The contents of bibliography mainly include document disclosure and description, bibliography indexing, bibliography information service and bibliography history. A branch of bibliography, including general bibliography: studying the general principles of bibliography and the basic methods of bibliographic indexing; Bibliography: studying the accumulation, arrangement and utilization of documents in various disciplines; Comparative bibliography: study the characteristics of bibliography development at home and abroad. In addition, there is a sub-discipline, which focuses on the textual research of book edition status, called edition bibliography. This catalogue has a long history. The earliest catalogue in the world is Pinak Catalogue (also known as Catalogue of Famous Scholars and Their Works, with existing fragments) compiled by Calimarcos, an ancient Greek bibliographer and poet (about 305 BC ~ about 240 BC). The bibliography not only records the books of the Alexandria Library led by Carrimarks, but also includes all the Greek documents at that time. The invention of printing greatly promoted the exchange and dissemination of world culture, and also promoted the development of bibliography compilation.
1545 C. Gesner published the world bibliography. /kloc-In the 6th century, the Italian jurist Giovanni Nevizano compiled the Bibliography of Jurists, and in 159 1 year, the German Israeli Spacci compiled the Bibliography of Medical Works. 1564 published the Catalogue of Frankfurt Book Market in Frankfurt am Main, Germany (published every six months thereafter until 1749), which became the beginning of the publication of bibliography. Later, many countries published this catalogue, which was further developed in 18 and 19 centuries. The emergence of national bibliography is a milestone in the development history of bibliography, which has made great progress in the compilation technology of bibliography, such as collection scope, classification system and retrieval methods.
/kloc-in the 0/9th century, national bibliographies published regularly appeared in the west, and since then, countries have compiled and published national bibliographies. The Bibliographic Catalogue of the British Museum published by 188 1 ~ 1900 contains 1.3 million books, with a total number of items exceeding 4.5 million, more than 230 volumes than the French printed book catalogue collected by the National Library (published by 1897). The card catalogue appeared in France in the second half of18th century, and gradually became one of the main forms of library collections in various countries after19th century. In the late 1960s, machine-readable catalogs appeared in the United States, and many countries have issued such catalogs since then. The online joint catalog database of online library center is the largest bibliographic database (machine readable joint catalog) in the world.
As early as the Shang Dynasty (BC 15 ~ BC 12 century), there were a large number of documents in China, including160,000 pieces of Oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Xiaotun, Anyang. At that time, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's offerings were arranged in a certain order. Historians in charge of documents in Zhou Dynasty have a clear division of labor, such as unofficial history's management of the records of the four directions, the books of three emperors and five emperors, and the titles of the books of the four directions, which shows that there is likely to be a catalogue of documents registered and reported in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
According to the Records of Art and Literature in Han Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Yang, the military and political servant, neglected his legacy and recorded the Records of the Soldiers, which is the earliest book catalogue recorded in the existing literature in China. In 26 BC, Emperor Hancheng ordered Chen Nong to look for a suicide note and summoned doctors and other school secretaries. Liu Xiang died before proofreading, and his son Liu Xin followed in his father's footsteps. He compiled the full text of every narrative written by Liu Xiang when he was proofreading into 20 volumes of Bielu, and Liu Xin took it from Bielu to make seven volumes of Qilv. Bielu is a model of narrative summary in later generations. Qilue established a bibliography classification system guided by Confucianism, which had a far-reaching impact on the compilation of later catalogues (see Bielu and Qilue). Xun Xu, the secretary supervisor of the Western Jin Dynasty, wrote Zhongjing's New Book. According to the cultural and academic development at that time and the changes in the number of books, he established four bibliographic classification systems. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Li Chong compiled Four Bibliography of Jin and Yuan Emperors, and the positions of the two books were reversed. The book of the History Department precedes the books of the philosophers, and the four-bibliography classification system established by Li Chong became the permanent system of cataloguing compiled by secretaries in Song, Qi, Liang, Chen and Sui Dynasties. There are official catalogues compiled by the government to sort out the palace books, such as 200 volumes of Four Records of Books, 40 volumes of Ancient and Modern Books, 66 volumes of Chongwen General Catalogue compiled by Wang, Ouyang Xiu in Song Dynasty and Zhongxing Pavilion compiled in Southern Song Dynasty. The most outstanding representative of the official catalogue is the Catalogue of Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty. In a.d. 1772, Ji Yun was the chief editor. According to Li Hong's instructions, the abstracts written for various books during the compilation of Sikuquanshu were compiled, including 346 ancient books1species and 6,793 entries not included in Sikuquanshu. According to the classification system of classics, history, books and collections, there is a general order before the four books, a small order before the big and small categories, and each book has an abstract. It is a summary of China's ancient works before Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, which can be regarded as the most perfect representative of China's ancient bibliography classification system and the masterpiece of China's bibliography method.
