First of all, historical research should have an attitude. But we should look at his starting point, not dwell on right and wrong. At that time, the writing and recording methods were not perfect, which was fatal to the retention of information. Sima Qian's attitude towards history is quite strict. The records in Historical Records are well-founded (some of which we can't see now), all the original historical materials have been strictly screened and appraised by Sima Qian, and all the uncertain ones are recorded (for example, three "Laozi" are recorded in the biography of Laozi and Han Fei). There are many isolated evidences in Historical Records that everyone suspected before, which were later confirmed by the discovery of new materials (such as the lineage of Shang Dynasty in Yin Benji), and there are also many details to find clues to the source of Taishigong's historical materials (such as Hongmen Banquet, Wujiang River and Jing Ke in Biography of Assassins). Errors are inevitable and inevitable. But his greatest contribution is that under the historical conditions at that time, he used his own historiography to systematically sort out the records of the previous Five Emperors (which is why he didn't start from Huang San), and he would record all the reasonable (right and wrong) and leave it to future generations, otherwise we don't even know what to question now.

Let's be specific.

Sima Qian wrote Historical Records with a high sense of historical responsibility and a rigorous and realistic research attitude, which is called "the historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme" (Lu Xun's language). Historical Records is the crystallization of Sima Qian's life's painstaking efforts (including many of his father Sima Tan's painstaking efforts). It is not only a historical masterpiece, but also a literary masterpiece, which has created a precedent for biographical history. When talking about Historical Records, we can't avoid two articles, Taishi Gongxu and Zhiren Shu, which record many work details and work attitudes.

There are many ancient records in Historical Records that other historical materials can't see at present, and there are also many immersive details, which can't help but make readers question whether Tai Shigong writes novels or history, how reliable it is, and whether it will go astray at the junction of history and literature. Since ancient times, the question about the authenticity of Historical Records has never stopped. The most typical is the view of Miyazaki Hayao, a famous Japanese historian in China. He said that the information of historical records is inherently insufficient, and its literariness is greater than historicism. Every event has a link, which is simply a play (reporting).

In fact, the suspicion of Historical Records is rooted in the suspicion of the historical sources of Historical Records, that is, how did Sima Qian know so much and what was his basis.

There are few ancient books preserved, and the tracing back to the ancient history in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is more like a myth, which may be far from the truth. Moreover, it has experienced cultural disasters such as Qin Shihuang's "burning books to bury Confucianism" and Xiang Yu's burning of Epang Palace, which has caused a devastating blow to the literature. Since the Han Dynasty, today's literary schools have been handed down by the old Confucian scholars, and the authenticity of the classical Chinese literature advocated by the classical Chinese literature school has always been controversial. How can we ensure that the preserved ancient historical materials are true and have not been misinterpreted, mistaken or even tampered with?

In addition, the Chinese nation has a fine tradition of historians, and the historical materials recorded by historians are objective and credible. Rebel heroes such as Xiang Yu and Liu Bang did not take historians to record their words and deeds during the rebellion at the end of the Qin Dynasty, while Historical Records recorded many details of this period, including the wonderful banquet at the Hongmen Gate and the murder of Wujiang River. Zhao Gong, a surname, was nearly a hundred years old at that time. He could only record these details according to the dictation of the parties (even these dictation were handed down from generation to generation).

At the same time, Historical Records also recorded many details of palace secrets (for example, Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin and Zhao Gao said Li Si). What is the basis of these records?

Since Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, had the idea of creating Historical Records, he began to look for materials. The main sources of original historical materials in Historical Records are:

1. Take a look at the ancient books in the Chamber of Secrets and the documents of Qin and Han Dynasties.

A large number of ancient books and documents from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasties were used in Historical Records. According to Mr. Zhang's textual research, there are 106 kinds of books cited in Historical Records (Zhang's books are among the books seen by Sima Qian in Historical Records), and the later books are classified and divided, covering various subsets of classics and history. Today, half of these ancient books have been lost, which does not mean that the ancient books quoted in Historical Records are limited to this. Many of the ancient books quoted in Historical Records died after the Western Han Dynasty, but they have not been recorded in Hanshu, so we don't know. Judging from the classics we know today, it is enough to show that Sima Qian quoted a large number of classics from pre-Qin to Qin and Han dynasties.

