Common compound sentences:
(1) The conjunctions used to connect two coordinate concepts are and, not only … but also …, not…not… and so on. Clauses before and after "and" usually indicate sequential and progressive relations. The tenses of the clauses before and after are always consistent. If the first clause is imperative, then the second clause uses the future tense.
(2) means to choose between the two. Commonly used conjunctions are or, otherwise, else, there … or … etc. The tenses of the clauses before and after are always consistent. If the first clause is imperative, then the second clause is future tense.
(3) Explain that these two concepts are contradictory, opposite or turning. Commonly used conjunctions are but, yet, still, how and so on. The tenses of the clauses are consistent.
(4) explain the reason, use the conjunction for, and the tense of the clauses before and after is consistent.
(5) to express the result, use the conjunction so, and the tense of the clauses before and after is consistent.
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A subject-predicate complex sentence consists of a main clause and one or more clauses. The main clause is the main body of the sentence, and the subordinate clause is only a secondary component of the sentence, so it cannot be independently made into a sentence. Clauses are usually guided by conjunctions, which connect clauses with main clauses.
Although grandparents love their children, they are strict with them. Grandparents love their children very much, and they are also very strict with them. The meeting never seems to end. Hurry up, or you will be late. Hurry up, or it will be too late. No matter how hard I cook eggs, the children still won't eat them. )
2. Classification:
Clauses are divided into subject clauses, predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses and adverbial clauses according to their functions in complex sentences. (See the following article)
3. The position and usage of each clause in the sentence:
(1) Predicative clause: a clause used as the predicative of a connecting verb in a sentence, which is located after the connecting verb in the main sentence.
This is the reason why he didn't come to school yesterday. /That's because you are too smart.
(2) Object clause: used as the object of a transitive verb or preposition in a sentence.
① Basic form: (main sentence+) conjunction+clause subject+clause predicate+ ...
② the choice of object clause conjunctions:
If the clause comes from a declarative sentence, then the conjunction is that, which can be omitted in spoken English;
If the clause comes from a general question, the conjunction is if or what.
If the clause comes from a special interrogative sentence, then the conjunction is an interrogative word (such as what, who, where, when, etc. )
They believe that computers will eventually replace humans. They believe that computers will eventually replace humans. I don't know whether I should say anything to the headmaster for him. I don't know if I should say anything for the headmaster. This clause comes from the general question "What should I say to the headmaster for him?" . He asked me where I could buy such medicine. This clause comes from a special question: where can he get such medicine? )
③ Tense of object clause: If the main clause is present tense, the clause is present tense or even past tense;
If the main clause is past tense, the clause uses a past tense accordingly, and still uses the present tense when encountering objective truth. I think I will do better in English this time $ TERM. I think I will learn English better this semester. The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. )
④ The clauses behind the following structures are generally considered as object clauses:
I'm sorry/afraid/sure/happy+that clause, for example: I'm sorry I'm late. Sorry I'm late. I'm afraid he's not in now. I'm afraid he's not at home now. )
(3) Adverbial clause: As an adverbial in a complex sentence, its position can be before or after the main sentence. Adverbial clauses can be divided into time, place, reason, purpose, result, comparison, concession and condition. Adverbial clauses are guided by subordinate conjunctions.
Adverbial clauses of time are usually guided by when, as, while, after, before, since, only, since, till, while, never, etc. Adverbial clauses of time are usually placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. Pay special attention to the adverbial clause of time. Future tense is not allowed, but present tense should be used instead. When you finish your work, you can go out to play with Sam. I won't leave until my mother comes back. )
Positional adverbial clauses are usually guided by where, where and so on. Go back where you came from! Where did you come from and where did you go! I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace, no matter where he may be. )
Cause adverbial clauses are usually guided by because, since, as, etc. , and are usually placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. He went abroad because his father found a good university for him. )
The adverbial clause of purpose is usually led by so that ..., so ... hat ..., so that ... and often put at the end of the sentence. Clauses usually contain modal verbs, such as can/could/may/might. He got up early so that he could catch the first train. )
As a result, adverbial clauses are usually guided by so that ..., so ... that ... is placed at the end of the sentence. Results adverbial clauses generally indicate what has happened, so they are mostly in the past tense. He lost so many bicycles that he decided never to buy new ones. He lost so many bicycles that he decided never to buy a new one again. )
Comparative adverbial clauses are usually guided by as, than, as (so) ... as, etc. Generally, the predicate part of a clause is omitted, leaving only nouns or pronouns (nominative or accusative). Jane is much taller than me. I don't have as many books as you. I don't have as many books as you.