catalogue
Ban Gu compiled Han books in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and edited Han Shu Literature and Art Records according to Liu Xin's Seven Outlooks, which set a good example for later historical records and created a new catalogue of historical records. It is the earliest existing catalogue in China, and it is also an important catalogue for studying China's social and academic thoughts and cultural classics from pre-Qin to Western Han Dynasty. The Annals of Sui Shu, the second earliest catalogue of historical records in China, reflects the living conditions of China literature in the Middle Ages. Since then, there have been literary and artistic records or historical records in Old Tang Shu, New Tang Shu, Song Shi, Ming Shi and even Qing Shi Draft, leaving a record of a generation of books or a single person's writings in the official history.
The private book catalogue is an important supplement to the official catalogue. It began with Seven Records compiled by Wang Jian in the Southern Song Dynasty. The catalogue follows a classification system of seven records. After six records, an atlas was added, and a short biography was set under the title of each book, which created a precedent for biographical summary. There are many lost articles in Seven Records compiled by Liang, Seven Forests compiled by Sui Xu and West House Bibliography compiled by Wu Jingzi in Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, due to the development of culture and scholarship and the progress of printing, there were many book collectors and the cataloging style was relatively complete. For example, the important private collections that have been handed down to this day are: Reading Records of County Houses edited by Chao, Bibliography of Sui Chutang edited by You Mao, and Explanations of Governing Houses edited by Chen. There were more than 400 book collectors in the Ming Dynasty, and private books were relatively developed. The famous ones are: Bai Jiang Lu, Hong Yu Lou Bibliography by Xu Huobo, Bao Wen Tang Bibliography by Chao Xuan, Mai Wang Guan Bibliography by Zhao, Lian Sheng Tang Bibliography by Qi Chengxuan and so on. In the early Qing Dynasty, private books were popular. Many bibliophiles compiled their own catalogues, such as the Bibliography of Garden Library and the Bibliography of Handed Down Buildings by Xu, and some scholars compiled catalogues for other people's books, such as the Bibliography of Sun Shrine.
Professional catalogue develops with academic prosperity. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism became popular all over the country. From the Wei Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, there were more than 40 kinds of Buddhist literature catalogues, among which Shi Daoan's Comprehensive Bibliography and Shi Sengyou's The Three Stories of Chu were the most famous. The Collection of Three Monks of Chu is the earliest extant catalogue of Buddhist literature in China. The special topics in the Tang Dynasty include Tang Daoxuan's Records of Collection, Zhi Sheng's Records of Buddhism and Education, Yang's Records of the Historian and Yin Zhongmao's Records of Thirteen Dynasties. Shi lue and Zi lue, which are equally famous with Sun in Song Dynasty, are very influential special catalogues, while Ghost Record written by Zhong Sicheng in Yuan Dynasty is the earliest catalogue of Chinese traditional opera literature. Reading Knowledge of the Ming Dynasty marked the location of Buddhist scriptures, which can be regarded as the earliest attempt of China's joint cataloging. Textual research of Zhu Yizun, Zhang Xuecheng and Xie Qikun in Qing Dynasty. Mei Wending's Bibliography of No Temple Calendar, Huang Wenyang's Revised Quhai Catalogue and Wang Guowei's Qulu are influential special catalogues.
In the Qing Dynasty, due to the prevalence of textual research and edition, books and edition catalogues were more common, such as Reading Collection by Zeng Fushi, Tianlu Bibliography by editor-in-chief, Huang Pilie's Bai Translation, Jiaoting Zhijian Special Edition Catalogue, Shao's Notes on Siku Concise Catalogue, etc.
A feature of modern bibliography is the emergence of catalogues that reflect new learning and play a guiding role, such as Bibliography Question and Answer compiled by Zhang Zhidong 1874 and Bibliography of Western Studies compiled by Liang Qichao 1896. In the latter bibliography, circle knowledge is added in the table, language knowledge is added at the bottom, and "reading western calligraphy" is attached, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages, depth and reading methods of the book. Bibliography introducing new western learning includes: Textual Research on Taixi Works by Wang Tao, Japanese Bibliography by Kang Youwei, Bibliography of East and West Studies, Bibliography of New Learning by Shen, etc.
