First, form changes.
Liulichang Street is named after firing glazed tiles. Liulichang Culture Street is located in the south of Heping Gate, bounded by Xinhua Street, and divided into Liulichang East Street and Liulichang West Street, with a total length of 690 meters and a history of more than 700 years.
Liulichang in Liao Dynasty is located in Haiwang Village, Xiang Yan, not far from the east wall of Yanjing (the core part is in Guang 'anmen area in Xuanwu District today), which belongs to the suburbs of Beijing. It caused the Jin Dynasty. In the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (1267), when the capital was built in the northeast corner of Jindu City, a glazed kiln was built in Wanghai Village to burn glazed tiles. During the reign of Qing Qianlong, the kiln stopped, and then moved to Liuliqu in Mentougou. In the 19th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (142 1), houses were built near Chongwenmen and Xuanwumen to invite commercial and residential goods. At that time, the headlines, second, third and dashilan of the corridor near Liulichang were formed. Around Liulichang, commercial outlets began to develop and commercial districts began to form. In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, the center of Beijing Bookstore and Antique Market was located in Huangchengdian, west of Daming Gate, and then moved to Ciren Temple (now Guobao Temple), north of Guang 'anmen Street. In the 18th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1679), the Shi Jing earthquake destroyed Ciren Temple, and the bookstores and antiques moved to Liulichang, and the cultural street began to take shape. Since then, merchants such as books and antiques have come to Liulichang to operate, and the market has become increasingly prosperous. By the early years of the Republic of China, there were nearly 200 shops and workshops dealing in stationery, forming a cultural street that was well-known at home and abroad.
Causes of Liulichang Cultural Street: In October of the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (l644), Emperor Shengzu announced that "Manchu and Han were divided into cities". In the fifth year (1648), the imperial edict "All Chinese officials and businessmen immigrated to Cheng Nan". As a result, Han officials, literati and businessmen working in North Korea have moved to live around Liulichang, which is called "the hometown of scholars in Xuannan" in history of qing dynasty. Because they live near Liulichang and often visit Liulichang, they have established the cultural spirit of the street and influenced the management tone of the street. From the comments on ancient prose in Qing Dynasty to the prosperity of Sinology, the compilation of books has become a common practice. According to the Book of the Interior Office, "In the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), the left and right cloisters in Wuying Hall were book repair shops, in charge of book publishing and mounting." During the Kangxi period, he edited 57 kinds of books, 54 18 volumes. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the compilation of books was further developed, and 72 kinds of books were compiled, with 1 1998 volumes. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, book compilation entered its heyday, with 307 kinds of books, 19838 volumes. Among them, the most famous Sikuquanshu was named and edited in February in the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), which lasted for 10 years. The prosperity of calligraphy in the inner government has directly promoted the formation of a cultural street centered on the ancient calligraphy industry in Liulichang. Weng Fanggang's Poems on Fuchuzhai records that every morning, officials come to imperial academy to sort out Yongle Dadian, Neifu Minister and folk books collected by various provinces. "Everyone has to test a certain book, list the bibliography in detail, and visit Liulichang Bookstore." It can be seen that the restoration of Neifu books can not be separated from Liulichang, and it also boosted the prosperity of Liulichang Bookstore, its antiques, Four Treasures of the Study and other commercial cultures. During the Qianlong period, Hong, a famous North Korean scholar, visited Liulichang in Beijing many times. The book "Yanji Liulichang" records: "There are many books, monuments, rockers and antiques in the city. All the people who play with sundry goods are businessmen, and many scholars in Zhou Nan are looking for officials. Therefore, tourists often have celebrities. Building a city can be as long as five miles. Although its railings should not be as luxurious as other cities, they are full of treasures, simple and simple, and follow Xu Bu. If you enter the Persian treasure market, you will see that it is rotten, but you can't appreciate anything all day. " It serves to show the antique of the glass field during the Qianlong period. There are clubs around Liulichang, many of which are places where candidates live all over the country. They became tourists from Liulichang after their exams. 19 18, Haiwangcai Park was completed, and the lantern market was moved here, including the old factory store, the land temple and the Lvzu temple meeting in Liulichang, and tourists flocked to it. This is also one of the reasons for the formation and development of cultural street.
