Deer are barking in the field.
Don't do unto others what you don't want done unto you.
The manuscript of this episode.
Ancient scholars studied traditional knowledge, and knowledge can be passed down from generation to generation. For example, scholars in the Qing dynasty studied Confucian classics, and several generations were famous for studying Confucian classics. The Analects of Justice written by Mr. Liu Baonan, the most famous expert on the Analects of Confucius in Qing Dynasty, represents the highest level of studying the Analects of Confucius in Qing Dynasty. Unfortunately, the book died before it was finished. His son, Liu, followed in his father's footsteps and finished the book, which became an immortal name.
There was a late scholar in Taiwan Province Province named Zhou Fagao. He once published an article saying that, like Germans and Japanese, several generations of families have learned a certain knowledge, such as writing the history of China, and then write it down from generation to generation to learn a certain knowledge for the sake of family career and family glory. However, in the last century, China's anti-Japanese war was preceded by war and followed by movement, so there was little tradition of family studies. Of course, there are a few examples. For example, the last time we talked about Qian Mu, his son, Mr. Qian Xun, was a professor in Tsinghua University. He also wrote a very good "The Analects of Confucius", which was published by Beijing Publishing House. Later, it was revised and renamed The Analects of Confucius, published by Zhonghua Book Company and recently published by National Library Press. He also wrote books such as "Confucianism in Pre-Qin Dynasty" and made a good study of Confucianism.
In addition to Qian and his son, there are three generations of examples of learning The Analects. Mr. Yang Shuda is older than Qian Mu and was born in 1885. He is a master of studying ancient Chinese and ancient documents. I studied in Japan in my early years, taught in Beijing and taught in Hunan. Mao Zedong also took his classes in his early years. He has a good foundation and has memorized many ancient books. Secondly, he has a good traditional foundation and is good at absorbing new theories, materials and methods. Third, he has many academic innovations. According to himself, he can't see the face of the opposite person clearly every two meters, but his wife said that in the era when electric lights were not popular, every morning when the light just came in from the window, he sat under the window and read for hours, so his vision was damaged too much and he got many important books. Yang Shuda's Collected Works 17 Volume, and more than 20 works have been published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.
On the Analects of Confucius, he has a 400,000-word monograph called The Analects of Confucius, which is one of the most important research works on the Analects of Confucius in the 20th century. He first recorded an original sentence in The Analects of Confucius, then copied a paragraph with similar meaning from The Analects of Confucius without explaining it himself, and then copied it from the ancient books before the Tang Dynasty, or who quoted and played this sentence, or who said it had the same or similar meaning. Note that what he copied was not the special book annotated in The Analects of Confucius, but the relevant materials in other ancient books. This is more difficult than just copying the special books annotated by the Analects of Confucius, because you need to read much more ancient books. For example, in the first chapter of The Analects of Confucius, "On the day of the son, a gentleman does not have enough to eat and is restless." In the following, Mr. Yang quoted similar expositions of Mencius and Xunzi, and also quoted Yan Hui's praise in Yongye's The Analects of Confucius that "one can only eat and drink, and in a mean alley, people can't bear it, and they won't change their fun when they go back", which made us grasp the same concept of pre-Qin philosophers. In addition, in Yang Shuda's collected works, there are more than one textual research article about The Analects of Confucius, one of which is called "Reviewing the Past and Knowing the New". As we all know, there are always two interpretations of Confucius' famous saying. One is that as a teacher, we should not only know the old, but also know the new. The other is that only by reviewing the past and knowing the new, we should constantly review and familiarize ourselves with the old knowledge we have mastered, so that we can experience new things that we didn't realize before and discover phenomena and laws that we neglected before. Moreover, Teacher Yang himself is a model student, and he is very familiar with him. He once recalled, "Old people often keep books at home, and they often read and read books for research. This is a spirit of reviewing the past and knowing the new, because reviewing the past and knowing the new. On the one hand, they are more familiar with materials, on the other hand, they can use familiar materials more comprehensively, and there are abundant examples. People only know that he is knowledgeable, but they don't know that he is knowledgeable He just learned from looking back. Yang Shuda criticized two kinds of people in Reviewing the Old and Knowing the New, one is to review the old but not new, and the other is to learn the new but not new. He gave two examples. One is that he has a deep understanding of traditional knowledge, but he has an exclusive attitude towards some new theories and theories. This is to review the past and not know the new, so it is inevitable to be mediocre, that is, mediocre. The other is to copy China's ancient books when you see the new western theories, which is sometimes not practical. This is knowing the new and not reviewing the old, so we have to be illusory, that is, illusory. He didn't call the roll in the article, but his diary was also published in the anthology. In his diary, he stated that revisiting the old things without knowing the new ones refers to Huang Kan, and knowing the new ones without revisiting the old ones refers to Hu Shi. Hu Shi is certainly a famous master in China's ideological and cultural circles in the 20th century. When he came back from studying in the United States, he did compare western theories with China's ancient books in some places. Huang Kan is the most outstanding student of Zhang Taiyan, a master of Chinese studies. He has a solid foundation in old school, but he is not as active in absorbing some new things as Yang Shuda. So Yang Shuda is critical of them all.