Many historical materials that Sima Qian saw have been lost in later generations, so Sima Qian's records are precious, but it also caused the embarrassing situation of "isolated evidence is difficult to establish". The most typical example is that Yin Benji recorded Wang Shang's genealogy in detail, which is not found in other historical materials. For a long time, the academic community has been unable to determine the authenticity of the record, and it has also been doubted by many people. It was not until the excavation of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins in the late Qing Dynasty that Sima Qian's records were basically correct. This shows that there must be some basis for Sima Qian to write Yin Benji (Sima Qian can't have seen Oracle Bone Inscriptions), and the historical materials he relied on are now lost, so the records in Shiji have become "isolated evidence".

When several historical materials were contradictory and it was difficult to distinguish right from wrong, Sima Qian chose all the records instead of deleting them at will. In Lao Zi's Biography of Han Fei:

Laozi, a native of Qurenli, Chu County, surnamed Li, whose name is Zizi, is Zhou Shoucang's history book. Confucius is suitable for Zhou and will ask Lao Tzu questions. Laozi said, "A son's bones are rotten, and his words speak for himself. A gentleman should drive at the right time, not when he is tired. I heard that Liang Jia is hiding in Xu Ruo. A gentleman is very virtuous and looks like a fool. Get rid of children's arrogance and lust, attitude and lust are bad for children's health. That's why I sued my son, if it is. " Confucius went and said to his disciples, "bird, I know it can fly;" Fish, I know it can swim; Beast, I know it can walk. Pedestrians can be useless, swimmers can be nylon, and fliers can be clumsy. As for the dragon, I didn't know it took the wind and cloud to heaven. I met Lao Tzu today, and he is still evil! "

Laozi cultivates self-cultivation, and his knowledge is to hide himself in unknown places. After living in Zhou for a long time, I saw Zhou's decline and went. At the critical moment, Ming Yin said, "I'll hide and write a book for me." So Lao Tzu wrote a book about morality with more than 5,000 words, and he didn't know what his end was.

Or: Lao Laizi, also a native of Chu, wrote 15 books, which were used by Taoism and contemporary with Confucius.

Lao Zi Gai is over 60 years old, or over 200 years old, and lives by practicing Buddhism. One hundred and twenty-nine years after the death of Confucius, Grandmaster Zhou, a historian, said, "The early Qin Dynasty and Zhou He died at the age of five hundred. At the age of 70, the overlord can't do it. " Or Lao Tzu, or not, the world doesn't know whether it's true or not. Laozi, a hermit.

Sima Qian recorded everything he knew about Laozi because he couldn't tell right from wrong. These records preserved precious historical materials for later generations to study Laozi, and also showed Sima Qian's rigorous academic attitude.

Historical records also quoted some historical materials that now seem to be wrong. Sima Qian's description of the lobbying of strategists in the Warring States period is very vivid, especially Su Yi Zhuan, which is mainly based on the Warring States policy (The Warring States Policy is a book compiled by Liu Xiang after Sima Qian, but Sima Qian should have read the relevant original materials that have not been compiled). However, in the 1970s, there was something missing in the Warring States Letters unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha (about BC 195) in the popular Warring States Policy, which proved that Zhang Yi became famous before Su Qin, and Su Qin became active among the princes only after Zhang Yi's death. Therefore, the story that Su Qin angered Zhang Yi and the other two were on the same stage in the historical records seems inconsistent at present. The records in the Warring States Policy are wrong, and so are historical records. This is actually the mistake of the author of the Warring States Policy. The reliability of the Warring States Period in Historical Records is greatly reduced due to the massive quotation of the Warring States Policy in Historical Records, and this part of history should be reconstructed according to archaeological data.