1980, the Central Ministry of Culture and the Beijing Municipal Government made a decision to rebuild Liulichang Cultural Street and allocated huge sums of money. After more than four years of reconstruction and expansion, it was completed in 1984, and 59 shops with simple and elegant national traditions were built, with a total construction area of 34,000 square meters. The east and west streets of Liulichang are connected by a white marble bridge across the street, and the bridge amount is "according to ancient times". There are Jigugu Pavilion, Tiangong Pavilion, Jinchang, Shibaozhai, Yanjing Calligraphy and Painting Club, Moyuan Pavilion, Songyunge Pavilion, Yuyunzhai, Wen Sheng Zhai, Yueguzhai, Yueyatang, Beijing Cultural Relics Store Purchasing Department, Beijing Hanhai Art Auction Company, Zhenhuan Pavilion, Dunhuazhai, Cuiwenge, Bocuige, Baojinzhai, Millennium Old Shop, Jing Ya Zhai and Huaiyintang. Hongguzhai, Jubaozhai, Huiyage, Zizhu Pavilion, Red Rose, Quanyouzhai, Yifangzhai, Post Office, Xuanwu District Cultural Center, Ruyi Pavilion, Shengtangzhai, Heguang Mountain Pavilion, Hometown, Kapu, Pingguzhai, Hongguang Pavilion, Baoguzhai, Ruichengzhai, Yanhuzhai, Yide Pavilion, Jianguo Pavilion and Huaiyin Mountain House. West Street includes: Kongfangzhai, Baorongzhai, Tongguzhai, Miqing Pavilion, Zhuojinzhai, Sales Department of Cultural Relics Publishing House, Ziyun Pavilion, Caihuawen Company, Authentic Zhai, Wenkuitang, Ancient Books Bookstore, Lanbaotang, Guanfuzhai, Qingyun Hall, Ancient Coin Shop, Laixunge, Chaohua Painting and Calligraphy Society, Huaxia Painting and Calligraphy Society, Kongshantang and Cui Zhen.
In 2002, Liulichang, which enjoys the reputation of "the essence of nine cities' arteries", began to build a traditional cultural industry center in Beijing and even the whole country. The planned Liulichang Cultural Industrial Park plans the commercial area and handicraft area in a unified way, covering an area of 8 1 hectare, and its basic framework is summarized as "1248": "1"refers to a central area, namely the east and west Liulichang; "Two" are two landmark buildings-"Oriental Antique Art Building" and "International Cultural Exchange Center"; "Four" refers to four cultural professional areas, namely, commercial area, traditional craft area, landscape area and comprehensive development area; "Eight" refers to the formation of eight cultural and commercial monopoly streets, namely, Book Street, Jade Street, Ceramic Street, Sculpture Street, Bronze Street, Calligraphy and Painting Street, Four Treasures of the Study Street and Musical Instrument Street. After the completion of Liulichang Industrial Park, it will become the largest and highest-grade cultural and artistic distribution center and ancient capital scenic spot in Beijing.
Second, new and old bookstores
In the Ming Dynasty, Liulichang had two bookstores. During the Kangxi period, Guobao Temple Bookstore moved to Liulichang, and the ancient books industry began to develop. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), the compilation of Sikuquanshu began, and many calligraphers from all directions flocked to Liulichang to operate the antique book industry. There are more than 30 families, such as Fu's in Eryoutang, Shi's in Wenguanglou, Cao Shi in Wenbaotang, Rao's in Shanchengtang, Liu's in Dawentang and Tan's in Zhengwenzhai. By the early years of Guangxu, there were more than 220 bookstores in this street. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, a large number of translations of new learning and western learning poured in, and almost no one cared about old books. 19 1 1 years later, the Commercial Press and Zhonghua Book Company opened branches here, and later Wentang, Guang Zhi, Guangyi, several bookstores in the world and Shenzhou Guoguang Society also crowded into Liulichang Street. There are mainly bookstores, Fuwentang, Jinhua Bookstore, Bowen Bookstore, Zhongyuan Bookstore, Bookstore, Wenhuige, Tongshantang, Lailutang, Sanhuaitang, Wenming Zhai, Liguangge, Jishan Bookstore, Bookstore, Huaiwentang, Liu and Jing Congnong. Zhang Zongxing, Wendaotang, Li Genxiang, Fugutang, Shuyetang, Xigutang, Hong Wen Hall, Ruimingzhai, Rowen Hall, Weigushan Hall, Bookstore Company, Wenweitang, Niu Jinfu, Wenhua Hall, Xiubentang, Jingyetang, Songyunge, Sun Jinde, Yuan Jingwei, Wang Engui, Li Furong, Wei