't work, the limit switch will act and the elevator will be forced to stop running. It cannot go beyond this position, but it can change direction.
Terminal station limit position protection device
Before the elevator runs to the end of the guide rail, the limit switch acts to cut off the power supply of the elevator and forcibly stop the elevator.
Bottom and top protection devices
When the elevator goes up and down beyond the limit position due to the failure of the control system, the buffer in the pit will protect passengers from injury.
overload safeguard
It can weigh the car. When the rated load is exceeded, the elevator will not start and buzz, and passengers who enter after warning will leave the car in time.
Anti-fall protection device
The speed limiter monitors the up and down running speed of the car in real time. Once the car is out of control and overspeed, the speed limiter will start the safety clamp to stop the car on the guide rail immediately.
Door protection device
The hall door lock and the hall door and car door safety switches can ensure that the elevator can't operate normally if the door is not safely closed or locked. The national standard stipulates the closing force of the elevator and will not pinch passengers.
The door panel of the car door is usually equipped with a safety touch panel to ensure that the door can automatically reopen when the door panel touches people and things during the elevator closing process; In addition, there are non-contact door protection devices-infrared light curtain protection device and ultrasonic monitoring device, which can reopen the door without touching people and things.
Characteristics of door protection device
The door protection function may disappear during the 50-millisecond stroke when the door is automatically closed. At this time, the door protection device cannot be used to reopen the door. Please pay special attention. In order to improve the use efficiency of the elevator and meet the needs of anti-interference function, the elevator will be forced to close slowly after the door protection device continues to operate for a period of time. If the door doesn't close, the elevator will send out a fault signal and stop running.
4. Elevator knowledge
With the appearance of high-rise buildings and the expansion of building area, it is necessary to set up multiple elevators side by side to complete the vertical transportation task in the building, so there is a problem of interconnection between elevators.
Multiple elevators installed together require the control systems of a single elevator to be interconnected and equipped with a monitoring system. In such a system, the hall call button can be used for all parallel elevators, and the monitoring system determines which elevator in the elevator group answers the hall call signal.
In this way, the elevator group control system is formed, which uniformly distributes elevator call signals and uniformly dispatches elevators. The earliest elevator group control system used relay contact control, which was called "automatic mode selection system" [1]. It works by selecting operation commands during rising and falling peaks, flat peaks and bidirectional periods.
This is the simplest form of group control, called directional preselection control, which is suitable for a group of elevators consisting of two or three elevators, and each elevator is controlled by directional preselection. This system needs a single hall call system, and each hall has an up button and a down button.
The control system effectively separates the elevators in the building to provide a unified service, and stops one or more elevators at the designated stopping floor. The use of relay contact control can realize the driver-less operation of the elevator, but its main goal is to realize the sequential operation of the system, which is inefficient and complicated to maintain.
A simple elevator group consisting of two elevators is roughly divided into two elevators, which serve alternate floors respectively. Hall calls can be divided by static and dynamic methods [5].
In the static partition, a certain number of hall floors are combined to form an area; It is also possible to arrange the calls of adjacent upper floors to several uplink demand areas and the calls of adjacent lower floors to several independent downlink demand areas, thus defining the direction area. In dynamic zoning, the number of zones and the location and range of each zone depend on the instantaneous state, location and direction of each vehicle.
Dynamic zoning is defined during the normal operation of the elevator, and new zoning is generated according to predefined rules, and it is constantly changing. Zoning control shortens the operation cycle of a single elevator and improves the operation efficiency.
The algorithm of dynamic partition is complicated, so the static partition method is the main method. In recent years, the research of dynamic partition method has been paid attention to.
With the development and application of integrated circuits, the hall call distribution system began to develop after 1970. When a new hall call is generated, select the most suitable elevator to respond to the call, and the call will be assigned to this elevator.
This simply connects the group control system with a single elevator controller, which improves the reliability and service quality of the whole system. This system uses integrated circuits, which can perform some complicated logic operations, but the calculation of waiting time prediction can not be performed accurately.