At the same time, Historical Records also used a large number of archives and documents preserved by the royal library from Qin Dynasty to Han Dynasty. Although these files are unwritten, their historical value is no less than that of ancient books. They are more authentic and reliable without processing. After Qin's death, Liu Bang entered Xianyang. Thanks to Xiao He's foresight, he hid the Imperial edict of Prime Minister Qin in the National Library of Western Han Dynasty (if Xiang Yu entered Xianyang first, he might be burned like Epang Palace). These "books" include the distribution of counties, local conditions (maps), household registration materials, imperial edicts, Covenant regulations and institutional texts, and have always been military information, discussions, demonstrations and closed meditation. These materials not only became the basis for the post-Han dynasty to rule the empire and collect taxes, but also provided important original historical materials for the writing of Historical Records. It is precisely because of these reliable and detailed original historical materials that Sima Qian can "talk about Qin and Han Dynasties in detail" in Historical Records.

2. Travel to ancient times and field trips

Sima Qian quoted Confucius in the preface to Taishi Gong: "It is better to see what I want to say with empty words than to act in a profound and clear way." Therefore, on the basis of using literature, Sima Qian also conducted a large number of field trips. When Sima Qian was young, he traveled strongly, served Bashu, and traveled around the world with Emperor Wu, covering almost all parts of the country. I paid close attention to everything I went through, visited ancient times and asked questions, made field trips, and gained a lot of knowledge and anecdotes that were not recorded in books, and used them selectively in historical records.

The biographies of the Five Emperors in Historical Records have always been the focus of suspicion. Sima Qian once "went to Kongtong in the west, crossed Zhuolu in the north, drifted into the sea in the east, and floated in Jianghuai in the south". According to the fact that "the elders often call themselves Huangdi and Yaoshun", it is proved that "a hundred schools of thought talk about Huangdi", "Five Emperors' Virtue" and "Emperor's surname" spread the story of Huangdi, and it is concluded that although the elders in various places call themselves "solid in teaching style, they are close to ancient writers in short". By visiting ancient times, he determined the reliability of the materials used, wrote the deeds of the Yellow Emperor in the Record of the Five Emperors, and his attitude towards learning was very strict.

In Historical Records, Sima Qian analyzed the fortune changes of characters, the rise and fall of families and the rise and fall of feudal countries from many aspects, and his hometown played a great role. For example, in the Biography of Huaiyin Hou (Han Xin), he showed Han Xin's great ambition and talent, which was related to his visit to his hometown in Han Xin, and he heard that Han Xin had little ambition and a poor family, and was buried in a "high-open land" with thousands of families nearby, and he had great feelings after visiting his hometown on the spot.

3. The body and its things, see and listen with your own eyes.

Sima Tan and Sima Qian, the father and son, are two generations of imperial envoys, so they have high credibility when making biographies for many "contemporary" figures, because these people have not died for a long time, and their experiences are not far away, and many of them are personally involved and heard.

Sima Qian followed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to attend the amenorrhea ceremony, and once "entered Shougong Palace, participated in the sacred words of the temple, and studied the meaning of the alchemist's temple officials", which ensured the reliability of the amenorrhea and the Filial Piety. In the book Feng Chan, Sima Qian gave a clear and detailed description of the origin and evolution of the Feng Chan system, which was related to his personal participation. At the same time, he followed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to inspect the breach of the Yellow River and personally participated in the work of "declaring the government with negative salary", which also ensured the reliability of Hequ books. As for Wei's Biographies of Ancient Generals, Li's Biographies of Ancient Generals and Han's Biographies, Sima Qian is even more familiar with them. He has personally experienced the "Li Ling disaster" and is naturally quite reliable.

4. Oral materials handed down from generation to generation (this paragraph refers to Mr. Li Kaiyuan's views in Qin Beng and Wu Chu, and can also be found in Mr. Li Kaiyuan's open class "Wujiang commit suicide: oral history exists")

A large number of oral historical materials are used in Historical Records, including the oral accounts of the parties (or their descendants) and anecdotes circulated by the people, and some clues to the sources of historical materials can be found.

