He described and demonstrated the basic principles of radio communication in the reports of Franklin College in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association. The instrument he made contains all the basic components of the radio system before the invention of the electron tube.
Guillermo Marconi holds the British patent number, which is widely regarded as the world's first patent on radio technology. 12039, "improvement of electric pulse and signal transmission technology and required equipment". Nikola tesla obtained the American radio technology patent in 1897.
However, in 1904, the US Patent Office revoked its patent right and granted Marconi a patent for inventing radio instead. This move may be influenced by Marconi's economic supporters in the United States, including Thomas Edison and andrew carnegie.
1909 Marconi and karl ferdinand braun won the nobel prize in physics for inventing wireless telegraph. Radio 1943, shortly after Tesla's death, the US Supreme Court reconfirmed Tesla's patent.
This decision admitted that his invention had been completed before Marconi's patent. Some people think that this decision is obviously for economic reasons, so that the United States in World War II can avoid paying Marconi patent royalties.
1898, Marconi opened the world's first radio factory in Hall Street, chelmsford, England, with about 50 employees. Radio has gone through various stages of development from electron tube to transistor to integrated circuit, from short wave to ultrashort wave to microwave, from analog mode to digital mode, from fixed use to mobile use, and radio technology has become an important pillar of modern information society.
There is also the Russian inventor popov, who claimed to have invented radio in 190 1 year. Invention of radio: The birth of radio More than 90 years ago, three weak and short signals of "beep, beep, beep" spread over the Atlantic Ocean by radio waves for 2500 kilometers, announcing the birth of radio to the world.
It was 190 1 year 65438+February 12, and we camped and waited. In Marconi, SignalHill, Newfoundland, located in the southeast corner of Canada, a receiving antenna was set up with balloons and kites, and finally the international Morse code with the character "S" was received from Poldhu in the southwest corner of England through a high-power transmitting station.
This is the first radio communication across the Atlantic. This experiment shows the world that radio is no longer a novelty in the laboratory, but a practical communication medium. This news caused a sensation all over the world, aroused the keen interest of radio enthusiasts and promoted the vigorous development of amateur radio movement.
Although Marconi's experimental results were quite exciting, at that time, it was generally believed that radio behavior was similar to light waves. It's definitely straight after launch. From Britain to Canada, it is definitely impossible to complete straight-line radio communication (because the surface of the earth is curved). The scientific theory at that time proved that the radio waves emitted from Britain must go straight into space. How did they get to Canada? But according to Marconi's experimental record of conquering long-distance communication with simple radio equipment, the signal can reach as far as 700 miles during the day and more than 2,000 miles at night. These experimental data make the inevitable result of the previous theory begin to shake. At the same time, Mr. kennelly and Mr. Haverside put forward the same view: there is an electron layer in the earth's atmosphere, which can refract radio waves back to the earth like a mirror instead of directly shooting into space. Because of this refracted signal, remote radio stations can communicate with each other. This kind of electronic layer is like a mirror on radio waves, and it is called KENNELLYHEAVISIDE layer, but now it is usually called lonosphre.
Since 1925, many scientists have begun to explore the ionosphere. By transmitting radio pulse signals to the ionosphere, we can understand the natural phenomena of the ionosphere from the echoes of the ionosphere. The result is that the ionosphere over the earth is like a big umbrella, which changes with the change of day and night or seasons. It is also found that some frequencies can pass through the ionosphere. However, some frequencies return to the surface from different angles. Although the ionosphere has been uncovered to some extent, short-wave international communication has made great progress. However, for more than 60 years, scientists have never missed any opportunity to continue studying the ionosphere. Even rocket launches, satellite tests and recent space shuttle flights have designed some experiments to further understand the ionosphere. Recently, with the help of ultra-high-speed computers, it is hoped that the next few years can be predicted by hypothetical models like meteorology. The development history of radio is, to a great extent, the history of people's research and application of various bands.
