I have bought many school books and textbooks since I was a child, but I haven't seen them on the shelves for a long time. Some are moldy, and some are eaten by insects. I tried many methods, such as drying mothballs in the sun and putting them in the refrigerator, but they couldn't get rid of moldy spots, and many books were destroyed. What can I do to prevent my books from becoming moldy and moth-eaten? 1. Don't doodle. Some people may say that you can write and draw in the sidebar of the book, and you can even draw or trace lines under words and phrases. But if you want to keep this book, put it in the library or sell it-don't write anything on it. Ink will do permanent damage to your book. Write things in a diary or notebook, or use small pieces of paper, which is easy to paste and so on. If you must write, you'd better use a pencil and erase it afterwards. 2. Stay away from food and drinks. Food and drink are extremely dangerous for your book. The best way is to read without eating or drinking, and make sure your fingertips are clean and dry when turning pages. At the same time, keep books away from food and drinks. Make sure that there is no water, crumbs and sticky objects on the table (or other surface) before putting the book on it. Be careful when using and holding books, and don't fold the corners of books when reading (use bookmarks instead). Don't break the back cover. Do not damage the spine; Don't turn the book upside down. Cover the book and keep it intact. 4. Put it on the shelf. If you want to keep your books well, put them on the shelf when you are not reading. But at the same time, we should also pay attention to whether the books are placed correctly. Every book must be placed face-to-face (not sideways, let alone piled together). Every book should have enough upper space (space above the book) so that it won't touch the spine when you put the book. If there is no room for the bookshelf, put your books in the box-keep them upright. 5. Waterproof and heat-proof when placing the bookshelf, it should be placed in a dry place-there is no direct sunlight and no heat source. If you put the book in a damp place (such as cellar, bathroom or other damp places), it will grow mold. Sunlight will damage the spine of the book. Moreover, overheating will make books dry and paper fall off. 6. Stay away from insects, pets and other domestic animals. Worms and mice can bite books, and dogs can eat books; The cat tried to grab the spine of the book. Putting books in a clean place (cover) can avoid many such problems. If possible, it's also good to close the library door (in case cats and dogs accidentally break in). In addition, keeping books away from food will reduce their attraction to mice and other livestock (although sometimes mice eat books to build nests), and there should be no dust particles near books. 7. It is very important to put it out of children's reach to encourage children to study, and it is also important for children to see that you are studying. However, children will also tear books and bite them, destroying your most precious books together with the previous factors. You can teach your children to use books carefully according to their age. If they are too young (or impatient), this trick won't work: then close the library door, put books on shelves that are hard to get, or buy a bookcase that can be locked. Also, this is not to stop children from reading, but to protect books. Generally, books breed insects because of humidity. So there are the following solutions and defense methods. Take a look.

Insects can use this method: old books are easily damaged by insects if they are not well protected. If books are infected with insects, wrap them in plastic bags and put them in the refrigerator 12 hours or so, moths will freeze to death. If you soak a book in water, whether it is dried in the shade or in the sun, the paper will wrinkle and yellow easily. At this time, if the soaked handwriting is erased and put in the refrigerator for two days, the book will return to its original state. In addition, first clean the old books with alcohol balls, then put them in plastic bags and freeze them in the refrigerator for two days, which can not only sterilize, but also wipe off dirt and smooth the old books as new. Wine is the fragrance of old age, so is a good book. An enduring masterpiece is like a good wine for many years. If you want to savor the taste, it will be memorable.

This is the method to teach you how to prevent insects and some protection books: 1. Stereoscopic microscope detection.

By examining the fragments with a stereo microscope, you can know whether there are insects. Once the egg was found to be stuck, the repairman took immediate action to save the country.

In this way, Mr. Zhong, deputy director of the Hong Kong Central Library, has repeatedly restored the pocket edition of ancient books. Through the microscope, we can clearly see the part that needs to be repaired and the joint position between the page and the prosthesis, so as to accurately repair the anastomosis.

Second, quick freezing and cold storage insect prevention methods

Put the book into a plastic bag, pump out most of the air, seal it, put it in the freezer, adjust it to -30℃ for quick freezing, and kill the bookworm at low temperature after cold storage 10. If you want to deal with a large number of books, you can send them to museums and other units for processing. There is a nitrogen killing room. Put the books with insects in a sealed iron cabinet, so that the oxygen content in the cabinet can be kept below 0.3%, and pests and eggs can be completely killed.