Zhao is the most detailed person who recorded the Warring States War in Historical Records. This is because Feng Tang and Feng Wangsun, whose ancestral homes were in Zhao, successively served as court officials, and became family friends with Sima Tan and Sima Qian, providing Sima Tan and Sima Qian with rich anecdotes about Zhao. As recorded in Zhao Shijia, Wang Zhao killed Li Mu, a good soldier, and used Guo Kai because "I stabbed Feng Wang Sun Yue"; Biography of the Assassin recorded in detail the process of Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin, because an important party at that time, Xia Wuqie, the physician of Qin Shihuang (who should be called the king of Qin at that time), lived to the Han Dynasty and told Sima Tan his personal experience and knowledge. There are many such examples.

Of course, oral history will include some modifications that are more or less beneficial to the narrator. We believe that Sima Qian was used only after identification and refining, which should be credible. However, there is still a problem because it is impossible for Sima Qian to interview all the parties (or their descendants), and the valuable information obtained from different objects is uneven, so the details in historical materials are uneven. Some major events are written very briefly, but many small things are written in detail (of course, this is something that can't be helped). This leads to the fact that the number of records left in Historical Records depends not on the contribution of the parties, but on how many historical materials are preserved. For example, in the last part of Biography of Xiang Yu:

Han wanted to go back to the west, saying, "Han won too much in the world, and all the princes attached to it." Chu bing stopped eating and died this day. Because of its opportunity, it is better to take it. Today, the so-called' self-preservation and tiger raising' was released. " Hanwang listens to it. In the fifth year of Hanwang, Hanwang chased Xia 'nan, stopped the army, and attacked the Chu army with Huaiyin Hou Han Xin and Hou Peng. To Guling, Xin and Yue's soldiers refused. Chu attacked the Han army and broke it. Hanwang re-entered the wall and was deeply self-controlled. Zhang Zifang said, "What can princes do if they don't keep their promises?" He said: "It is inappropriate for the Chu soldiers to break, and the more they believe, the less they will divide the land." The king can share the world with * * *, and now he can achieve it. I just can't. It's unclear. The king can dedicate himself to Han Xin from Fuhai east of Chen; North of Suiyang to Gucheng, in order to fight with: If we fight each other, Chu will be easily defeated. "Hanwang said," good. So he sent someone to Han Xin and Peng Yue and said, "Use your strength to attack Chu. Chupo, from Fuhai, to the east of Chen, to Gucheng and to the north of Suiyang. When the emissary arrived, Han Xin and Peng Yue reported, "Please join the army today." . "

Han Xin from qi, Liu Jiajun from Shouchun parallel, killing his father to Gaixia. Fu rebelled against Chu, took Liu from Shu and raised Jiujiang soldiers. With Liu Jia and Peng Yue, they will pay attention to the king.

With a note from Wang Junbi, the food was serenaded, and the Han army and the vassal soldiers were surrounded. That night, when he heard that the Han army was besieged on all sides, Wang Xiang was shocked and said, "Has the Han army gained Chu?" He Chu has so many people! "Wang Xiang up at night, drink on the account. If you have a beauty, you will always be lucky; Good horses are famous and often ride. Therefore, Wang Xiang is lamenting and lamenting. He wrote a poem: "When the mountain is pulled out, he will be angry with the world, and when it is unfavorable, he will not die. "What can I do if I don't die?" Songs count, beauty and it. Xiang Wang cried several times, but both sides cried, afraid to look up.