First, the long-wave band is used, because the induced current caused by long waves on the surface is small, and the energy loss of radio waves is small, which can bypass obstacles. However, the long-wave antenna equipment is huge, expensive and the communication capacity is small, which urges people to seek new communication frequency bands.
In the 1920s, amateur radio enthusiasts found that short waves could travel a long distance. Ionospheric theory appears in 193 1, and the ionosphere is like a mirror mentioned by Hertz.
Best for reflecting short waves. Shortwave radio is light and economical, and has been widely used in the fields of telecommunications and broadcasting.
However, the ionosphere is influenced by meteorology, solar activities and human activities, which makes the communication quality and reliability decline, and the short-band capacity can not meet the growing demand. The short-wave frequency band is 3 MHz to 30 MHz. According to the calculation that each short-wave radio station occupies 4KHz frequency band, it can only accommodate thousands of radio stations, and each country can only get a very limited number of radio stations, and the TV station (8MHz) is even more crowded.
Since the 1940s, microwave technology has been developed all over the world. Microwave is close to optical frequency, travels in a straight line, and can pass through the ionosphere without being reflected, so it needs to pass through.
2. What is the history of communication development? Human beings have a long history of communication.
As early as ancient times, people exchanged information through simple language and murals. For thousands of years, people have been using language, symbols, bells and drums, fireworks, bamboo slips and paper books to convey information. Ancient bonfires, flying pigeons and post-horse mail are examples of this.
Some primitive tribes in some countries still retain ancient communication methods such as beating drums and blowing horns. In modern society, the command sign language of traffic police and the semaphore in navigation are just the result of the further development of ancient communication methods.
These basic aspects of information transmission depend on human vision and hearing. /kloc-After the middle of the 9th century, with the development of telegraph and telephone and the discovery of electromagnetic waves, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of human communication, realizing the transmission of information through metal wires and even wireless communication through electromagnetic waves, making the mythical "clairvoyance" and "clairvoyance" come true.
Since then, human information transmission can be separated from the conventional audio-visual way, using electrical signals as a new carrier, bringing a series of iron technological innovations and opening a new era of human communication. From 65438 to 0837, American Samuel Morse successfully developed the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.
Using his own code, he can convert information into a series of long or short electrical pulses to the destination, and then convert them into original information. 1844 On May 24th, Morris sent the first telegram in human history in the conference hall of the Federal Supreme Court of the Capitol, thus realizing long-distance telegraph communication.
1864, the British physicist J.c.Maxwel established a set of electromagnetic theories, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, and explained that electromagnetic waves and light have the same properties and both travel at the speed of light. 1875, the Scottish youth A.G. Bell invented the world's first telephone.
And applied for an invention patent in 1876. 1878, the first long-distance telephone experiment was conducted between Boston and new york, which are 300 kilometers apart, and it was successful. Later, the famous Bell Telephone Company was established.
1888, the young German physicist H.R. Hertz conducted a series of experiments with radio circuits and discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves. He proved Maxwell's electromagnetic theory by experiments. This experiment caused a sensation in the whole scientific community and became an important milestone in the history of modern science and technology, which led to the birth of radio and the development of electronic technology.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves had a great influence. In less than six years, Russian popov and Italian Marconi invented wireless telegraph respectively, which realized the radio transmission of information, and other radio technologies mushroomed.
1904 British electrical engineer Fleming invented the diode. 1906 American physicist Fessenden successfully developed radio broadcasting.
1907, American physicist Trevor Lester invented the vacuum triode, and American electrical engineer Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiving device by using electronic devices. American radio expert Conrad established the world's first commercial radio station in Pittsburgh on 1920. Since then, the broadcasting industry has flourished all over the world, and broadcasting has become a convenient way for people to understand current events.
1924, the first short-wave communication line was established between nauen and Buenos Aires. 1933, the first commercial microwave radio line between Britain and France was established in Clarville, France, which promoted the further development of radio technology. The discovery of electromagnetic waves has also promoted the rapid development of image communication technology.