Wentang. Jujintang, Furuntang, Shanchengtang, Duowentang, Eryouzhai, Bowen Zhai, Huaiyin Mountain Residence, Que Guzhai, Yourentang, Gufengge, Fushengzhai, Baohuatang, Tang Wensheng, Mingzhenzhai, Hanwenzhai, Zhengwenzhai, Kongqun Bookstore, Daiqiu Bookstore, Shixue Bookstore, Gu Xiang Bookstore and Songgutang. , Wendetang, Cui, Jugutang, Ruizhi Pavilion, Baorentang, Liu, Tingting, Wubentang, Wenyoutang, Wenlutang, Xianyatang, Li Hengtan, Zhili Bookstore, Bookstore, Qijiazhai, Erxitang, Jingyitang, Gongting, and so on. Dayoutang, Bookstore, Shiqu, Yuan Wen Lin, Shangyoutang, Ruishuju, Jianzhai Bookstore, Xianghua Bookstore, Wenruntang, Dacuntang, Bookstore, Unique Bookstore, Shuwentang, Hanyoutang, Huanwenzhai, Museum, Yigu Bookstore, Henggutang, Zhendan Bookstore, Jia. Ji Shen Bookstore, Jiujingtang, Jiujingtang Xinji, Wenyatang, Baojingtang, Hongbaoge, Tongyatang, Jianguzhai, Shugutang, Yingwenzhai, Wenhuantang, Tonghaozhai, Lanqing Library, Cuiwenzhai, Senbaotang, Jiuantang, Xiaoxiange, Laixunge, Shanchengtang Dongji, Baoqing.
The bookstore of Liulichang has lasted for 200 years since Ganjia in Qing Dynasty. During this period, the number of bookstores has changed by hundreds. Liulichang Bookstore written by Li Wenzao during the Qianlong period, Postscript of Liulichang Bookstore written by Jiangyin Miao in the late Qing Dynasty, and Three Stories of Liulichang Bookstore written by Sun Dianqi, an approachable head school boss, have all been introduced in detail, which are masterpieces of textual research on the story of Liulichang Bookstore. In particular, Sun's Three Chapters of Liulichang is more recent and detailed.
There used to be many bookstores in Liulichang, mainly on the south side of the road and east of Liulichang. From the east gate of the factory to the Fire Temple, Wanghaicun Park and Xiaoshayuan Hutong, there are one or two bookstores every two or three facades, and every family is a toothpick chajia, which is dazzling. From the outside, some bookstores are only one or two or two or three rooms wide, but the progress inside is very deep. Some are connected back and forth, which is commonly known as the "hook-up" Yuanyang room. Actually, there are six rooms, so the shop is very spacious. Bookshelves are all around the shop, and some partitions between the front room and the back room are also bookshelves, which are filled with all kinds of thread-bound books. There is a piece of white paper at one end of the bookcase, indicating the title, author, time and format. When guests come, they can visit each other and read books at will. If they are regular customers, they will be given a rest in the wardrobe, and the waiter will offer tea and cigarettes before talking about business. Tell me what you bought recently, ask what you received in the store recently, and bring it here to have a look. Good things, everyone can appreciate, buy or not. If you want, then you can talk about the price and establish a friendly business relationship. The origin of this mode of operation should be said to be very early.
In Liulichang Bookstore, there are many experts in editions and catalogues of different periods. Recently, Tan Dusheng, the owner of Wenzhai, He Houfu, Han Fengyuan (nicknamed Han Datou), Sun Dianqi, the owner of Classmate Zhai, Wang Jinqing, the owner of Wenlu Hall, Baodi County (nicknamed Song Edition Liu) and Hengshui County Primary School are all famous. Among them, Sun and Wang are more prominent. 19 1 1 This is what the so-called "Sun Yaoqing and Wang Jinqing beat the blue first" in the Chronicle Poetry of Mr. Lun Zheru's Collection since. And he said to himself, "There are many bookstores in the old capital, but few people know the editions. Unless they are impressed by the Expo, it is not enough to say these things. The average students I know are Sun Yaoqing, Wang Jinqing and Wen Lutang. Sun's Book Selling Couple, Catalogue of Series, and Wang's A Visit to the Secretary of Wenlutang are all knowledgeable, which Tan Dusheng and He Houhua can't match. " In addition to the above two books, Sun Shi also has works such as Bibliography of Banned Books in Qing Dynasty (Addendum), Records of Banned Books in Qing Dynasty and Records of Liulichang. Of course, these people are experts in Liulichang. In addition, ordinary bookstore friends also need certain professional knowledge and skills to be competent for their work.
