First, the history of library development

1. 1 western library development

These documents are the material carriers of human knowledge and wisdom and important symbols of civilization and progress. The earliest library was born when human beings realized the need to continuously collect the generated documents and materials, and store them together in an orderly manner for permanent preservation and utilization. The famous library scientist Rufus said: Books are just books, but libraries are the center of human cultural progress.

As a space place, the library objectively has the function of gathering knowledge and inheriting civilization.

Mesopotamia

The earliest library was found in Mesopotamia (now Iraq), the birthplace of ancient civilization more than 3000 BC.

1. 1.2 Ashgabat Library is the first library to systematically collect all knowledge.

Ancient bibliophiles were mainly royal aristocrats, symbolizing noble taste in both spiritual and material aspects. They are regarded as the inheritors and promoters of noble ideas.

1. 1.3 Alexandria Library is one of the oldest libraries in the world and the highest representative of Alexandria's achievements. At that time, Alexandria was the largest book trading center in the world. It is said that the only purpose of building the Alexandria Library is to "collect books from all over the world". There are a large number of loyal librarians in the library of Alexandria, who work day and night, which makes the collection of books in the library of Alexandria increase rapidly and leaves a large number of precious manuscripts (papyrus volumes) for future generations.

Alexandria Library is well known, and scholars from all over the Mediterranean come here to study, give lectures or write books.

Historical significance: 1. In the development and work of library, the specialization of library work was initially formed by a series of specialized activities such as document collection, collation and exchange.

2. In terms of cultural development and inheritance, Alexandria Library is the gathering place and exchange place of ancient Egyptian culture, Greek culture and Roman culture, and accommodates the cultures and ideas of the East and the West. Through the collection and management of documents, through the exchange of documents with other neighboring countries and the translation of works in other languages, the cultural exchange between the East and the West has been actively promoted. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of world culture, especially medieval European culture. 3. In terms of knowledge dissemination, Alexandria Library has preserved a large number of academic works in the process of ancient civilization, collected all available source knowledge, and organized these knowledge for academic research. It attracts many famous philosophers, writers, scientists and researchers to gather here to create, communicate and spread knowledge. It allowed knowledge to transcend geographical restrictions, combined ancient western science with mysterious oriental culture, and became a world-famous literary center, cultural center and academic exchange center.

The purpose of information collection is no longer to collect, but to share with more people.

1.2 the development of China library

China's library originated in the Zhou Dynasty, the royal family had a library, and each vassal state also had its own library.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bamboo and cotton silk became popular in society as writing carriers, which facilitated the recording and dissemination of information. At this time, the government's monopoly on book collection was broken, and it became possible for the literati to collect books, and the number of private books was very large. Confucius also sorted out the collected documents and compiled the Six Classics, which was the first systematic book collection in China history.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, the collection of books in the Zhou Dynasty and the vassal states was concentrated, which greatly increased the collection of books in the Qin Dynasty. But he burned books to bury Confucianism, which ignited the first fire in the history of China's book collection and caused a devastating blow to the private book collection at that time.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the "carrying calligraphy" formulated by Qin Shihuang was still used, so the responsibility for collecting books naturally fell on the government. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang built three warehouses in the north of Weiyang Palace and collected a large number of documents. Among them, Shiqu Pavilion and Tianlu Pavilion later became nicknames of the Royal Library. At that time, it was the place where the emperors of the Han Dynasty discussed academic issues, compiled books and edited documents with officials. It is also the earliest and longest-lived national library in China. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Five Classics and the Analects of Confucius were carved on stone tablets and stood in the imperial academy. In order to record these contents for research, someone spread wet paper on the stone tablet, brushed the paper evenly with a soft brush, then tapped it gently and embedded it in the description of the inscription. When the paper is dry, spread it on the paper with ink, with white characters on the black background. People paid it to the quilt. The most famous first-step book classification, Bielu, was compiled by Liu Xiang in Tianluge. On this basis, his son Liu Xin compiled Qilue, adding a small preface to each category, explaining its academic origin and category meaning, which not only greatly promoted the academic development at that time, but also had a far-reaching impact on later bibliography and became a model of China's catalogue book. With regard to book classification and bibliography, Dewey Decimal Book Classification written by Merve Dewey, an American library expert, was completed in 1876, and it is also the most widely used classification at present. However, if we compare the time, the classification of China Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's sons is earlier than 1000 years. Qilue is a pioneering work in the history of bibliography in China. On the basis of collating and sorting out ancient cultural classics, Qilue created the methods of writing narrative, general preface, big preface and small preface. Although this book has been lost for a long time, its basic content has been preserved in the History of Han Arts and Literature. In addition, many books in Tianluge also brought great reference value to Sima Qian's revision of Historical Records. However, with the change of dynasties and frequent wars, the royal library and private books in Han Dynasty suffered serious losses.

When the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty unified China, in the early Tang Dynasty, in order to formulate policies and look for precedents from the previous dynasties, the government rewarded those who provided precious books. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the world's books were widely collected and the royal stacks were enriched. At that time, books were also equipped with jade toothpicks and brocade ribbons, which were distinguished in different colors for easy search. During the Chengping period of the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination focused on knowledge, and only talents were used, which stimulated the development of private schools and the scale of private schools became larger and larger.

