There is a river outside the Mogao Grottoes. There is a clearing on the other side of the river, and several stupas are built high and low. Tuscaloosa

Round, shaped like a gourd, covered with white. Judging from the collapse of several towers, a wooden stake stands in the center of the tower, surrounded by yellow mud.

The base is made of blue bricks. Monks and abbots in Mogao Grottoes have never been rich, which can also be proved from here. The sun goes down and the wind blows.

Cold, this dilapidated tower group is even more sad.

There is a tower, which is well preserved because it was built recently. There was an inscription on the tower. When I went to read it, I suddenly

Surprised, its owner turned out to be the king!

It is recorded in history that he was a sinner in Dunhuang Grottoes.

I have seen his photos, wearing homespun cotton-padded clothes, with dull eyes and timid eyes, which can be seen everywhere in that era.

A civilian in China. He used to be a farmer in Macheng, Hubei, and fled to Gansu to become a Taoist. After several twists and turns, unfortunately

He became the hometown of Mogao Grottoes and dominated the most splendid culture in ancient China. He got very little money from foreign adventurers.

Wealth made them take away countless boxes of Dunhuang cultural relics. Today, experts from Dunhuang Research Institute have to do it again and again.

I bought a roll of microfilm of Dunhuang literature from a foreign museum, sighed and walked to the magnifying glass.

You can vent your anger on him. However, he is too humble, too small, too ignorant, the biggest garbage dump.

Just casting pearls before swine, in exchange for an indifferent expression. Let his ignorant body fully bear this heavy cultural debt,

Even we get bored.

This is a great national tragedy. Wang Daochang is just a clown in front of his body in this tragedy. Young poet

According to records, that night, when the adventurer Stan was ready to set off with a team of ox carts full of boxes, he looked back at the paradise in the west.

A sad sunset. There, the wound of an ancient nation is bleeding.

two

I really don't know how a Buddhist holy place can be taken care of by a Taoist priest. Where are all the civil servants in China?

Why do they never mention the reason of Dunhuang when they talk about it?

At that time, it was the beginning of the 20th century, and European and American artists were brewing a breakthrough in the new century. Rodin is in his works.

The sculptures in the room, Renoir, Degas and Cezanne are all in the later stage of creation, and Manet has already exhibited his Lunch on the Grass.

Some of them cast envious eyes on oriental artists, and Dunhuang art is in the hands of Taoist king.

Taoist Wang gets up early every day and likes to walk around the cave, just like an old farmer, watching his house. He is across the hole.

The murals in the cave are a little unsatisfied, dark and dizzy. I wish it were brighter. He found two helpers.

Bring a bucket of lime. Put a long handle on the grass brush, soak it in the lime bucket and start his painting. first pass

The lime is painted too thin, and the color is still faintly visible. The farmer will work hard, and he will brush it carefully. this

The air dries and the lime dries. Nothing, the smile of the Tang Dynasty, the clothes of the Song Dynasty, became a hole.

A piece of pure white. Taoist simple and honest smile, by the way, inquired about the market price of lime. He did the math,

I don't think it's necessary to brush more caves for the time being, so just brush these. He put down the brush handle philosophically.

When all the cave walls were painted new, the sculpture of the middle seat was too eye-catching. In a clean farmhouse, she

The children's elegant posture is too ostentatious, and their gentle smiles are a bit embarrassing. The Taoist priest remembered his identity, a Taoist priest,

Why not get some Shi Tian and Lingguan Bodhisattva? He ordered his assistant to borrow some hammers to bend the original sculpture.

Just a moment, please. Things are not bad, only a few times, graceful posture into pieces, gentle smile into mud. Ever heard of neighbors?

There were several masons in the village, invited them, mixed some mud, and began to pile up his Shi Tian and Lingguan. The mason said that he had never done this kind of work,

Taoist comfort, might as well, means that. So, just like an urchin making a snowman, here is the nose and here is the hand.

Feet, finally can sit still. All right, get more lime to paint it. Draw a pair of eyes and a beard, like a model.

Sample. The Taoist priest took a deep breath, thanked several masons, and then made the next plan.

Today, when I walked into these caves, I felt pale in the face of pale walls and strange images. I am in the minority.

I can hardly speak, and my eyes are shaking with those brushes and hammers. "Stop it!" I cried out in pain in my heart and saw the king.

The Taoist priest turned his face, his eyes puzzled. Yes, he is tidying up his house. Why do idle people make trouble? I even want to tell

He knelt down and begged him in a low voice, "Please wait, wait …" But what are you waiting for? My heart is still pale.

three

1900 In the early morning of May 26, 2000, Taoist Wang still got up early and tried to clear the accumulated sand in a cave. leave sth out of account

The wall cracked when it shook, and there seemed to be a hidden cave inside. The Taoist king felt a little strange, so he quickly put the hole

The cave is open, oh, a hole full of antiques!