The so-called knowledge is to be familiar with all kinds of bibliographies, first of all, the Siku Bibliography, followed by the private bibliographies of North and South, ancient and modern, such as Ji Gu Pavilion in Jinmao, Haiyuan Pavilion in Liaocheng, Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo and so on. Familiar with various editions, such as Song Edition, Yuan Edition, Simplified Edition, Shu Edition, Bai Kou, Heikou, Jia Edition and Fang Edition. To be able to do what Miao said, "Song Xie knows at first sight, Shu version of Fujian version, not deceiving eyes", that is the approach skill.
The skill is to sort out ancient books, re-bind, re-change protective pages and book coats, prepare book covers, copy manuscripts and copy missing pages. There are different levels of time in between. A tattered and moldy Song edition book reached Master Gao Ming's hand, which was re-opened, gently spread out one by one, removed the moldy traces, pasted paper on it, mended the decayed places, folded it one by one, straightened it, twisted it with paper, flattened it, and then matched it with the cover of old paper in chestnut shell color or porcelain blue color, bound it with beads (i.e. thick silk thread) and pasted it on it. It is precisely because of this meticulous work that a tattered old book has become a brand-new rare book. Master Gao Ming's works are really handy and ingenious. Recently, Wang Zhonghua, a master of costume decoration, is very skillful. He reloaded Yuefu poems for Fu Zengxiang in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the postscript, Fu called him "supplementing old books with excellent topics" and said that "the things that have been repaired, sorted out clearly, have a new look". Like engravers Yang and Zhang Laoxi, they are all outstanding in Liulichang culture and technology. Every bookstore or book collector has old paper. Usually, they will replace and pile up the redundant old books, covers and pages. When sorting out old books, in order to repair precious rare books such as Song and Yuan editions. As for re-binding ordinary old books, it is even more obvious.
During these two hundred years, Liulichang was not only a cultural and commercial area selling books, paintings and antiques, but also a special school. During this period, I don't know how many professionals in cultural relics and art have been trained. They are all masters and apprentices, handed down from generation to generation. Sun Dianqi's "Selling Books to Pass on Salary" made a detailed record of the modern book industry, which is very valuable information.
Fang Fang Liulichang's book carving workshop began in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. There are nine workshops, namely Shanchengtang, Wenchengtang, Juzhentang, Hanwenzhai, Laixunge, Jiayazhai, Zunguzhai, Zhili Bookstore and Fujin Bookstore, which are engraved with books such as Required Reading for Medical Students, The Art of War, Classic Interpretation and The West Chamber. The book engraving workshops in Liulichang have successively included Youwentang, Shanchengtang, Wenchengtang, Bansongju, Wuliuju, Eryouzhai, Rowen Pavilion, Laoeryoutang, Zhengwenzhai, Youyitang, Baojingtang, Chenwenge, Baoshutang, Shuyetang, Wenguang Building, Eryoutang, Lailutang, Wenkuo Hall, Youhao Hall and Ronglutang. Xiuxutang, Wenlutang, Classmate Zhai, Zaoyutang, Hongshoutang, Bookstore, Bookstore, Zhili Bookstore, Wendian Pavilion, Xiuwentang, Fujin Bookstore, Jiayazhai, Beizhi Wenchang, Zunguzhai, Jinwenzhai, Dragon, Yongshengzhai, Longguangzhai, Tonggutang and Miqing Pavilion.
Kensuke
(1) Laixunge, established in Xianfeng period, was formerly Laixunge Piano Room, which collected and sold guqin. The ancient books have been sold since 19 1 1, and they were called to the Qin Shu office of Xunge, and the owner was Chen Lianbin. 1922, nephew Chen Hang participated in the operation, and the store began to flourish. Laixun Pavilion Branch opened in Shanghai on 1940. Shopkeepers often go to southern and inland provinces to search for old books and buy all kinds of rare books. Chen Hang also went to Japan four times to collect and sell books. Shi Naian, Robben, Li Zhi, Ming Wanli and Shiqu Museum donated The Book of Loyalty and the Water Margin (volume 100, volume 28) in the 5th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi. The West Chamber of Peking University Library is the earliest complete carved version found so far, which was also purchased by this store. This shop has published more than ten kinds of books. Famous scholars are rich, Liu Bannong, Hu Shi, Zhou Zuoren, Chen Yuan, Shen, Ma Yuzao, xie guozhen, etc.