It became very popular in the next ten years, and now this system is used in some parts of elevator group control. Development status quo Elevator group control system has developed for several generations since the 1940s.
At first, relays were used, and later the application of integrated circuits made the system more perfect. Until today, it has developed into a modern elevator group control stage using computers. 1941~1year, relay sequence control and automatic mode selection system I0J were adopted in the early stage of elevator group control system.
It selects the corresponding operation mode according to the traffic mode in a specific time period. Traffic mode [7] is divided into upward peak period, downward peak period and off-peak period.
The control mode is interval control. Time interval control means: In order to make the cars in the elevator group evenly distributed along the height of the shaft, especially when the traffic is busy, the elevator group control system sends the cars from the stopping floor at appropriate time intervals, just like a bus. In the sense of allocating cars in response to demand, the group control system works by landing call signals, but allocates cars from landing floors according to procedures. The disadvantage of this controller is that the car needs to spend a lot of time at the landing.
In addition, cars frequently run aimlessly between floors, and run too much when there is little traffic. Vehicle allocation mode points.
The disadvantages of this system are complex hardware, low reliability, difficult maintenance, low efficiency and no complicated logical reasoning. 197 1- 1975 in the second stage of elevator group control system, integrated circuits are used in hardware, which simplifies the system structure, greatly improves the reliability of the system, and more importantly, can engage in and carry out necessary complex logic operations.
During this period, the method of calling and dispatching elevators is used, that is, for each specific calling and dispatching elevator, after registering a landing call signal, the system will select the lower car to serve it according to the traffic situation and the state of each car. This cascade scheduling mode has become the cascade scheduling mode of the later group excavation system.
The control method is elevator waiting time control, that is, according to the response time of each car to the call signal, it is decided which car to allocate to serve this call signal. However, the system is not perfect for the complex numerical calculation necessary to predict the waiting time of elevators.
From 1975 to now, the modern elevator group control stage is marked by the application of elevator group control system by computers in 1975. The first two stages mainly use mathematical statistics to study the passenger flow characteristics of elevator groups, which is called statistical characteristics.
Since the computer was applied to the group control system, artificial intelligence technologies such as fuzzy logic, expert system and artificial neural network have been used to describe the characteristics of elevator group control, so as to improve the overall service performance of elevator group control system and complete the overall configuration of elevator traffic. The elevator group control system adopts computer, which gives full play to the computer's ability of complex numerical calculation, logical reasoning and data recording, and greatly meets the requirements of complex numerical calculation and logical reasoning of elevator group control system.
Computer control can directly complete the online modification of control algorithm parameters, input new programs into the computer, and quickly realize the complete change of control algorithm without rewiring. An effective simulation program can be calculated off-line on the installed system, which is conducive to selecting reasonable parameters.
Simulation can also evaluate a new algorithm offline, which greatly increases the convenience of changing the control algorithm. Another advantage of computational control is its data recording function.
Can be recorded in the computer.
5. Elevator safety knowledge
Safety knowledge of freight elevator: 1. Pay attention to whether your elevator has normal annual inspection by maintenance and technical supervision bureau. If not, the elevator is illegal and can be reported.
2. Pay attention to the abnormal sound and vibration when the elevator is working. If yes, stop the service in time. The elevator entrance is the most dangerous area. When entering or leaving the door, you should pass quickly. You should avoid the situation that one foot is in the elevator and the other foot is standing outside the elevator.
The elevator door is not as strong as you think, so avoid leaning against it. If you need to open the elevator door with the triangle key, you must locate the elevator in advance. Every year, several people die because of the wrong use of triangle keys.
If you haven't been trained to use the triangle key, even if you get it, don't use it. 6. Pay attention to the stability of the stacked items in the elevator, and don't let the items fall and hit.