1922, 16-year-old American middle school student Philo Farnsworth designed the first schematic diagram of TV fax. 1929 applied for an invention patent and was ruled as the first person to invent television. From 65438 to 0928, Zwojin of Westinghouse Electric Company invented the photoelectric picture tube, and cooperated with the engineering teacher Gas to realize the transmission and transmission of electronic scanning TV.
1935, the Empire State Building in New York, USA, set up a TV station. The next year, TV programs were successfully transmitted to places 70 kilometers away. 1938, Volgin made the first TV camera that meets the practical requirements.
After people's continuous exploration and improvement, 1945, American radio company made the world's first all-electron-tube color TV according to the working principle of three primary colors. Until 1946, American Ross Weimar invented the high-sensitivity camera tube. In the same year, Professor Hamoto, a Japanese, solved the receiving antenna problem of home TV. Since then, some countries have successively established ultrashort wave relay stations, and television has rapidly spread.
Image fax is also an important communication mode. Since 1925, the first practical fax machine was developed by American radio company, and the fax technology has been continuously innovated.
Before 1972, this technology was mainly used in news, publishing, meteorology and broadcasting industries; From 1972 to 1980, fax technology has completed the transformation from analog to digital, from mechanical scanning to electronic scanning, and from low speed to high speed. In addition to transmitting meteorological maps, press releases, photos and satellite cloud pictures instead of telegrams, it has also been applied in medical treatment, library management, information consultation, financial data, electronic post and so on. After 1980, fax technology was transformed into an integrated processing terminal, which not only undertakes communication tasks, but also has the ability of image processing and data processing, and became an integrated processing terminal. Electrostatic copiers, tape recorders, radars and lasers are all important inventions in the history of information technology.
In addition, remote control, telemetry and remote sensing technology are also very important technologies as information remote control. Remote control is a technology that uses communication lines to control remote controlled objects, which is applied in electrical industry, oil pipeline, chemical industry, military and aerospace industry. Telemetry is a measurement technology, which converts the measured physical quantities to a distant place, such as voltage, current, air pressure, temperature, flow and so on. , converted into electricity, transmitted to observation points through communication lines, and applied to meteorological, military, aerospace and other industries. Remote sensing is a comprehensive measurement technology, which uses sensors to receive electromagnetic wave information radiated by high-altitude or distant objects, and prompts the nature, shape and changing trend of the measured objects through processed or recognizable images or recording tapes used by computers. It is mainly used in meteorology, military affairs, aerospace and other fields.
With the rapid development of electronic technology, military and scientific research.
The history of human communication is very long.
As early as ancient times, people exchanged information through simple language and murals. For thousands of years, people have been using language, symbols, bells and drums, fireworks, bamboo slips and paper books to convey information. Ancient bonfires, flying pigeons and post-horse mail are examples of this.
Some primitive tribes in some countries still retain ancient communication methods such as beating drums and blowing horns. In modern society, the command sign language of traffic police and the semaphore in navigation are just the result of the further development of ancient communication methods.
These basic aspects of information transmission depend on human vision and hearing. /kloc-After the middle of the 9th century, with the development of telegraph and telephone and the discovery of electromagnetic waves, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of human communication, realizing the transmission of information through metal wires and even wireless communication through electromagnetic waves, making the mythical "clairvoyance" and "clairvoyance" come true.
Since then, human information transmission can be separated from the conventional audio-visual way, using electrical signals as a new carrier, bringing a series of iron technological innovations and opening a new era of human communication. From 65438 to 0837, American Samuel Morse successfully developed the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.
Using his own code, he can convert information into a series of long or short electrical pulses to the destination, and then convert them into original information. 1844 On May 24th, Morris sent the first telegram in human history in the conference hall of the Federal Supreme Court of the Capitol, thus realizing long-distance telegraph communication.
1864, the British physicist J.c.Maxwel established a set of electromagnetic theories, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, and explained that electromagnetic waves and light have the same properties and both travel at the speed of light. 1875, the Scottish youth A.G. Bell invented the world's first telephone.