② Wenkui Hall, founded in the seventh year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (l88 1), was founded by Wang Yunduan, a Shulu native of Hebei Province. The shop is located in Liulichang West Street. Wenkuitang was once the largest second-hand bookstore inside and outside the city in the late Qing Dynasty. Shops not only distribute books, but also collect, carve and publish books. Besides ancient books, this shop also deals in Four Treasures of the Study, calligraphy and painting, ornaments and so on.
(3) Han Wenzhai, store owner Han Xin, born in Hengshui, Hebei Province, was founded in Liulichang in the 12th year of Guangxu (1886). The inscription in Hanwenzhai was written by Sun, a great cabinet scholar. Li Wenzao, Li Qinbo and Miao have collected dozens of books. After opening the store, it has stood on the opposite side of major bookstores for several years. In the 20th year of Guangxu (1895), his son Han took over the business and returned with famous scholars Sheng Boyi and Wang. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the Forbidden City collected a number of books. After 1956, it became one of the salesrooms of China Bookstore.
④ The pavilion was built by Liu Chuang, a native of Hengshui, Hebei Province, in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903). The store was established at Liulichang West Street 106. At the beginning of the store, I mainly engaged in ancient books and also sold magazines. It opened a semicolon of Ji Wenge in the headline of the gallery and a bookstore in the same language in Dongan market. Song dynasty is known as the "king of magazines" because of its achievements in magazine search. China Magazine Knowledge Catalogue compiled by son Liu Dianwen ***4 volumes1.2500 articles. In addition to publishing books, various local chronicles are also one of its business characteristics. Now it mainly deals in calligraphy and painting, handicrafts and art books.
⑤ General learning prison, established in 19 19, was run by Sun Dianqi, a native of Jixian County, Hebei Province, and invested by Professor Peking University Lun Ming. Sun Chu worked as an apprentice in Hongjingtang Bookstore and as a waiter in Hongbaoge and Wenhuizhai. After opening the shop, he went to other provinces for books many times and rescued a batch of ancient books. He also wrote several works, including Random Notes of Booksellers published in 1936 and Banned Books in Qing Dynasty and Their Addendum published in 1957. In addition, there are Three Stories of Liulichang Bookstore, Notes on Forest, Records of Ancient Books, Ode to Beijing Customs, Four Stories of Liulichang Bookstore, etc.
⑥ China Bookstore, the earliest specialized bookstore of state-owned ancient books integrating interview, distribution and publication. Located in Liulichang West Street, Xuanwu District. Under the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Press and Publication, 1988 is listed as a pilot unit for the reform of management system, with separate planning management. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, the ancient books industry in Beijing was paralyzed, and the ancient books and cultural relics were seriously damaged and lost. At the initiative of experts and scholars, 1952 165438+ the store was formally established on June 4th, aiming at unified leadership, unity and transformation of the ancient books industry in Beijing, and rescuing and protecting ancient books and documents. The shop plaque inscribed by Guo Moruo is located in Dongsi South Street, Beijing. By 1958, there were11private antique bookstores merged into the stores through public-private partnership, and China Bookstore became the main body of Beijing antique bookstore industry. In l963, China Bookstore moved to the former site of Liulichang Haiwangcun Park in Xuanwu District, with a total area of 21.2000 square meters. The total number of employees is 478, including senior and intermediate technicians 5 1 person (4 national experts). China Bookstore not only collects books in Beijing, makes door-to-door purchases, and selects useful antique books and periodicals at waste stations, but also goes deep into urban and rural areas of China to buy antique books and periodicals. During the Cultural Revolution, not only all the books in the store were completely preserved, but also many ancient and modern documents were rescued from the society and paper mills. By 1994, * * * has rescued and protected more than 6 million precious ancient books and documents, of which more than 5,000 rare and rare books have been permanently collected in the National Library, such as The Treasure of Northern Song Dynasty Engraving, The Five Stories of Shuowen Jiezi, The Biography of Su Zhe's Poems in Song Dynasty, Zhu Annotation in Song Dynasty and Songs of the South of Song Dynasty. More than 200,000 precious ancient books have been restored, and nearly 10,000 important ancient books have been added, such as the bronze movable type edition of The Integration of Ancient and Modern Books in Qing Dynasty. Acquisition and sale of more than 70 million ancient books; Rescuing more than 20,000 precious documents; Collect more than 8,000 kinds of Chinese and foreign periodicals and newspapers, with more than 300,000 sets; Finishing and publishing 20 million volumes of ancient books, including 230 kinds of woodcuts and more than 46,500 books; More than 500 million new books have been issued.