So Xiang Wang got on his horse and fled south overnight with more than 800 strong men. Pingming, the Han army knew about this, so it ordered the cavalry Guan Ying to chase with 5,000 horses. King Xiang crossed the Huaihe River, and more than 100 people could be heard riding. When Wang Xiang arrived at Yin Ling, he lost his way and asked Tianfu, who said "Left". Left, but trapped in daze. Catch up with ancient books. Wang Naifu led his troops to the east, but when he reached the east, he had twenty-eight riders. There are thousands of Han riders. Wang Xiang can't live without himself. He said: "I have been eight years old since I joined the army, and I have fought more than 70 wars. I have never lost, I have ruled the world. " However, today I am trapped here, and my death on this day is not a crime of war. Today, I am determined to die. I am willing to fight for you soon, and I will win three times. I will break the city, cut the generals and cut the flag for you, and let you know that this is not a war crime. "It is divided into four teams, four directions. The Han army has a large number. King Xiang said he rode a horse. "I'll take one for the public." "Ride all over the world and visit three places in Shandong. So Xiang Wang shouted that the Han army was invincible, so he beheaded a Han general. At that time, Hou Chiquan was very angry with Wang Xiang because he chased him on the general's horse. Hou Chiquan and his men were surprised. His riding club was divided into three places. The Han army didn't know where Wang Xiang was, but surrounded the army in three ways. Wang Naichi beheaded a captain from Korea, killed hundreds of people, reunited his rider, and killed his second rider. It means he rides: "What?" The riders knelt down and said, "As the king said. "

So Wang Xiang wants to cross the Wujiang River eastward. The director of Wujiang Pavilion waited on the boat and said to Wang Xiang, "Although Jiangdong is small, it is far away, with hundreds of thousands of people, which is enough for a king. May the king rush by. Today, I have a boat, and the Han army has arrived, so there is no way to cross it. " King Xiang smiled and said, "What can I do if the sky dies?" ! Besides, 8,000 people crossed the river to the west with Jiangdong's children, and none of them came back today. How can I see them? If you don't say anything, is a person worth it? "It is said that Tingchang said," I know the elders. I rode this horse when I was five years old and I was invincible. I tried to travel thousands of miles a day and couldn't bear to kill it for the public. " So all the riders dismounted and walked to fight the short soldiers. Hundreds of Han troops were killed by Du Ji. Wang Xiang was also created by more than a dozen people. Gu Jianhuan rode Sima Lv Matong and said, "If it weren't for my old friend?" Stable boy said to Wang Yi, "This is also a king." Nye said, "I heard that Han bought my head and daughter, and I am a good man." "He committed suicide. The king took his head, and the rest rode horses to claim the title, killing dozens of people. Finally, the doctor rode Yang and Sima, and the doctor got one each from Lu Sheng and Yang Wu. All five people will be * * *. So the land was divided into five parts: Zhongshuihou, Duyanhou by Wang Ming, Chiquanhou by Yang, Wufanghou by Yang Wu and Nieyanghou by Lu Sheng.

For such a decisive Chu-Han Armageddon, the specific process of the Battle of Gaixia, which decided the outcome, was very brief. However, how Liu Bang invited Han Xin and Peng Yue before the war and how to pursue the Han army after the war, Xiang Yu's "Wujiang River committed suicide" and other details were very clear, as if he had experienced it personally, which was also the most tragic and wonderful scene in Historical Records.

In this Armageddon, Xiang Yu left his name the most times. He is the master, which is natural. In the second place was a man named Yang, who appeared twice, but he was just a small cavalry general, and his performance in this battle was not heroic. Xiang Yu also called "strange people and strange things, riding clubs in three places" (this is also the prototype of Zhang Fei's story), but it was recorded in such detail that Guan Ying, the leader of the pursuer, was just a name.

Yang Xi was blocked because he grabbed a part of Xiang Yu's body, which was also the peak of his life. The Yang family, who was unknown before, began to make a fortune. By the time Yang's fourth generation Sun Yang arrived, he was already the prime minister. Yang Chang is a famous figure in the Western Han Dynasty and the grandfather of the famous Hongnong Yang in China history. He has produced a series of historical celebrities such as Yang Zhen, Yang Xiu, Su Yang, Yang Jiong and Yang Wanli, and I am a contemporary idiot. Later, even Emperor Wendi, the founding emperor of the Sui Dynasty, wanted to climb this family to improve his social status, which shows how prominent he was.