China's index originated very early. Hong Wu Yu Yao compiled by Zhang (1575) in Ming Dynasty, Ming Yun of Han Dynasty compiled by Fu Shan (1642) in Qing Dynasty and Historical Surnames Yun compiled by Wang Huizu in Qing Dynasty are all famous indexes. Since the 1920s, the index has developed rapidly. 1922, Cai Tingkan compiled Lao Jie Lao, 1926, Chen Naigan compiled the Index of the Four Ku Complete Books, 1930, and Harvard-Yanjing Society took the lead in establishing a compilation institute to edit and publish 64 kinds of ancient books indexes. During this period, the Beijing Institute of Sinology of Paris University also compiled an index of 65,438 ancient books. Ye Shengtao's Index of Thirteen Classics, Shi Tingyong's Index of Subtitles and Titles of Series, Gu Jiegang's History as a Mirror and Wang Zhongmin's Index of Chinese Studies Papers were also published. Yu Jiaxi, a famous bibliographer, summed up six functions of bibliography in textual research of ancient books:
First, if there is no catalogue, the authenticity of the book will be broken;
The second is the separation and combination of archaeological books and catalogue books;
Third, the nature of ancient books is determined by the number of parts recorded in the catalogue;
Fourth, due to directory access;
Fifthly, cataloguing the lost books;
Sixth, the name of the catalogue book is deleted and the number of archaeological books is true and false.
Mr. Yu's above assertion is profound. For researchers, the catalogue is also a powerful assistant and work quotient. Because the catalogue is a classified description of books, it is helpful to use the catalogue to consult relevant books and materials, "that is, to seek books by category and learn by books"; At the same time, in terms of classification, the catalogue can also show the origin and genre of cultural studies for people to learn from, which is undoubtedly of great significance to research work. In the process of studying, sorting out and using historical documents, we must seriously study and study the catalogue, especially the catalogue of historical departments. Due to the variety of types, quantities, contents and forms of documents, the needs of document users vary widely, and the types of document catalogues are also diverse. Each catalogue realizes its function of revealing and reporting literature information by its specific compiling method. Different types of catalogues reflect people's different purposes and needs in using documents. According to different standards, there are different types of directory types. There are the following standards, which are further divided into different types.
The scope of this catalogue includes:
Directory job directory author directory as general directory.
Comprehensive Directory Automatic Directory Alphabetic Directory Subdirectory Resource Directory
For the asset catalogue, please refer to the catalogue, card catalogue and bibliography annotation catalogue related to specific books.
Subject Directory Home Directory Volume Root Directory Volume Directory Volume Directory Table
Seedling Directory Local Directory Central Directory Static Directory Instruction Directory
Catalogue of evidence, prohibited books, websites, exhibits and cancellation.
Structure directory section directory temporary directory temporary directory is on the directory.
Source Directory Original Directory E-mail Directory Precompiled Directory Preview Directory
Syntax Directory Check Directory User Directory Business Directory Page Directory
Page Directory Sample Directory Performance Directory Query Directory Select Directory
Reverse Directory Current Directory Virtual Disk Directory Basic Directory Mechanical Directory
New book catalogue, price catalogue, classified catalogue table, activity catalogue and subdirectories.
Novel catalogue, sales catalogue, detailed catalogue, global catalogue and export catalogue.
Linear Catalog Current Catalog Drawer Catalog System Catalog Material Catalog
Chart catalog product catalog problem catalog illustration catalog insert catalog
Check directory, startup directory, document directory, file directory and operation directory.
Please refer to the catalogue, material catalogue and property catalogue for the general catalogue.
Supplementary catalogue, auction catalogue, working catalogue and image catalogue.