Third, antique calligraphy and painting
The history of opening an antique shop in Liulichang can be traced back to the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. At this point, in the 11th year of Kangxi (1672), Songzhuzhai opened in Liulichang West Street, which was the earliest calligraphy and painting collection and sales shop in Liulichang Culture Street. In the middle period of Daoguang Qing Dynasty (183 1- 1839), Bo Gu Zhai Sun Yu was founded in Liulichang, mainly engaged in epigraphy, calligraphy and painting. Since then, Sun Yushan and Zhao Peizhai have opened their old fast in Liulichang. Later, Zhao Peizhai opened a Daguanzhai in Liulichang. In the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (185 1), Liu Zhenqing opened Debaozhai in Liulichang. In the fourth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1865), Yuan Houmin opened a pen studio in Liulichang. In the 23rd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1897), Huang Xingfu opened Zungu Zhai in Liulichang. In the late Qing Dynasty, Shaanxi native Yang opened Qingyun Hall in Liulichang. According to the records of Liulichang, there are 40 antique shops in Liulichang from Kangxi to Xuan Tong. 19 19, Gu Zhenzhai was opened in Liulichang by Su Tifu. 1923, Lin Huating opened the Hong Guang Pavilion in Liulichang. 1944, Qiu Zhensheng opened a treasure house in Liulichang. To 1948, Liulichang * * antique shop 3 1 home, in which the calligraphy and painting business includes Wenzhanzhai, Zhenyazhai, Moyuan Pavilion, Rujiuzhai, Baoguzhai, Lunguzhai, Yueguzhai, Zhenguzhai, Baozhenzhai, Yun Gu Zhai, Guhuange, Qixin and Bobo. Lu Tao, Bowen Zhai and Jian Zhen Zhai are engaged in porcelain business. There are rhyme ancient Zhai, simple ancient Zhai, Zhai, new ancient Zhai and appreciation strange Zhai who operate ceramics and calligraphy; There are Huagushanfang, Yanguzhai and Guguangge engaged in epigraphy and ceramics. There is also Qingyun Hall, which runs stone tablets and the like. Yun Yun Zhai Zhen, who manages inkstones and seals; Yun Song Pavilion deals in bronzes and ancient coins; There is an ancient pavilion dealing in ancient bronze and ancient jade; There is a Yawenzhai that deals in jade articles; There is a treasure house dealing in antiques and miscellaneous items.
Kensuke
(1) In the 11th year of Kangxi in Rong Baozhai (1672), Songzhuzhai was founded at Liulichang10/in the late Ming Dynasty. The business scope is divided into three parts: first, calligraphy and painting paper, as well as various sections, mounted happy birthday screen couplets, elegiac couplets, album pages and so on. ; Second, all kinds of pens, inks, inkstones, ink cartridges, water bowls, inkpads, scales, etc. The third is the pen list of calligraphy and painting seal engravers. During the Qianlong period, Zhang Yufeng, the fourth-generation shopkeeper in charge of store affairs, was good at attracting customers with high-quality products and making use of the government background, and his business was booming. During the Daoguang period, the store claimed that Yangshan was a famous calligrapher and seal engraver, and painters Zhao and Wu Dacheng were his good friends. At this time, Songzhuzhai mainly engaged in antiques and south paper. After the Opium War, the economy was depressed, and the business of shopkeepers was not harmonious for two consecutive generations. They are friendly, knowledgeable and extravagant, and Songzhuzhai is rapidly declining. The shopkeeper Zhang Lishi hired Zhuang Huchen as the manager. Make friends with celebrities in Beijing. In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), it reopened in the name of Rong Baozhai, and the store was changed to No.86 Liulichang ... Rong Baozhai took the meaning of "taking literature as a friend and glory as a treasure", and Lu Runxiang, the top scholar in Tongzhi period, wrote a book and inscribed a plaque. Manager Zhuang Huchen's flexible management method made Rong Baozhai prosper rapidly. In the 22nd year of Guangxu reign, Zhang Zhongru, deputy manager, founded "Rong Baozhai Paste Book" at No.2, Ganjingyuan Hutong, and hired wood carving masters such as Dai Guangzhai and Wang. Since then, he carved, printed and sold stationery, which is not only superior to other peers, but also laid the foundation for the development of woodcut watermarking technology. The official record published this time was copied by Zhuang Huchen at the expense of buying official titles. It is not only accurate, but also beautifully printed, and it has become a popular product monopolized by the capital, which has increased the benefits for Rong Baozhai. 1925, Wang Renshan became the manager, bringing Rong Baozhai into its heyday. L928 opened Nanjing Branch; Shanghai Branch 193 1 Opening; Luoyang branch 1932 opened; Wuhan Branch 1934 opened; 1936 opened its second branch in Nanjing; Tianjin branch opened on 1940. At that time, the famous calligrapher Shou Shigong once wrote the poem "Rongbao Gaozhai aims at two cities, and Langya's skillful hands are important for life", which refers to Wang Renshan. 1August, 937, after the fall of Beiping, Rong Baozhai gradually became depressed.