Taoist king doesn't understand it at all. This morning, he opened a door that caused a sensation in the world. Permanent research

Q: It will be built next to this cave. Numerous talented scholars will devote their lives to this cave. The glory of China

Shame will be swallowed up by this cave.

Now, he is rummaging in the cave with a pipe. Of course he can't understand these things, just think

This is a bit strange. Why did the wall crack when I was here? Maybe this is God's reward for me. Next time I go to the county,

City, by the way, pick up some books for the county magistrate to see, this miracle.

The county magistrate is a civilian and has some weight. Ye of Gansu University soon learned that he was a scholar.

Experts who know the value of caves suggest that Mrs. Fan transport these cultural relics to the provincial capital for safekeeping. But there are many things and the freight is not low.

Bureaucrats hesitated again. Only the Taoist king took out some cultural relics again and again and distributed them around the officialdom.

China is poor, but as long as you look at the luxurious life of these bureaucrats, you will know that you will never be too poor to support this wealth.

Expenses. China officials are not ignorant. They also rummaged through unearthed scrolls in the bright and clean study, speculating on books.

Write dynasty. But they don't have the guts. They are determined to protect the heritage of the motherland. They politely

He touched his beard and said, "Wait a minute, ask Taoist Wang to send more!" " I have got a few pieces, including one.

Next, it's kyou-kan's birthday present.

At this moment, European and American scholars, sinologists, archaeologists and adventurers, thousands of miles away, camped in the wind and went to escape.

Yellow is coming. They are willing to sell all their property to pay for smuggling one or two cultural relics back. They are willing to eat

Bitter, willing to risk being buried in the desert, even ready to be beaten and killed, towards this newly opened cave.

Come here. They lit thick smoke in the desert, and China officials were drinking tea in the living room.

Without any checkpoints and formalities, foreigners went straight to the cave. A brick was put in the cave,

Locked a lock, and the key hung on Wang Daochang's belt. Unfortunately, outsiders, Wan Li sprint the most.

At the last stop, I didn't meet the heavily guarded cultural relics protection official residence, the indifferent museum curator or even the audience.

The doorman and the doorman, everything, turned out to be this dirty Taoist. They had to shrug their shoulders humorously.

A simple chat will tell you the taste of Taoist priests. All the schemes originally envisaged are purely redundant, which the Taoists want.

This is just the simplest little deal. It's like exchanging two needles for a chicken and a button for a basket of vegetables. Detailed answer

Maybe my pen is not very calm when describing this exchange account. I can only simply say: 1905 10 month, Bolu, Russia.

The chef exchanged a lot of documents and scrolls with him with a little Russian goods; 1907 May, Hungary

Because I exchanged a stack of silver dollars for 24 boxes of warp rolls, 5 boxes of silks and paintings; 1July, 908, French Pelliot used it in small quantities.

Silver dollars were exchanged for 10 carts, more than 6,000 notebooks and scrolls; 19 1 1 year1October, used by Japanese Koichiro Yoshikawa and Zuicho Tachibana.

The unimaginable low price brought more than 300 volumes of writing books and two Tang sculptures; 19 14, Stan came again for the second time and used a little.

Silver dollars were exchanged for 5 boxes of more than 600 scrolls; ......

Taoist priests also hesitated for fear of offending God. It is so easy to get rid of this hesitation that Stan coaxed him.

He said that he admired Tang Priest. This time, he traced the footsteps of Tang Priest and came to China from India to learn the scriptures. Ever since ...

It's a foreign Tang priest. Take it away. The Taoist king opened the door in high spirits. There is no need for any diplomatic rhetoric here, just a few words.

A fictional fairy tale.

Box after box. One cart, another cart. All packed and tied. Whoops, the motorcade is leaving.

I didn't go to the provincial capital because the master said there was no freight. Well, then ship it to London, ship it to Paris,

To Petersburg, to Tokyo.

Taoist king nodded frequently, bowed deeply and sent him a ride. He addressed Stan respectfully because "the master keeps his promise",

He called pelliot "a country that fears peace". He has some heavy silver dollars in his pocket, so it is difficult to get charity at ordinary times.

I see. After saying goodbye, I thanked Master Si and Master Bei for their "charity". The motorcade has left, and he is still standing at the intersection.

In the desert, two deep ruts.

When they returned abroad, Stan was warmly welcomed. Their academic reports and exploration reports always resonate with people.