Drawing Directory Graphic Directory Book Directory Table Directory
Root directory directory directory communication directory (1) General functions
1. Search function
People need to inherit and apply the knowledge accumulated by predecessors in production activities and scientific research practice. They must look up the required documents through a certain form of literature catalogue, use manual retrieval or modern means to automatically retrieve them, and find out the situation, clues or sources of the required documents from a literature library. Whether it is the bibliographic information service of catalogers or the process of knowledge learning, readers need to use various bibliographies to retrieve relevant literature information, and the retrieval function of catalogues is the most basic social function. The catalogue has the retrieval function since it came into being. For example, the collection catalogue of Ashgabat Library, which appeared in Mesopotamia in the 7th century BC, has the nature of property registration, but it also reflects the retrieval function of the original catalogue. Wu Tong, a bibliographer in the Tang Dynasty, pointed out in the Preface to the Records of Ancient and Modern Books that the catalogue would make books treasured in the palm of your hand and recorded in the chronicle. You can know the main idea by looking at the records, and you can know the words by looking at your eyes. Catalogue can play the role of discipline, book grouping and classification, which makes the vast number of books classified and provides convenience for people to master the book status and retrieve the books they need.
2. Reporting function
Directory is an information feature that reports the form and content of required documents to demanders. It is not limited to a specific collection of documents, but includes the information of all documents in the past, present and future (ready to be published or about to be published). The information value of the catalogue lies in that it often and quickly reports the latest published literature information and the latest scientific research trends about a certain discipline or a certain scientific research topic for the demanders, and provides information about the latest scientific research achievements. Catalogs can reveal and report the publishing situation of documents in a certain historical period and reflect the general situation of scientific and cultural development in that period. For example, Liu Xin's Seven Laws fully reflected the social and academic thoughts and cultural classics from the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty. The Historical Bibliography of the Past 80 Years (1900 ~ 1980) provides readers with relevant information about all historical works in the past 80 years, including economic history, political history, military history, literary history, religious history, art history, science and technology history, etc. The catalogue also undertakes the task of informing readers about the documents that have been compiled or will be published soon, so that readers can get the information of future documents that they are interested in in in advance, such as the new books of the Soviet Union and the new bibliography of social sciences and science and technology in China.
3. Reading guidance function
There are a large number of documents in the past dynasties, and there are often such readers or readers. Faced with a sea of documents, they don't know where to go, which books to read about a certain problem, the order of reading, which books to read intensively and which books to browse generally. This needs to solve the problem of learning style. Recommended bibliography carefully selects, evaluates and recommends documents according to readers' characteristics and personal needs, and gives full play to the educational role of catalogues in guiding readers' reading and learning. For example, the bibliography question and answer compiled by Zhang Zhidong in the Qing Dynasty was the guide catalogue of students who should take the exam at that time, pointing out what books to read and what books to read. The Bibliography of Dongdan compiled by Liang Qichao plays an essential role in solving problems and guiding reading, which can help readers solve the problem that a certain subject should come first and a certain subject should come later. If you want to learn a subject well, you must cure it first. In a subject, the book should be the first, the book should be the last, and the book should be the last, so that readers can get the method of learning and research. Zhang Zhidong said: there is no return to the flood, no harvest for life, and twice the result with half the effort. ....................................................................................................................................................... ...........................: You are a good teacher today. After reading the summary of the general contents of Sikuquanshu, you can get a glimpse of the academic path. The guiding role of the catalogue is that the catalogue workers will give readers a positive and purposeful educational influence by recommending documents, so that the catalogue will truly become a guide for readers in the ocean of documents and a consultant for readers' learning.
(A) the purpose and social function of the preparation
According to the purpose and social function of catalogue compilation, it can usually be divided into: ① Registration catalogue is a comprehensive registration and reflection of the publication or collection of a certain range or a certain type of literature in a certain historical period. National bibliography is one of the main types of registered catalogues. It is a general catalogue that comprehensively and systematically reveals and reports all the documents published in a country, a record of the present situation and history of all the publications in a country, an important tool for understanding and controlling all the publications in a country, and the basis for realizing world bibliographic control. (2) Catalogue of Scientific Bulletin, which is compiled to provide readers and information institutions with newly published and newly entered documents in a timely and accurate manner. (3) Recommended bibliography, which is compiled to guide readers to learn or popularize cultural and scientific knowledge by selectively recommending documents for specific readers or around specific purposes. (4) Topics and monographic catalogues, which comprehensively and systematically reveal and report on a subject or a research topic for specific readers. The collected documents are very professional, and the revealed documents are generally in-depth, such as China Agricultural Records and China Classic Novel Bibliography. ⑤ Bibliography, also known as Bibliography Guide, is a general bibliography compiled from secondary documents such as various catalogues, indexes and abstracts, and is the key to understanding and mastering bibliographic indexes, such as Bibliography of the National Library (Zhonghua Book Company Edition). ⑥ The published bibliography, also known as the book catalogue, is a published or about to be published catalogue compiled by the publishing department, which is the link between publishers, publishers and readers.