Adverbial clauses are usually guided by Through (though), As, Evenif (even through), anyway, anyway, etc. Even if you pay my debts, I won't thank you, because it has nothing to do with me. In spite of the cold weather, he wore a T-shirt. In spite of the cold weather, he wore a T-shirt. )
Conditional adverbial clauses are usually guided by if, never and as long as. Conditional adverbial clauses are usually placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. Pay special attention to the adverbial clause of time. Future tense is not allowed, but present tense should be used instead. You are sure to fail in the coming final exam. You should study harder. Unless you study harder, you are sure to fail in the coming final exam. If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. )
[Note] 1, this is the reason; Although and but; ; If and so cannot appear in pairs in the same sentence.
2, time, conditions, reasons, adverbial clauses at the beginning of the sentence need to be separated from the main sentence by commas.
(4) Attributive clauses: Clauses that modify nouns or pronouns in complex sentences are called attributive clauses.
(1) The position of the attributive clause: after the noun or pronoun. The man with an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. )
(2) the change of grammatical terms: the modified nouns or pronouns are called antecedents; The conjunctions that lead to attributive clauses are relative words, in which that, which and who are relative pronouns and where, when and how are relative adverbs.
③ The function of relative pronouns or adverbs:
The relative pronouns who, who and who refer to people and are used as subject, object and attribute respectively in clauses. It refers to things, sometimes people, and they can be used as subjects or objects in clauses. Relative pronouns in attributive clauses can be omitted when they are used as the object of clauses. This is the thief that we have been looking for for for several days. This is the thief we have been looking for recently. Please find a room large enough for all of us. Please find a room large enough for all of us. )
When relative adverbs when or where lead attributive clauses, they are adverbial of time and adverbial of place respectively. This is the room where they quarreled a week ago. I will never forget the day when I first met you. )
④ Restrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clauses. Restrictive attributive clauses cannot be omitted in a sentence, otherwise the meaning of the main sentence will be incomplete. Non-restrictive attributive clauses are usually separated from the main clause by commas. This clause is an additional explanation, and its omission does not affect the meaning of the main clause. She talked about her new book all the time, and none of us had heard of it. She talked about her new book all night, and none of us had heard of it. )
[Notes]
1, relative pronouns can only use that:
When the antecedent refers to indefinite pronouns (all, any, etc.). ), or the antecedent part contains superlative or ordinal number, you can't use other relative pronouns, you can only use that. For example, what Lily told me doesn't seem to be true. )/Can you give me something that doesn't contain sugar? Can you give me something without sugar? This is the first double-decker bus running in our city. This is the first double-decker bus in our city. )
2. when relative pronouns are used as subjects in clauses, they usually use who (referring to people) and that (referring to things) instead of that or which.
Do you know the woman crying in the corner? Do you know the woman crying in the corner? Don't say anything that has nothing to do with me. Please don't say a word if it's none of my business. )
When relative pronouns are used as the object of clauses, which or who is often used, and that or who is rarely used. And relative pronouns are often omitted.
Tom's father was the first parent our teacher talked to. Tom's father was the first person our teacher talked to. )
When relative pronouns follow prepositions, they must use which or who, and when prepositions move to the end of sentences, they can use that or who.
