Two kinds: paint and coating.
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1) How to choose coatings
Experts said: whether it is "standard paint", "environmental protection paint" or "green paint", we must first meet the national limit standards for harmful substances. It should be said that the paint is safe. Although VOC in paint is harmful to human body, there is a problem of quantity. As long as VOC is within a limited range, it is not enough to cause too much harm to human body, and consumers don't have to talk about VOC discoloration at all.
Like other products, the paint market is mixed. Experts remind consumers not to be greedy for cheap paint, but to choose products of well-known brands, so as to ensure the safety of themselves and their families.
When choosing, carefully read the quality inspection report of the product; Observe whether there is corrosion and leakage at the joint of iron drum; Pay attention to whether the courier logo on the iron drum is complete; For imported coatings, it is best to choose products with Chinese logo and description; Non-environmental protection coatings, due to VOC, formaldehyde and other harmful substances exceeding the standard, mostly have pungent smell. If you smell irritating smell when buying, you need to choose carefully. In addition, it is best not to buy paint with essence, because the additive itself is a chemical product and it is difficult to protect the environment.
If possible, please open the paint bucket and test it yourself. If there is serious stratification, the quality is poor; Stir gently with a stick, and the coating stays on the stick for a long time after lifting, covering evenly, indicating good quality; Dip a little with your hand, and it is better to wash it off with clear water when it is dry; Gently twist with your hands, the thinner the better.
2) How to choose furniture paint?
1. Polyester resin is the main film-forming substance in polyester paint. Unsaturated polyester paint is often used in high-grade furniture, also known as "piano paint". Unsaturated polyester paint is characterized by:
1. The thickness of one-time construction film can reach 1mm, which is unmatched by other coatings.
2. The paint film is plump, clear and transparent, and its hardness and gloss are higher than other paints;
3. Water resistance, heat resistance, short-term light resistance and flame retardancy are better than other coatings;
4. Unsaturated polyester paint has poor flexibility and is easily brittle when stressed. Once the paint film is damaged, it is not easy to repair, so pay attention to protect the furniture when moving.
Second, the polyurethane paint film is hard and wear-resistant, and the gloss is high after polishing. It has good water resistance, heat resistance, acid and alkali resistance, and is a high-quality top-grade wood paint.
Three, acrylic paint is made of methacrylate and acrylate polymer coating, including water white varnish and pure white enamel. Acrylic paint film is bright and hard, with good color retention and gloss retention. It has good water resistance and adhesion, and the polished paint film is as smooth as a mirror and can be used for a long time.
4. matte paint is mainly varnish, which is made by adding a proper amount of matting agent and auxiliary materials. Due to the different dosage of matting agent, the gloss of paint film is also different. Matte paint film has soft luster, uniform thickness, smoothness, temperature resistance, water resistance and acid and alkali resistance.
Nitrocellulose paint is also called spray paint and wax. It uses nitrocellulose as the main raw material, and adds synthetic resin, toughening agent, solvent and diluent to make the base material. The transparent primer without nutrients is nitrocellulose varnish, and the colored opaque liquid is nitrocellulose enamel.
Nitro paint film can get high gloss after polishing, which is a kind of paint with wide application and good decorative performance. Nitrocellulose paint film has poor adhesion, and its hardness is not as good as that of polyurethane paint, unsaturated polyester paint paint and acrylic paint.
3) How to choose latex paint
People's requirements for latex paint are no longer limited to decoration, but also attach importance to functionality. Therefore, when purchasing, the function of latex paint is very important, and latex paint should be selected according to different parts of painting. For example, latex paint for bedroom and living room walls requires strong adhesion, delicate texture, good differentiation resistance and good air permeability; Kitchen and bathroom latex paint should be waterproof, mildew-proof and easy to wash.
Inferior latex paint not only affects the construction quality, but also contains unqualified chemical raw materials that will endanger human health, so try to buy it in specialty stores or special dealers. Check the packaging, appearance and internal quality of the product in detail when purchasing.