Printing was very popular in the Song Dynasty. Chongwen College was established in Song Taizong to collect books. The main purpose of building the Library Pavilion in Song Dynasty is to preserve books and Confucian classics. The emperor encouraged officials to use the library, but the right to borrow books in the library was strictly restricted. At this time, private schools flourished again. Among them, Chao also compiled abstracts for the books he collected, and compiled the Book Record of County Zhai, which is the earliest private bibliography with abstracts in China.

The Royal Library of Ming Dynasty is the Wen Yuan Pavilion, which has a large collection of rare books, the most famous of which is Yongle Dadian, which was later hailed as "the best encyclopedia in the world". At that time, private libraries mushroomed, and the most famous one was Tianyi Pavilion built by Fan Qin, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War during Jiajing period.

The collection of books in Qing dynasty is richer than that in previous dynasties. There are Wen Yuan Pavilion and Wen Yuan Pavilion in Beijing, Jinwen Pavilion in Chengde, Wenshui Pavilion in Shenyang (above the "North Fourth Pavilion"), Wenzong Pavilion in Zhenjiang, Wen Hui Pavilion in Yangzhou and Wen Lan Pavilion in Hangzhou (above the "South Third Pavilion"). Seven editions of Sikuquanshu were copied and collected in these places respectively. Seven of them have been lost or collected by various libraries, and the Wen Yuan Pavilion is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. There are four private collections, namely Qin Tie Tong Jian Lou in Changshu, Jiangsu, Haiyuan Pavilion in Liaocheng, Shandong, Song Li Lou in Huzhou, Zhejiang, and 8,000 Juan Lou in Hangzhou.

With the introduction of block printing, Confucian classics and other books are increasing.

1.3 There are three basic types of Japanese libraries: royal library, private library and temple sutra depository. The collection area and reading area of early Japanese libraries were always separated. Before the Meiji era, there were only two architectural forms of Japanese libraries: bunko ("document storage room") and shoin (study room).

With the introduction of Buddhism and Buddhist classics into Japan, an octagonal reading room was set up next to Horyuji in Nara in the early 7th century to store scriptures and other Buddhist manuscripts, which is known as "the earliest trace of Japanese libraries". Zhao Ti Temple in Nara is the earliest existing document storage room. Some nobles set up private libraries to keep their religious books, literary works and family documents. Libraries are usually only open to family members. Although some libraries are also open to the outside world, they are limited to a few literati who have leisure to study, and most of them are nobles. In addition to libraries or library buildings, there is another kind of academy-style library, namely study, which appears in temples and private houses of the rich.

1.4 "the world's, everyone's"-the rise of the concept of public library

In the early history of library development, there were some public libraries. For example, the public libraries in ancient Rome were open to the free citizens of the city and could be borrowed freely. Some private libraries established by European nobles or monks also provide services for scholars and some citizens. /kloc-in the 0 ~ (th) century, membership libraries appeared in Britain, America and other countries, which was the predecessor of modern public libraries. 1848, the Massachusetts Grand Court issued a decree: "From now on, Boston is authorized to establish and maintain public libraries to serve urban residents." Boston Public Library is the first public library in the United States that allows citizens to borrow books and take them home to read. At that time, many books donated by private libraries and church libraries became the original collections of Boston Library. This public library plays an important role in popularizing scientific and cultural knowledge, improving people's cultural quality and stimulating children's reading interest:

1. The first public municipal library;

2. The first library that allowed all citizens to borrow books for free, which was a great progress at that time;

3. The first public library to submit an annual report to the trustee greatly promoted the development of public libraries;

4. The first library with children's reading area.

5. The first public library of business information.

6. The first public library providing audio-visual services: Audio-visual Department was established in 1950.

Public library is one of the important symbols of social progress. By collecting, preserving and providing all kinds of information resources representing various viewpoints, it not only performs the functions of social education institutions, but also undertakes the important mission entrusted by society-safeguarding the rights of public knowledge freedom. It ensures that knowledge becomes a "public tool" shared by everyone, rather than a privately owned and monopolized item by a few people.

In the process of the transformation from traditional library building to modern library building in China, Shi Jing Library is the most typical.

1.5 Smart City Smart Library

1999, the concept of internet of things was formally put forward and spread rapidly around the world. Smart city based on intelligent technology of Internet of Things is a new concept and practice of future urban development in the world since the end of 20th century, especially since the beginning of 26th century. In the field of libraries, intelligent libraries marked by digitalization, networking and intelligence are coming into people's field of vision after hybrid libraries and digital libraries. If smart cities "can bring higher quality of life, more competitive business environment and greater investment attraction", then smart libraries can bring higher quality of service management, more attractive public cultural environment and more information enjoyment space.

Smart library is the most advanced stage of library development at present, and it is a brand-new form after the development of hybrid library and digital library. Smart library is based on cloud computing technology and intelligent equipment in the Internet of Things environment, which realizes the connection of books, people and everyone and provides intelligent services for users. European and American libraries first put forward the concept of smart library, and the practice of smart library first appeared in university libraries, public libraries and museums in Europe and America. For example, Shanghai Library took the lead in developing the mobile service of mobile phone library. 20 10 Taipei city library uses RFID technology to build an unattended smart library, realizes user identity verification through induction equipment, and assists users to complete unattended lending and returning operations through self-service lending and returning machines. Intelligent library combines the intelligence of perception with the intelligence of library service. Libraries not only provide resource services, but also create a harmonious knowledge ecological environment for users through the integration of people and knowledge, and provide higher-level intelligent services.

The core elements of intelligent library: libraries available at any time, libraries available anywhere and libraries available in any way.

1. Enjoy digital network integration * * *

2. Green development and energy saving