1. Reflects the scope of literature collection.
According to the catalogue, the scope of document collection can be divided into: ① collection catalogue, which reflects all or part of the documents collected by a document collection unit, and can be subdivided into general catalogue, branch catalogue, lending office catalogue, reading room catalogue, etc. And special collection catalogue (reflecting documents with special value and needing to be preserved separately) (see library catalogue). (2) The joint catalogue is a unified catalogue that reveals and reports the documents collected by several document collection units. The joint catalogue can be comprehensive, special or thematic.
2. Include the content range of the file
According to the catalogue, the contents of collected documents can be divided into: ① comprehensive catalogue, aiming at meeting various information needs. The content of the collected literature involves the catalogue of all knowledge categories, which has the characteristics of comprehensive content and wide readers. (2) Topics and specialties. (3) Personal Writing Catalogue, also known as Personal Writing Examination, is called Biography Bibliography in the West and the Soviet Union, and it is a catalogue that reveals and reports all the works of a specific person and documents about that person. It can also be subdivided into the catalogue of personal writings (such as The Year of Translation of Qu Qiubai's Writings edited by Ding Jingtang and Cao Wen) and the catalogue of personal writings (such as The Index of Lu Xun's Research Materials edited by Beijing Library and the Institute of Literature of China Academy of Social Sciences). (4) Catalogue of local documents, which reveals and reports the documents on politics, economy, culture, science, art, humanities, mountains and rivers, climate, products and natural resources in a certain area.
3. Reflect the types of literature
According to the types of documents reflected in the catalogue, it can be divided into: book catalogue, periodical catalogue, newspaper catalogue, map catalogue, technical standard catalogue, patent catalogue, series catalogue, local chronicles catalogue, archives catalogue, microfilm catalogue, audio-visual material catalogue, ancient books catalogue, bibliography and so on.
4. Time of publication of documents
According to the relationship between the publication time and the compilation time of the catalogue, it can be divided into: ① Current bibliography, reporting the newly published or collected catalogue in time, so that readers can grasp the latest literature information quickly and timely. (2) Retrospective bibliography, which reflects the literature accumulated in a certain historical period and is compiled for retrospective retrieval. (3) advance bibliography, the list of documents reported or planned to be published in editing.
5. Arrangement method of included documents
According to the arrangement of the documents contained in the catalogue, it can be divided into: ① classified catalogue, which is a logically related catalogue arranged according to the knowledge content and characteristics reflected by the documents. (2) alphabetical list, arranged in alphabetical order by document name or author or subject word.
6. Degree of document disclosure
The degree of revealing documents according to the catalogue can be divided into: ① Title catalogue, which reveals the title, author and publication of documents, is a concise form of document report and is often used in the report of a single document. (2) The abstract directory, also known as the problem-solving directory, is a directory with the abstract of each document. Summarize the main contents and original data of literature with concise words, report the latest research results to readers, convey literature information, and provide readers with a retrieval tool to decide the basis of literature selection. Carrier form
1. Book style
A catalogue that records the form and content characteristics of documents in a single book according to the catalogue description standard. Book catalogue is easy to save, circulate and retrieve, but it is not convenient to add, delete and update contents in time.
2. Card type
The appearance and content characteristics of documents are recorded on international standard cards (7.5cm× 12.5cm), and then the catalogue items are arranged and distinguished according to certain methods. Its characteristics are easy to increase or decrease, easy to reorganize the organization and easy to update the content at any time, but it is huge, takes up a lot of space and is not easy to carry. Card catalogue is widely used in document collection units.
3. Periodical style
Catalogues, indexes and abstracts published in the form of regular or irregular serial publications.
4. Appendix types
It is usually attached to papers, monographs, textbooks, encyclopedias or appears in books and periodicals in the form of appendices, which are mostly bibliographies of cited documents, reference documents and recommended documents.
5. Miniaturize
Shoot the contents of the bibliography on microfilm or microfilm. Computer output microfilm catalogue is a catalogue formed by converting the bibliographic data output by computer into text form through microfilm recorder and recording it directly on microfilm. Both the miniature catalogue and the computer output miniature catalogue have the characteristics of small volume, large capacity and fast compilation speed, but they can only be consulted by readers.
6. Machine readable
Machine-readable catalogue is a catalogue that converts bibliographic descriptions of documents into code forms, records them on computer storage carriers, and can be recognized and output by computers.