At the beginning of 1950, with the mediation of Xu Beihong, Zheng Zhenduo, Wu Xiaoling and Zhou Yang, it was invested by the State Publishing Administration. In May, the public-private partnership procedure was completed, and "new record" was added after Rong Baozhai, so in June, 19 was officially opened. Because the original business of Rong Baozhai Xinji is out of touch with the actual needs. As the old debt has not been paid off, the creditor sued the court and ordered Rong Baozhai to auction the property to pay off the debt. In this case, after the state paid off the debt on its behalf, it was all nationalized at the beginning of 1953, and the word "new record" was removed. Since then, Rong Baozhai has become a state-owned cultural enterprise. After 1960, we began to study, develop and improve traditional skills, and at the same time collected scattered painting and calligraphy cultural relics. Among the celebrity calligraphy and paintings collected, rare treasures are sent to the Palace Museum for collection according to regulations, and the rest are collected in the best shops, which are famous all over the world with woodcut watermarks and become exclusive "fake works of art". It is also difficult for Qi Baishi to distinguish the authenticity of his works. The five dynasties ancient "Han xizai's Night Banquet" was vividly engraved with a watermark, which caused a shock all over the world. Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou once presented the woodcut ink painting "The Picture of a Lady Wearing Flowers" as a national gift to foreign heads of state. At the 65438-0959 Leipzig International Book and Art Exhibition, the whole exhibition hall of Rong Baozhai woodcut watermark works won the "Special Gold Award". There are woodcut watermarks in Rong Baozhai, such as Running Horse by Xu Beihong, Frog Singing under a Banana by Qi Baishi, You Chuntu by Evonne imitating Zhang Xuan and Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan. The shop's wooden watermark paintings have been sold in more than 100 countries and regions, and exhibitions have been held in 48 countries. Rong Baozhai is also good at restoration techniques and copying ancient paintings. Tang Yin's "Fuxi is a picture of Nuwa" was unearthed in Xinjiang, and the silk manuscript has been broken; The wooden pagoda in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province has been hidden in the Buddha's body for more than 800 years, and it sticks like a stick because of moisture. By Rong Baozhai's hand, it is either as good as ever, or reappears its original appearance. Rong Baozhai copied and collected nearly 100 paintings in the Palace Museum and Liaoning Museum. Jin Zhenzhi copied Jiang Xue's Return to Batu, Qing Dynasty's Diecui Map, Wang copied the lion's figure, Chen Linzhai copied the horse's Feng Tang Map in Song Dynasty, Guo Muxi copied Tang Hanhuang's Yuan Wen Map, and Sun Tianmu copied the Snow Map in Fishing Village in Song Dynasty. Rong Baozhai is also good at mounting ancient and modern calligraphy and painting. There are so many beauties in the mountains, a large-scale landscape painting in the Great Hall of the People, was mounted by a team led by Zhang Gui Tong, a famous mounting master. An American friend wanted to hang a huge oil painting, but he came to Rong Baozhai, not far from Wan Li. After boarding, he came back with satisfaction. 1972 and 1984, Rong Baozhai was rebuilt and expanded twice, and two new two-story business buildings were built, which were divided into Dongzhai and Xizhai, with a total business area of 6,750 square meters and a production room of 2,300 square meters. 1987, Rong Baozhai Limited opened in Granville Road, Kowloon. 1989 The first auction was held in Hong Kong. A total of 263 paintings and calligraphy works after Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty were auctioned, with a daily turnover of 20 million Hong Kong dollars. 1994, there were 240 employees in Rong Baozhai, with a turnover of 10 over ten thousand yuan and a profit of over five million yuan.