Thunderous applause. They often mention the eccentric Taoist king in their narratives, which makes foreign audiences feel like such a fool.

How important it is to save this legacy. They constantly hinted that it was their long journey that made Dunhuang documents from

Darkness goes to light.

They are pragmatic scholars, academically, I can admire them. However, their argument was shelved.

Forgot some very basic premises. There was no time to argue, and a few lines of a contemporary China youth came to mind.

Sentence, which he wrote to the second gold master who burned the Yuanmingyuan:

I hate it.

Hate that I wasn't born a century earlier.

So I can stand in front of you

A gloomy castle

A field with morning dew.

Either I pick up the white gloves you left behind.

Either you catch the sword I threw.

Why don't you and I each ride a horse?

Stay away from the handsome flag that covers the sun

Leave the queue like a cloud

Win or lose.

These poems may be too difficult for this group of literati. But I really want to stop their motorcade in this way. correct

Look, standing in the desert. They will say, you can't learn; Ok, let's find a place to sit down first.

Than studying. We can do anything, but we can't quietly take away the legacy left by our ancestors.

I can't help sighing again. What if the motorcade is really stopped by me? I have to deliver it then.

Beijing, forget the freight. But wasn't there really a batch of cave literature sent to Beijing at that time? There is just no wood at the scene.

Boxes, only mats are tied casually, and officials along the way reached in to get one, leaving a few bundles in the rest place. Therefore,

By the time I got to the capital, I had already dispersed.

For such a big China, there are more than a few volumes of scriptures! I sometimes even want to be cruel compared to the scene ruined by a lot of officials.

I said to myself, I'd rather put it in the London Museum! This sentence is not very comfortable after all. The motorcade was stopped by me to investigate.

Where should I sail? It's hard here and there, so I can only let it stay in the desert and cry.

I hate it!

four

I'm not the only one who hates it. Experts from Dunhuang Research Institute hate me more than I do. They don't want to express their feelings, just

With a straight face, I studied Dunhuang documents for decades. Literary films can be bought from abroad, and the more humiliating they are, the more humiliating they are.

Study hard.

When I went, an international seminar on Dunhuang studies was being held in Mogao Grottoes. It will be held in a few days. A Japanese scholar used it.

The heavy voice explained, "I want to correct a past statement." The results of these years show that Dunhuang

In China, Dunhuang studies are also in China! "

Experts in China are not too excited. They left the meeting silently and walked past the silent tower of Wang Daochang.

Yu, a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang, 1946, is a famous contemporary art theorist, cultural history scholar and essayist in China. After graduating from college, he stayed in school to teach for many years. He used to be the dean and professor of Shanghai Theatre Academy and the president of Shanghai Writing Society. After resigning, I continued to engage in teaching and writing. His main works are Historical Draft of Drama Theory (1983, published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House), Artistic Creation Plan (1978, published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House), Cultural Journey (1992, published by Knowledge Publishing House) and Fragments of Civilization (65433). /kloc-0 was awarded the title of "National Outstanding Contribution Expert" in 1997, and was included in many essays of Who's Who in the World. The Cultural Journey won the first prize of Shanghai Publishing, the Shanghai Literature and Art Excellence Award, the Taiwan Province United Daily News Best Book Award and the Jinshitang Most Influential Book Award. Notes on Mountain Residence won the highest prize of overseas Chinese literature-the first prize of the Best Book Award of Taiwan Province United Daily News.

His cultural prose is highly respected for its unique perspective, unique expression and profound thinking.

2. In the year of Gengzi (1900), on May 26th of the lunar calendar, Taoist King discovered a compound cave (now numbered 17) on the north wall of the cave in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, which was full of scrolls and documents from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Northern Song Dynasty. The total number of these ancient documents is more than 50 thousand, most of which are handwritten, and there are also a few blocks and rubbings; Its forms are paper, folded books (including pleated leaves, cyclones and butterflies), leaf books and single-leaf paper. Most of its characters are in Chinese, but there are also many documents in ancient Tibetan, Uighur, Khotan, Sogdian, Sanskrit and Turkic. Its content is extremely rich, involving religion, history, geography, language, literature, art, music, astronomy, calendar, mathematics, medicine and many other disciplines, but mainly Buddhist classics and temple documents. Dunhuang documents mainly refer to these ancient documents. No matter in quantity or cultural connotation, the unearthed Dunhuang documents can be said to be the most important cultural discovery in China in the 20th century.