7. If the elevator is under maintenance, don't use it, because the elevator can move in the machine room or at the top of the elevator. Using the elevator under maintenance may not only hurt yourself, but also the maintenance personnel.
8. Pay attention to the weight of the goods and don't be overweight. Inflammable, explosive and corrosive articles, such as sulfuric acid, alcohol and gasoline, cannot be transported.
6. Elevator safety knowledge
Elevator is a very safe transportation equipment, and the potential safety hazards are usually the aging of parts and the failure of maintenance or regular maintenance.
For straight ladders, we should pay attention to the following aspects.
1) For passengers, the first thing is to cut the danger and don't stay at the door;
2) The most common injury to passengers caused by elevator fault electrical protection action may be being locked in the car. In case of power failure, misoperation of safety switch, loose door contact, system interference, etc. The elevator will suddenly stop and trap the passengers in the car. At this time, trying to contact the outside world for rescue is much less risky than self-help.
3) Pay attention to the elevator door, especially the old elevator or the elevator being overhauled. In the former case, you should stick to the former and the latter, and don't get into the elevator. Of course, you may not get in.
For escalators, long skirts and especially soft slippers should not be left empty. One hand should hold the handrail tightly. Don't lean out of the armrest for the old bag.
7. Safety knowledge of taking the elevator
Safety common sense:
1) When using the elevator, please press the up button if you want to go upstairs, and press the down button if you want to go downstairs.
2) After the elevator arrives at the floor, passengers should determine the running direction of the elevator; When it is determined that the running direction of the elevator is consistent with its own direction, it will enter the car again.
3) Passengers can close the elevator door by pressing the "close button" on the operation panel in the elevator; Elevator doors will also automatically close at regular intervals. Passengers should not stay at the joint between the floor and the carriage to avoid being pinched.
4) After the passengers enter the car, press the floor selection button to determine the elevator stop floor. Passengers are not allowed to lean against the door.
5) The elevator has the rated passenger capacity standard. When people are overloaded, the alarm device in the elevator will give a sound prompt. At this point, passengers should take the initiative to reduce staff and exit the elevator.
6) When the elevator has abnormal phenomena or faults, passengers should keep calm, and can call the alarm number in the car for help or wait for rescue. Never pry open the door without authorization in an attempt to escape from the car.
7) Keep the car clean and hygienic, do not smoke in the car, and do not litter everywhere.
8) Passengers should take good care of elevator facilities, and are not allowed to press the button or pry open the car door.
Managers should strictly perform their duties and regularly check the operation of elevators; And make daily maintenance inspection records, contact elevator maintenance regularly, and make maintenance records; Handle and report faults in time.
Extended data:
Elevator consists of machine room, shaft and pit, car and landing.
Working principle of elevator:
Two ends of the traction rope are respectively connected with the car and the counterweight, and wound on the traction wheel and the guide wheel. The traction motor drives the traction wheel to rotate after changing speed through the reducer, and the lift movement of the car and counterweight is realized by the traction force generated by the friction between the traction rope and the traction wheel, thus achieving the purpose of transportation.
Simple use of elevator (there are the following solutions in case of emergency):
Manned elevator is an intelligent and automatic equipment controlled by microcomputer, which does not need special personnel to operate and drive. Ordinary passengers only need to ride and operate the elevator according to the following procedures.
1. At the elevator entrance of the elevator floor, press the up or down arrow button according to your own needs. As long as the light on the button is on, it means that your phone has been recorded. Just wait for the elevator to come.
2. After the elevator arrives and opens the door, let the people in the car get out of the elevator first, and then let the caller enter the elevator car. After entering the car, press the corresponding number button on the control panel in the car according to the floor you need to reach. Similarly, as long as the button is lit, it means that your layer selection has been recorded; At this time, you don't need to do anything else, just wait for the elevator to reach your destination floor and stop.
The elevator will automatically open the door after driving to your destination floor. At this point, step out of the elevator in order to end the process of taking the elevator.