On the basis of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the mode of handicraft production continued to change. It should be said that at that time, the division of labor between the government and the handicraft sector became more and more detailed, and the handicraft organization became larger and larger. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the central government set up several government supervisors, one director, one military supervisor and one water supervisor. In addition, there are Hou Yuan Workshop of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Sinong Temple Solo School, Water Mill and Charcoal Yard. After the Southern Song Dynasty, it tended to Lin 'an, and basically followed the management mode of the Northern Song Dynasty. But compared with before, the craftsmen in the official handicraft industry have taken recruitment as the main body. The wages of craftsmen on duty in official workshops depend on their skills and qualifications, so the situation is quite good. Folk handicrafts are more developed and commercialized than before. For example, the cottage industry, which is most closely integrated with agriculture, also has many products on the market at this time. According to historical records, some farmers who produce flax put their flax into the market to obtain some indispensable production tools or consumer goods. Family handicraft industry is such a state, and the individual handicraft industry separated from agriculture has a stronger market nature. The scale of folk handicrafts in Song Dynasty was large. Many handicraft workers have become professional workers, such as machine operators, and the number of workshops is far greater than that of the Tang Dynasty. In some seminars, a simple cooperative relationship has emerged. In addition to the labor force at home, other workers, that is, employees, have been employed, and even in smelting, porcelain making and other industries, there has been a business model far greater than the production of small commodities, which was almost invisible in the Tang Dynasty. In this industrial production environment, coupled with the active commodity economy in Song Dynasty, the collapse of local system, the increasingly mature agriculture and the gradual enrichment of cash crops, handicraft industry naturally entered a new stage. In the handicraft economy of Song Dynasty, due to the need of agricultural production development for various iron farm tools and weapons wars, mining and metallurgy industry occupied an important position, which was manifested in the expansion of mining areas, the increase of employees and the further improvement of organizational system, thus increasing the output of iron. In the Northern Song Dynasty, in the areas where the government levied iron tax, one million Jin was paid in two places, 300,000 Jin in three places and 100,000 Jin in two places every year, showing the high output. Although the Southern Song Dynasty only ruled the south, there were four or five places where the annual tax revenue reached 100 thousand, and the iron smelting industry developed obviously. Technically, there was a breakthrough in Song Dynasty: 1. Cold forging is an outstanding achievement of early steel mechanical treatment in China. Cold forging can remove the spots on the surface of hot forging, make the surface of steel smooth, make steel thin and increase strength. 2. Smelting method of copper alloy iron. This method is to melt a certain amount of copper in pig iron so that it will not rust in the air and become harder. This technology appeared in Guangdong and Guangxi. With the prosperity of commodity economy in Song Dynasty, the demand for money is increasing day by day. The currency in China and the United States is mainly copper coins. Therefore, copper, as a raw material for coinage, has developed rapidly. Copper smelting technology in Song Dynasty was ahead of the world at that time. This technology is called gallnut copper leaching method, and its operation mode is to add iron to gallnut alum solution, so that copper ions in gallnut alum are replaced by metallic iron and precipitated into elemental copper. Bile leaching, as a method of extracting copper, has its own characteristics. The copper yard can be set in the place where there is much bile water, and the equipment is relatively simple and the cost is low; 2. Copper can be extracted at normal temperature without reaching the high temperature of 1000 degrees like pyrometallurgy, which saves a lot of fuel and smelting equipment; 3. Lean ore that cannot be used for smelting can be used. This method has achieved good results. According to records, some copper factories have an annual output of one million Jin of copper. Ceramic Industry in Song Dynasty

The distribution of porcelain industry in the northern song dynasty can be described as confrontation between the north and the south, reflecting each other. The famous porcelain kilns in the north are Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Jun Kiln and Cizhou Kiln. The famous porcelain kiln in South China is Yue Kiln. Move the capital to An Sok, south of Nanlin, and find another kiln site in the south, and set up an official kiln in Hangzhou, while the original kiln site in the south continues to develop. For example, Geyao and Diyao were produced in Longquan Kiln in Chuzhou, Jingdezhen expanded the firing range, and Jiyao appeared in Yong Town, Jihe, Jiangxi. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been official kilns and private kilns. However, it should be noted that official kilns do not necessarily refer to official handicrafts. In addition to official kiln workshops, folk porcelain workshops are also called official kilns as long as they are fired according to official orders. What remains after the tribute is fired is called the folk kiln. Therefore, the official kiln is not a handicraft site, but porcelain. It can be seen from the various porcelains left over from the Song Dynasty that the porcelains made in different kilns at that time had their own characteristics. White porcelain fired in Ding Kiln was developed on the basis of Xing Kiln in Tang Dynasty, which can be divided into Beiding Kiln, Nanding Kiln, Fending Kiln and Tuding Kiln. Its main characteristics are thin tire, milky yellow glaze, moderate shape and meticulous molding process. On the one hand, the firing technology of Ru kiln adopted the glaze color of Yue kiln in the south, on the other hand, it inherited the printing technology of Ding kiln in the north and created printed celadon. The vessel is characterized by wet glaze, agate powder, egg green, light green, bean green, shrimp green and so on. Jun kiln is characterized in that the colorants of copper glaze are bright colored glazes such as rose purple and begonia red, and the glazes are sky blue, azure, emerald green, plum green, beige and ink. During the firing process, the copper porcelain in the glaze will react chemically and become green or reddish-purple spots. Some porcelains found unexpected changes when they were opened. These are called kiln changes in the porcelain industry, called kiln changes. The Ge Kiln and the Di Kiln of Longquan Kiln were opened by Zhang and Zhang Shenger of Chuzhou. They mainly burn celadon with different shades, such as emerald green, pink green, grayish green and light green, and extremely shallow is close to white. Ge kiln is characterized by cracks and broken wires caused by different expansion rates and shrinkage rates between porcelain glaze and porcelain tire after heating and cooling. Younger kiln tires have thicker bones and no streaks. A kiln in Fujian is famous for firing black porcelain. Kiln products, with silvery white ripples in black glaze, such as rabbit hair and partridge gray spots, are especially suitable for tea sets. Jingdezhen gradually became the firing center of porcelain in the Song Dynasty, and the name of Jingdezhen was also finalized in the Song Dynasty. During the Jingdezhen period in northern Song Zhenzong, a mayor and a royal kiln were built there, so the name of this town was named after the year. Jingdezhen porcelain works are blue glazed yellow, influenced by several kiln systems at that time. This kind of porcelain is called crab shell green, and the original glaze color of Jingdezhen is shadow green. It is characterized by extremely thin porcelain, white and blue glaze, deep lettering and visible inside and outside. Jingdezhen also copied Jun kilns and Ding kilns in Song Dynasty, so it can also produce red glaze and white porcelain. Textile industry is also an important sector of handicraft industry in Song Dynasty, which has developed both officially and privately. There are many silk fabrics produced in various places, such as Chengdu brocade in Sichuan, monofilament brocade in Luochun and Zhongshu, brocade in Jianzhou, Pengzhou and Bazhou, white silk in Zizhou, white silk in Yangzhou, white silk in Hangzhou and square silk in Jiangling Prefecture. Hemp fabrics are mainly concentrated in the southeast, such as ramie cloth produced in Huangzhou, Xuanzhou, Yuanzhou, Jizhou and other places. The output is very large, and the hemp spinning industry in Guangxi has also developed rapidly. On textile industry technology

Judging from a large number of existing books in the Song Dynasty, the engraving printing technology at that time reached a fairly high level. Employees of bookstores all over the country print all kinds of anthologies, novels, poems, songs and notes, which has trained a large number of skilled workers and formed a book printing style all over the country. There are three kinds of books printed in Song Dynasty, namely official edition, workshop edition and home edition. The printing centers are An in Zhejiang, Fuzhou, Jianning and Tingzhou in Fujian, Chengdu in Sichuan, Ganzhou and Shangrao in Jiangxi. The mass production of household lacquerware is a characteristic of folk handicraft production in Song Dynasty. Lacquerware in Song Dynasty was exquisitely made, some were wooden tires, and some were wooden tire stickers. Lacquerware is engraved with landscapes, pavilions, figures, birds and animals, which are lifelike. At that time, there were many kinds of lacquerware, including carved red lacquerware, flat lacquerware, gold-plated lacquerware, rhinoceros lacquerware and so on. As tea is an important export product, with the prosperity of overseas transportation in Song Dynasty, tea production took a big step forward, and its commercial scale and manufacturing technology surpassed that of Tang Dynasty. At that time, Sichuan produced the most tea, followed by Jiangnan, Jianghuai, Zhejiang and Hunan. Fujian tea is only produced in Jianzhou and Jianzhou, but it is of the best quality and well-made, and often becomes a tribute, so it is very famous. Tea-making technology in Song Dynasty was quite mature. After picking tea leaves, you should go through the steps of steaming tea, pressing tea, grinding tea, making tea and yellowing. In fact, making tea is a very professional handicraft industry. Not only can tea picking and tea making not be mixed together, but also different processes cannot be confused. Other handicraft techniques are becoming more and more sophisticated, such as about 20 processes of salt making: repairing weir to store moisture, soaking moisture, drying ash, spraying ash, taking brine, transporting it into the group, adding brine, boiling salt and tripping over salt; The sugar industry also has complicated procedures: cutting, grinding, steaming, squeezing, frying, putting in a kettle, draining and exposing in an urn; Paper industry: preparing materials, cooking, rinsing, pulping, beating, fishing, pressing, drying and processing.