Why not use more direct chemical pesticides? Mr. Zhong said that under normal circumstances, we do not encourage the use of chemical reagents, because it will pollute the environment and cause safety problems to users. In addition, many chemicals will remain in the literature, which will have a negative impact on the literature. In the future, when readers or researchers browse, they may also bring harm to themselves, so this practice is dispensable.

Three, foreign body removal method

In addition to pest control, there are many problems that the restorers of historic sites must deal with. For example, all the recycled books have been used, and some inappropriate repair materials, such as labels and scotch tape, will leave residual stains over time, making the pages yellow. There are also some nail books, which have been oxidized for a long time. When iron is oxidized, it will become larger and even tear the stapled pages. Therefore, in these cases, it is necessary to clear and remove harmful foreign bodies at the first time.

Fourth, the pigment treatment method

Some identity documents in the early years of the Republic of China, such as passports, were printed with water-soluble pigments, and the signatures inside were also water-soluble pigments. Generally, adhesives used to repair pages are mostly made of water, which may melt pigments when applied. How to master how to wet the paper without making the ink faint needs to be completed with tools and operation skills. Using vacuum sucker is one of the methods. Documents with water-based ink are supported by absorbent paper, then placed on a suction table and sealed with a layer of plastic film on all sides. Because the other end of the suction table is connected with a vacuum pump, after starting, the suction will make the document stick to the absorbent paper, promote the water to go down and reduce the halo around it. Therefore, it is very suitable for treating some documents with water-soluble pigments.

Five, literature repair method

Different ancient books have different paper thicknesses. When repairing, you should prepare five or six kinds of shaving paper to match. Generally, China handmade paper is used, such as Xuan paper, wool paper and historical paper. When the book paper is thick, the repair paper should be overlapped to adjust its thickness, otherwise it will affect the appearance and may damage the page again because of the uneven stress point of the reader.

The edges of damaged books can be separated, scraped flat with a knife, and then wetted with a brush. The paper used for repair is also wet, and then it is torn, and the edge of the paper will protrude a little fiber. The edge of the book and the repair paper will be stuck together with adhesive, and the repair position will be very consistent. If the file to be repaired is very thick, it is necessary to pad an offset plate under the repair paper, make a small hole with a needle, and then tear it along the boundary, so that the interface to be repaired can be tight and firm.

Six, water-soluble adhesive

The adhesive used by restorers is mainly water-soluble, which is composed of wheat starch and water, and the consistency varies according to the thickness of the bonded paper. Generally, glue containing organic solvents is not used, because there will be tension in the process of paper drying from wet to dry. Proper pressure can make it straight. Others are convenient to use, but once they are bonded, the restoration method will be more troublesome, even affecting the original appearance of the document, and they do not have the characteristics of that kind of adhesive, nor can they make the repaired document smoother.

Seven, mold removal method

Among the enemies of literature, we have to mention the abominable mold, which also directly threatens the safety of ancient books. When you receive moldy books, you should put them in a dry place as soon as possible, vacuum the moldy spores, and then scrape off the moldy main parts with tools after the situation is stable. And moldy mildew stains can be washed with warm water first, and then treated with hydrogen peroxide. Although this method is simple, it is not something that ordinary people can do by themselves. The vacuum cleaner is equipped with an efficient dust screen, and smaller particles can be separated. If the dust screen is not thin enough, it will only emit mold in the air while sucking. In addition, cleaning literature with hydrogen peroxide is not as simple as pouring it directly. Different concentrations and steps should be adopted according to the literature situation, otherwise the page will be too white or even damaged.

Eight, dry and wet treatment method

To deal with the cracking of ancient books, first give it a little fog to soften it, and then use fiber to support the bottom to avoid the crack extension. It is best to store books in an environment with relative humidity of 50-60%, air circulation, temperature below 25℃ and no direct sunlight to reduce the influence of light. Readers and librarians should be encouraged to take out their books regularly and check whether they are all in order.

Nine. conclusion

The way of book restoration has been developing and progressing, not only by hand, but also by related machines. Due to the influence of restoration materials on books, it is generally not easy to be detected in a short time in real environment, but the consequences may be quite serious, so it is particularly important to choose restoration methods and should be carefully considered.

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