However, these precious cultural relics, which later shocked the academic circles in the world, were not properly protected at that time, leading to most of them being scattered to Britain, France, Russia, Japan and other countries. China academic circles began to sort out and study Dunhuang documents from 1909. With the joint efforts of China scholars and Japanese, French and British scholars, the field of academic research, which started with sorting out and studying Dunhuang documents, has gradually expanded, forming a new discipline-Dunhuang studies. Now, Dunhuang studies have become an internationally renowned school, and the study of historical issues by using Dunhuang documents has always been an important part of Dunhuang studies. (Hao Wenchun's Review and Prospect of Dunhuang Literature and Historical Research)

3. Dunhuang studies is a comprehensive marginal subject. The research objects of Dunhuang studies are: first, Dunhuang Grottoes, where colorful sculptures and murals from the Sixteen Countries to the Yuan Dynasty are displayed, are magnificent and unparalleled art museums; Second, there are 40,000 to 50,000 books unearthed in the Tibetan Sutra Cave. As far as art is concerned, there are a large number of paintings, architecture, sculptures, decorative patterns, calligraphy, literature and other cultural relics, which are precious historical materials for the history of art, architecture, literature, calligraphy, music and dance in China. As far as history is concerned, it involves politics, military affairs, philosophy, religion, nationality, language, science and technology, folk customs, and cultural exchanges between China and the West. Therefore, the study of Dunhuang studies can be divided into two parts: one is the study of Dunhuang grottoes, and the other is the study of Dunhuang suicide notes. (Zhu, "Three Trends in the Development of Dunhuang Studies —— The Third Study on the Trend of Contemporary China Historiography")

4. The research objects of Dunhuang studies generally include Dunhuang grottoes, Dunhuang suicide notes and Dunhuang monuments (in fact, the Silk Road monuments).

Dunhuang grottoes include all the grottoes in ancient Dunhuang with Mogao Grottoes as the main body, with more than 550 grottoes and murals of about 50,000 square meters. From the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it lasted 1600 years, and its scale was unparalleled in the world. As far as the mural content is concerned, it depicts the activities of various nationalities, classes and aspects in China. There are about 40,000 or 50,000 documents unearthed from the Tibetan Sutra Cave, which lasted for more than 1,000 years from the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty. The content includes politics, economy, military and so on. The British call it "the great treasure house of China's literary remains". In a word, the study of Dunhuang studies has been involved in Wan Li for two thousand years, and the so-called "Dunhuang studies" is actually "Chinese studies". (Duan Wenjie's "Dunhuang Studies Return to Hometown")

5. According to statistics, China Peking Library currently has the largest collection of Dunhuang suicide notes, exceeding 1000 suicide notes, and 9803 have been catalogued; The Oriental Writing Headquarters of the British Library has 1 1297, of which 9 172 has been catalogued. There are 6,000 papers in the National Library of Paris, France, 4,038 papers in Chinese have been catalogued, and about 2,000 papers in Tibetan have not been catalogued. The Asian Institute for Nationalities in Leningrad, the former Soviet Union, collected a copy. 1 1050, catalog number 2954; No.429, the most fashionable Japanese flower collection. In addition, China Lushun Museum has a volume189; Gansu Provincial Library has more than 0/00 books/kloc; Gansu Provincial Museum 137 pieces; Dunhuang Research Institute 367 pieces; Dunhuang County Museum has 78 pieces in Chinese and 226 volumes in Tibetan. 22 cultural relics rooms in the history department of Northwest Normal University; Shanghai Museum 182 pieces; More than 300 pieces of Tianjin Art Museum; Taiwan Province Central Library153; There are more than 20 pieces in the National History Museum of Taiwan Province Province. Some foreign libraries and museums also have some suicide notes. For example, the library of Indian Affairs in Britain has 765 Tibetan documents. 38 volumes of Daiwa University, Japan; 7 volumes of Gulong University; Japanese private collector Nakamura Buzhe 163 pieces; Other * * * has 28 volumes; Oriental Department of Royal Danish Library Volume 14; The French Ji Mei Museum also has 220 silk paintings. There are also some libraries with unknown collections, such as Hexi Museum in Gansu, China, Institute of History and Language of Taiwan Academia Sinica, and some private collectors in Taiwan Province Province. The Kindley Library of Oxford University, the Library of the Royal Society of Asia and the Berlin Academy of Sciences in West Germany have more than 6,000 documents of China, the Seoul Museum in South Korea has more than 2,000 documents of former governors of North Korea, and there are about 3,000 documents of Otani in Japan. The Delhi Museum in India also has some Tibetan literature. Sweden, Austria, the former East Germany and other countries also have their own treasures. (Lu Xiuwen, "How much do you know about Dunhuang suicide notes", "Knowledge of literature and history")