This is the room where Miss Li once lived. This is the room where Miss Li once lived. ) This is the room where Miss Li once lived. )
(5) Subject clause: The clause that acts as the subject of a sentence is called a subject clause. Before the predicate verb. Usually guided by that, what and interrogative conjunctions. It is usually used to replace the subject clause and move the subject clause to the end of the sentence. When we should start is still a question. )
Direct and indirect speech
1, direct speech and indirect speech: in a declarative sentence, the original sentence of the speaker is directly quoted, which is called direct speech. When writing, use quotation marks for direct quotation. Expressing what the original speaker said in his own words is called indirect speech.
2, direct speech into indirect speech:
1. If the direct speech is a declarative sentence, you should pay attention to the following points when it becomes an indirect speech:
(1) without quotation marks, with conjunctions, but sometimes can be omitted.
(2) People call it corresponding change;
③ If the verb in the main sentence is past tense, the tense in indirect speech should generally be changed accordingly: the general present tense becomes the general past tense; The general future tense becomes the past future tense; Change the present continuous tense into the past continuous tense; The present perfect tense has become the past perfect tense; The general past tense has become the past perfect tense; However, if the general past tense is used with a specific past time, the tense remains unchanged.
For example, he said, "I'm not American" → he said he was not American.
Mr. Smith said to his girlfriend, "I haven't seen you for a long time." "
Mr Smith told his girlfriend that he hadn't seen her for a long time.
2. If the direct speech is a general question, when it becomes an indirect speech, it needs to be guided by the subordinate conjunction "whether" or "if", and the word order should be changed. Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?" → Lin Tao asked Miss Green if this was made in China.
3. If direct speech is a special interrogative sentence, then when it becomes indirect speech, it needs to be guided by interrogative words. The word order is: conjunction+subject+predicate.
For example, Lucy said to me, "What can I do to help?" Lucy asked me what she could do.
4. If the direct speech is an imperative sentence, when changing the indirect speech, the imperative sentence must be changed to the infinitive of the verb, and tell, ask and order should be used before the infinitive of the verb. For example, "he said to the little boy," come here, young man! "
He asked the little boy to go there.
5. When direct speech becomes indirect speech, demonstrative pronouns and words or phrases indicating time and place should be changed accordingly.
Inverted sentence: A sentence with some or all predicates before the subject is called inverted sentence.
1, there are sentence patterns and sentences starting from here and there. There are many children in the showroom. There are many children in the showroom. Here comes the bus. Here comes the bus. The bell is ringing. There was a ring at the bell The door opened and Mr. Li came in. The door opened and Mr. Li came in. )
2. The inversion structure of "so/nor/inside+auxiliary verb+subject" is the same as that of the above characters. Tom went to the beach last week, so did I. Tom went to the beach last week, so did I. /Li Mei didn't buy anything in the shop. Neither did Jim. Li Mei didn't buy anything in the shop, and neither did Jim. )
3. In interrogative sentences, in addition to asking questions about the subject, the inversion method of putting auxiliary verbs before the subject is usually adopted. How did he find the lost book? How did he find the lost book? Where are they going to spend their summer vacation? Where are they going to spend their summer vacation? )
4. In exclamatory sentences, the exclamatory part usually moves forward, and the subject and predicate of the sentence are put back as a whole. What beautiful flowers! What a beautiful flower it is! )
5. When quoting someone's original words in quotation marks, the subject and predicate outside quotation marks are generally placed in the inverted form at the end of the sentence, but if the subject is a pronoun, it is not inverted. For example, "What the hell are you doing up there?" Father said. Father said, "What the hell are you doing up there?" )/"What the hell are you doing up there?" He said. He said, "What the hell are you doing up there?" )
Additional comments
Usage of die, dead and death: die is a verb, which can be independently used as a predicate with various tense changes, and can also be used as other components of a sentence to become a non-predicate form; Death is an adjective used as the attribute, predicate or object complement of a sentence; Death is a noun used as the subject and object of a sentence. I'm dying! I'm dying! This man has been dead for about three months. This man has been dead for about three months. He's worried sick. He's worried sick. )