② Zungu Zhai, located in the west of Liulichang, was built in the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897). Its founder is Huang, a native of Yunmeng, Hubei Province, and his successor is Huang Bochuan. He closed Zungu Zhai in 1939 and opened Tonggu Zhai in the former site of Baomingtang Bookstore in Dongliuchang, and inherited his father in 1945. The operator is proficient in bronzes, and the important cultural relics of the Palace Museum, Python Spring and Python Scale, were acquired by this store.
③ Baoguzhai, founded in 1944, is owned by Qiu Zhensheng, a native of Sanhe County, Hebei Province, and is characterized by managing calligraphy and painting in past dynasties. Qiu was an apprentice in Hongguangge in his early years, and went in and out of the homes of Yu Youren, Yi Peiji and others, especially with Tianjin collector Zhang Shucheng, and became a famous expert in cultural relics appraisal.
④ Qingyuntang, which was opened in the late Qing Dynasty, was originally owned by Yang, a native of Shaanxi, and was taken over by Wuxian people in Hebei in 193 1 year. Featuring the management of inscriptions, the names were inscribed by Li Hongzhang and Lu Runxiang. In his early years, Zhang was an apprentice in Liguzhai Monument Store, and he mastered the skills of collecting, selling, expanding and mounting monuments. He contacted collectors such as Wang Dabian, Liang Qichao, Yu Youren and Zhang Boying. After opening the shop, he traveled all over the country to buy pills and met Ke, Guo Moruo and Chen Shuping. 1956, he became a consultant of China History Museum and a member of National Cultural Heritage Administration Advisory Committee, writing inscriptions and rare inscriptions. A lot of information of the Jinshi Department of the New Beijing Library comes from this store.
Fourth, Four Treasures of the Study.
Four Treasures of the Study is the floorboard of paper, ink, pen and inkstone. The rise of Four Treasures of the Study in Liulichang is closely related to the "hometown of scholars in Xuannan" and its surrounding numerous guild halls. Songzhuzhai, the earliest business of literati paper on the street, was opened in the reign of Kangxi and concurrently operated Nanzhi. The operator of ink is still "Yidege", which started business in the fourth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1865), and was the earliest ink maker in China. Founder Xie, following his brother's trial work in Beijing, opened Mofang at No.64 Liulichang East Street, and his business was booming. Xie Ti praised Mo in couplet, "One skill is good enough for the whole world, and the ancients wrote many books." The name of the store is taken from the first word of the couplet, and the plaque was written by Xie. After the old shop was run by Xie's disciples, it opened an ink factory and a "cigarette workshop" in Changdian and No.325, Guanganmennei Street, respectively, and opened branches in Tianjin and Zhengzhou, and a franchise store in Shanghai and An. 1956, each store set up a Dege ink factory. Its inks are "oil smoke" and "pine smoke". "Smoked" includes Yuntou tobacco, blue tobacco, bright light, tung tobacco, big singleton, twin, smoked and other varieties. , is a good product for writing fine print and meticulous painting; "Yan Song" includes Ejiao, Wulaosong, Komatsu and other varieties. It is characterized by bright ink color, strong water resistance, smooth writing, easy drying after writing, stone paper, never fading, suitable for mounting and rich fragrance. After 1950s, through scientific detection and analysis, a more scientific and reasonable new formula and new technology were developed, which changed the old method of "taking cigarettes by oil lamp, cooking glue by electric cooker and grinding by hand". Grinding adopts motor, filling is streamlined, and a modern product inspection room is established. The annual output reaches more than 6.5438+million bottles, of which about 20% are sold overseas. Now ink products are divided into five categories: Beijing ink, calligraphy and painting ink, national ink, Yiguangge ink and Yan Song ink. The eight-treasure inkpad produced by Yidege is as good as ink. "Eight treasures" are rubies, red corals, pearls, golden jars, cinnabar, musk, borneol and old castor oil that has been stored for over 100 years. After being dried in the sun and naturally frozen in winter, it is suitable for all seasons. Its characteristics are pure color, clear seal, no fear of sun, fire and water, long-term storage, fragrant smell and never fading. The seal covered with this kind of inkpad is bright and beautiful, and can be preserved for a hundred years. Even if the paper is burned to ashes, the seal is still bright red.
Dai 19 16 was founded by. Dai Bin Xuan Yue is a native of Huzhou, Zhejiang. When I was a child, I came to Beijing to study art in Helian Qingbi Store. After the expiration, I started my own business and opened a pen shop with my own name in Dongliu Factory. A facade, front shop and back factory, pen-making materials are all from Huzhou. The pen made by Dai himself must be sharp, neat, neat and healthy.