Chang Yang has another identity that is often overlooked. He is the son-in-law of Sima Qian. It makes sense to see all this now. Yang pursued Xiang Yu's glorious deeds (of course, this is not glorious. Xiang Yu was scared to death when he was alive. After Xiang Yu committed suicide, he robbed the body badly, which was handed down from the Yang era. As Yang Chang's father-in-law, Sima Qian naturally knew very well, so he wrote these details into the historical records. According to Zhihu, this should be called "private affairs". From this incident, we can see the historical origin of Sima Qian's writing of historical details. Yang experienced the whole process of pursuing Xiang Yu. Although his perspective is limited, he can also know the whole process of this operation in detail by asking his comrades and interrogating prisoners of war, which can also explain why Sima Qian knew the details of this incident.

Let's take a look at Fan Kuai, who shines brilliantly at the Hongmen Banquet.

Pei Gong rode more than a hundred miles to see Wang Xiang and arrived at Hongmen. Xie Yue said, "I fought against the general in Qin, the general in Hebei and the minister in Henan. However, I didn't expect to be able to enter the customs and break the Qin Dynasty first, so I had to say goodbye to the general here. There is a villain's words today, which will teach all the generals and ministers a lesson. " Wang Xiang said: "This is what Pei Gong Sajima and Cao Wushang said; Otherwise, why is this born? " Wang Xiang stayed with Pei Gong and drank on the same day. Wang Xianghe and Xiang Bo sit in the east, and Yafu sits in the south. Father, Fan Zeng also. Pei Gong sat in the north, while Sean waited in the west. Fan Zeng has many kings, three of which are shown in the jade slips she wears, while Wang Moran should not. Fan Zengqi summoned Xiang Zhuang and said, "Your Majesty can't bear it. If his life is not long, please dance the sword and kill him for hitting Pei Gong. If not, if it is all, it will be captured. " Zhuang is a birthday girl. On his deathbed, he said, "Wang and Pei Gong are drinking, and the army is not happy. Please dance with the sword. " Wang Xiang said, "Promise me." Xiang Zhuang drew his sword and Xiang Bo drew his sword and danced. He often covers himself with his wings, and Zhuang is not allowed to fight. So Sean went to the military gate to see Fan Kuai, and Fan Kuai said, "What happened today?" Liang said, "This is urgent! Today, Xiang Zhuang has drawn his sword, which means that he is always Pei Gong. " Kuang said, "I had to do it. Please come in and share my life with me. " Kuang entered the military gate with a sword and shield. When the guards who handed Ji could not stop him, Fan Kuai swung his shield with a bang, and the guards fell to the ground with a bang. He stood in the west with a curtain, staring at the king, pointing to his hair, and his eyes were cracked. Wang Xiang pressed his sword and said, "Who is the guest?" Sean said: "It is also possible for Pei Gong to participate in Fan Kuai." King Xiang said, "Warriors! Give it a drink. " Then fight with wine. Thank you. Get up and drink right away. Wang Xiang said, "Give it a shoulder." Then I will bear this burden with my life. Fan Kuai threw the shield on the ground, shouldered it, drew his sword and spat it out. Xiang Wang said, "Brave man, can you drink again?" Fan Kuai said, "I don't want to avoid death, so I drink my wine and quit! Her husband, King Qin, has the heart of a tiger and a wolf. If you can't kill people, if you are not afraid of victory, the world will rebel. Chu Huaiwang made an agreement with all the generals:' The one who first breaks the Qin Dynasty and enters Xianyang is king.' Today, Pei Gong first broke the Qin Dynasty and entered Xianyang, but he dared not go near. He closed the palace and returned to the army to wait for the arrival of the king. Therefore, people who will keep the customs should be prepared for him to steal in and out. Hard work and high work, the marquis is not paid, but listens to the details. To punish those who have made meritorious deeds, they will continue to die in Qin and steal for the king. King Xiang did not answer, but said, "Please sit down!" Fan Kuai is a good teacher. Sit for a while, repeatedly go to the toilet, because Fan Kuai is out.