And applied for an invention patent in 1876. 1878, the first long-distance telephone experiment was conducted between Boston and new york, which are 300 kilometers apart, and it was successful. Later, the famous Bell Telephone Company was established.
1888, the young German physicist H.R. Hertz conducted a series of experiments with radio circuits and discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves. He proved Maxwell's electromagnetic theory by experiments. This experiment caused a sensation in the whole scientific community and became an important milestone in the history of modern science and technology, which led to the birth of radio and the development of electronic technology.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves had a great influence. In less than six years, Russian popov and Italian Marconi invented wireless telegraph respectively, which realized the radio transmission of information, and other radio technologies mushroomed.
1904 British electrical engineer Fleming invented the diode. 1906 American physicist Fessenden successfully developed radio broadcasting.
1907, American physicist Trevor Lester invented the vacuum triode, and American electrical engineer Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiving device by using electronic devices. American radio expert Conrad established the world's first commercial radio station in Pittsburgh on 1920. Since then, the broadcasting industry has flourished all over the world, and broadcasting has become a convenient way for people to understand current events.
1924, the first short-wave communication line was established between nauen and Buenos Aires. 1933, the first commercial microwave radio line between Britain and France was established in Clarville, France, which promoted the further development of radio technology. The discovery of electromagnetic waves has also promoted the rapid development of image communication technology.
1922, 16-year-old American middle school student Philo Farnsworth designed the first schematic diagram of TV fax. 1929 applied for an invention patent and was ruled as the first person to invent television. From 65438 to 0928, Zwojin of Westinghouse Electric Company invented the photoelectric picture tube, and cooperated with the engineering teacher Gas to realize the transmission and transmission of electronic scanning TV.
1935, the Empire State Building in New York, USA, set up a TV station. The next year, TV programs were successfully transmitted to places 70 kilometers away. 1938, Volgin made the first TV camera that meets the practical requirements.
After people's continuous exploration and improvement, 1945, American radio company made the world's first all-electron-tube color TV according to the working principle of three primary colors. Until 1946, American Ross Weimar invented the high-sensitivity camera tube. In the same year, Professor Hamoto, a Japanese, solved the receiving antenna problem of home TV. Since then, some countries have successively established ultrashort wave relay stations, and television has rapidly spread.
Image fax is also an important communication mode. Since 1925, the first practical fax machine was developed by American radio company, and the fax technology has been continuously innovated.
Before 1972, this technology was mainly used in news, publishing, meteorology and broadcasting industries; From 1972 to 1980, fax technology has completed the transformation from analog to digital, from mechanical scanning to electronic scanning, and from low speed to high speed. In addition to transmitting meteorological maps, press releases, photos and satellite cloud pictures instead of telegrams, it has also been applied in medical treatment, library management, information consultation, financial data, electronic post and so on. After 1980, fax technology was transformed into an integrated processing terminal, which not only undertakes communication tasks, but also has the ability of image processing and data processing, and became an integrated processing terminal. Electrostatic copiers, tape recorders, radars and lasers are all important inventions in the history of information technology.
In addition, remote control, telemetry and remote sensing technology are also very important technologies as information remote control. Remote control is a technology that uses communication lines to control remote controlled objects, which is applied in electrical industry, oil pipeline, chemical industry, military and aerospace industry. Telemetry is a measurement technology, which converts the measured physical quantities to a distant place, such as voltage, current, air pressure, temperature, flow and so on. , converted into electricity, transmitted to observation points through communication lines, and applied to meteorological, military, aerospace and other industries. Remote sensing is a comprehensive measurement technology, which uses sensors to receive electromagnetic wave information radiated by high-altitude or distant objects, and prompts the nature, shape and changing trend of the measured objects through processed or recognizable images or recording tapes used by computers. It is mainly used in meteorology, military affairs, aerospace and other fields.
With the rapid development of electronic technology, military and scientific research urgently need to be solved.