But I want to make two points here. First, Yang Shuda can think that Hu Shi knows the new and Huang Kan doesn't know the old, but we are not qualified to say so. Because Hu Shi's grasp of traditional culture is what we can only aspire to, let alone think that Hu Shi's and Huang Kan's books are not worth the second place because of Yang Shuda's criticism. Yang Shuda thinks he is better than Huang Kan in learning new things, but he never thinks Huang Kan is useless. On the contrary, he criticized the most respected people. Of course, he admired Huang Kan's knowledge. He absolutely admitted that Huang Kan had not mastered all the things, so his nephew followed him, which he felt was not enough. He clearly instructed his nephew to kowtow to Huang Kan as a teacher. This example can illustrate the problem. And his nephew is Mr. Yang Bojun, who we all know wrote The Analects of Confucius.
Mr. Yang Bojun was born in 1909. Of course, The Analects of Confucius was a book he read when he was a child. He studied under Yang Shuda and Huang Kan, and laid a solid and comprehensive foundation in ancient Chinese and ancient literature. Before he was 30, he published a monograph on ancient Chinese grammar. In ancient literature, his annotations Zuo Zhuan and Liezi were accepted and understood by more people, of course, because of his translation of The Analects and Mencius. The Analects of Confucius was published in 1958, which is exactly 60 years this year. This book has a great influence. In the mid-1950s, Yang Bojun taught in the Chinese Department of Peking University. In order to help more ordinary readers understand the Analects more easily and correctly, he translated and annotated it. The Analects of Confucius had been translated before him, but none of them was as professional and serious as him. From annotation to translation, from words to ancient systems and customs of names and things, Yang Bojun has extensively referred to previous studies and his own experience. Especially as an expert in ancient Chinese, he compiled a dictionary of the Analects of Confucius in advance and made a comprehensive understanding of the usage of words in the Analects before translating it. He said, "To write a translation of The Analects of Confucius, we must first have a deep understanding of the style, vocabulary and grammar of this book, which was the original intention of every word and sentence at that time. After reading some people's translations of ancient books, I didn't work hard. The best one is that he translates word for word, which is too easy to read and translate, regardless of the author's original intention. I think that no matter what book you read, you must first explore the author's intention before you have the right to express your opinions. In order to get the author's intention, we must first ask the popular meaning of the sentence at that time. So before I started to translate and annotate The Analects, I wrote a Dictionary of The Analects. " Spent so much time. Therefore, Mr. Yang's translation has gone through a long period of time and sold well for 60 years. So far, it has not been replaced by so many later versions. Just answer the famous saying: no pains, no gains.
After his translation was examined and approved by Mr. Yang Shuda, two great scholars from Peking University were invited, one was Wang Li, a master of ancient Chinese prose, and the other was Feng Youlan, a master of philosophy history. Feng Youlan also wrote him a letter of recommendation. The manuscript of this recommendation is still preserved today. Feng Youlan said in his recommendation: "I hereby send you a manuscript of the modern translation of The Analects of Confucius by Mr. Yang Bojun, a professor of Chinese Department in China, Peking University. The Analects of Confucius is an extremely important material for studying the history of China's philosophy, but it is extremely difficult to translate because of its rich meanings. Mr. Yang was an ancient jurist in China. His translation is probably from the perspective of grammar, some from the perspective of square theory, and there is still room for discussion. But there will be many translated versions of The Analects in the future. Mr. Yang's translation took a lot of effort and was corrected by Mr. Wang, which is of great help to people who study the Analects of Confucius and ordinary readers. I suggest you publish it. As Feng Youlan expected, there are indeed various translated versions of The Analects of Confucius, and as Feng Youlan said, any translated version of The Analects of Confucius can't be without flaws. At present, some people have written books such as Notes on the Analects of Confucius by Yang Bojun, but many of them are issues that can be discussed. They do not belong to Yang Bojun's serious injury and will not affect our reading and subsequent translation of The Analects. It is also impossible not to take Yang Bojun's book as the main reference material.
Yang Bojun is Yang Shuda's nephew. Yang Bojun has a nephew named Yang Fengbin, who is my friend. Now he is a professor in the Chinese Department of Shanghai University. He is a doctor of ancient Chinese in Peking University. In his early years, he adapted Mr. Yang Bojun's translation of The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and published it in Yuelu Bookstore in the form of their joint name. Later, he devoted himself to research. The year before last, Peking University published New Notes on the Analects of Confucius, which made textual research on many difficult sentences. It is a new translation of The Analects of Confucius with great efforts. Of course, he inherited many research achievements of Yang Shuda and Yang Bojun, but he also put forward practical supplementary opinions to some places. Because there is a lot of textual research in his book, it is a bit difficult for readers who are not majoring in literature, history and philosophy to read. However, the three generations of the Yang family studied the Analects of Confucius and all had important works. They said that the second generation of Yang's research on the Analects of Confucius had contemporary critics, which is a much-told story in the history of modern research on the Analects of Confucius.
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