Pei Gong has gone out and made Chen a surname Pei Gong. Pei Gong said, "What can I do if I leave today and don't retreat?" Fan Kuai said: "Big banks never hesitate to give small gifts regardless of details. Now man is a knife and I am a fish. Why should I resign? " So I went. To make Sean stay and thank you. Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" Yue: "I have a pair of white jade to give to the king; Jade hits a pair and wants to be with her father. Will be angry and dare not offer. The public dedicated it to me. " Sean said, "I promise." When the army was under Hong Men, Pei Gong's army was on the bully, which was 40 miles apart. Pei Gong bought a bicycle, rode it alone, and walked with Fan Kuai, Xia Houying, Jin Qiang and Ji Xin holding knives and shields. From the foot of Mount Li, you can walk between Daozhi and Yang Yang. Pei Gong said to Sean, "It is only twenty miles away from our army. I am going to join the army and enter the public. " Pei Gong went to be a soldier. Sean thanked him and said, "Pei Gong must resign. I want to ask the minister to give me a pair of white jade, and then I will worship the king. Fight a pair of jade and then worship the general. " Wang Xiang said, "Is Pei Hongan there?" Liang said, "I heard that your majesty was interested in supervising the army, so he ran away and went alone. He has arrived in the army. " Wang Xiang was given a seat by the wall. Father Ya fought with Jade, drew his sword and cut it, saying, "Alas! Insufficient vertical shaft, ask. Those who win the title of king of the world will be rewarded repeatedly. I belong to this. " Pei Gong took the army, so Cao.

Fan Kuai rushed into the account and saved Liu Bang from danger, which was indeed a great achievement. However, the performance of a clown like Fan Kuai in the whole incident was more decisive than that of Sean. In the face of Xiang Yu's declamatory remarks, people had a feeling of "throwing caution to the wind". Similarly, we can find that Fan Li appeared many times in the whole Historical Records, not only in Biography of Fan Guanfu, but also in Biography of Gaozu, Biography of Xiang Yu, Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of Huaiyin Hou, etc. There are more details about him than Zhou Bo, and he has made greater contributions to him. We can find that in zhou bo Houjia, when Gaozu was alive, the contribution of frequency in his life was only a running account (these can be found in official files), and it was only after the eradication of Lv Hou that some detailed records were made, because frequency was the hero who eradicated Zhu Lu and rebuilt the Han Dynasty, so we had to focus on it. Frequency, Zhou Yafu and his son were great heroes of the Han Dynasty. After the strike, Zhou Bo died in a low profile, and Zhou Yafu was framed to death by Emperor Han Jing for his work. Since then, the Zhou family has disappeared, and the early oral history is not easily collected by Sima Qian.

Fan Kuai is much luckier than frequency. Sima Qian said in the biography of Fan Li Teng:

In the sixth year of filial piety, Fan Kuai died and died as a marquis of Wu. Son is the generation of Hou. And his mother, also a pro-light Hou, when she is high above, she is authoritarian, and ministers are afraid. Dai Daihou was nine years old and collapsed after high school. Ministers punished Lu He because they punished them. Wuyang has been waiting for months. When Emperor Xiaowen was founded, he became a Wuyang Hou again and became a unique art again. The city people died at the age of twenty-nine, and died of famine. He Zi Guang Dai Hou. At the age of six, Mr. Hou's family offended him and complained to him. They wrote: "The Hou people in the deserted city were unable to be human because of illness, which made their wives and brothers in chaos and gave birth to him. He is not a barren son, nor is he contemporary. " An imperial edict to junior officials. In the sixth year of filial piety, he recruited all kinds of officials except the country.

......

Tai Shigong said: I am well-off. I asked his age and looked at the homes of Xiao, Cao, Fan Kuai and Teng Gong, as well as their elements. What a surprise! When Fang Qi slaughtered dogs and sold them, he knew that he was tied to a ponytail and named Han Ting. Is he a descendant of Liu De? I know him very well, in order to say that the high-impedance hero is happy.

Although Fan Taguang was removed from his title and reduced to a civilian, he still had a chance to have a detailed and in-depth exchange with Sima Qian, so many details of Fan Kuai's oral history can be preserved in Historical Records.