After opening the lid, the truly environmentally friendly latex paint should be water-based, non-toxic and tasteless, so it is not an ideal choice for users who smell pungent or industrial essence. After a period of time, genuine latex paint will form a thick elastic oxide film on its surface, which is not easy to crack, while defective products will only form a thin film, which is fragile and has a spicy smell. Stir the latex paint evenly with a wooden stick, and then pick it up with a wooden stick. When high-quality latex paint flows downwards, it will form a fan shape. Touch with your fingers, genuine latex paint should feel smooth and delicate. Latex paint is painted on the wall and wiped with a wet cloth, and the genuine product will be as bright as new, while the defective product will fade when touched lightly because of its poor coagulation and water resistance.
Topic: Three categories: wall tiles and floor tiles.
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1) How to choose wall tiles
1. Characteristics of ceramic wall tiles
Ceramic wall tile is an essential wall decoration material in family decoration, with low water absorption and strong anti-corrosion and anti-aging ability. In particular, its special moisture resistance, scrub resistance and weather resistance are irreplaceable by other materials. With low price and rich colors, it is an ideal decorative material for kitchen, bathroom and balcony walls in family decoration.
2. Types and specifications of ceramic wall tiles
Decorative bricks used for wall decoration can be divided into two categories.
The first type is glazed tile, the surface of which is coated with a layer of colored glaze. After processing and firing, it has rich color changes and is especially easy to clean and maintain. Mainly used for wall decoration in kitchens and bathrooms. The other is the whole-body wall brick, which is hard in texture, good in impact resistance, anti-aging and colorfast, but mostly in a single color, mainly used for the decoration of balcony walls.
Ceramic glazed tiles are mostly rectangular, and vertical stickers can increase the visual height after decoration. There are various specifications, including 60mm× 240mm, 100mm× 200mm, 1 15mm×240mm, 150mm× 200mm, l50mm× 225mm and 200mm× 300mm. The thickness is between 6 ~ 6 ~ l0 mm, which can be selected as required.
The whole-body wall tiles are mostly long strips, which should be pasted horizontally when used, giving people a sense of stability and sureness, including 45 mm X95 mm, 45 mm x 195 mm, 50 mm x 100 mm, 50 mm x 150 mm, 50 mm X200 mm, 60 mm x 240 mm, etc.
3. Quality appraisal of ceramic wall tiles
The quality appraisal of ceramic wall and floor tiles should mainly grasp the following points:
(1) Ask the distributor for the quality inspection certificate and report of the product.
(2) Carry out visual inspection on site, and observe that the product has obvious quality defects, such as sleeveless, spots, cracks, axle bubbles, ripples, etc. Those with the above defects must not be selected.
(3) Manual detection. Pinch two bricks with your fingers and hit each other. The products with crisp and loud voice are qualified products, and the products with low and dull voice must have inherent quality defects.
(4) Distinguish color difference. Due to the large one-time purchase of wall tiles, if there is obvious color difference between multiple packages, the decoration effect will be greatly affected. All packaged products should be sampled and compared to observe the change of color difference, and do not choose the ones with large color difference.
(5) Specifications and dimensions shall be inspected one by one. Products with dimensional error greater than 0.5 mm and flatness greater than 0. 1 mm not only increase the construction difficulty, but also have poor effect after decoration, so they cannot be used in engineering.
4. Types of adhesives for ceramic wall tiles
At present, there are two options for wall tiling. One is to buy finished glue from the market and paste it directly, and the other is to prepare it on site.
At present, there are three kinds of adhesives commonly used in the market: the first is instant adhesion, which is a product that can be used directly. When in use, a thin layer of glue is coated on the surface of the wall and the back of the tile. After standing for a few minutes, when the rubber surface is not sticky by hand, it can be pressed against the wall, which is very convenient to use. The second kind is JD-503 tile adhesive, which is white powder and mixed with water to make sticky glue. This product not only has strong adsorption, but also has a certain time to mix the paste, and the mixed mucilage should be used up within 4 hours. Generally, the coating thickness is between 3 and 5 mm, and the third type is 903 multifunctional building adhesive, which is also a direct-use product. This product has high adhesive strength and can be adjusted within 2 hours. The thickness of scraping glue is 2 mm, which is very convenient to use. Choosing finished glue for pasting is expensive, so it is suitable for choosing when the surface of the wall base is often flat, otherwise it will increase the pasting cost.
In home decoration, wall tiles are generally adhered by the method of preparing 107 glue cement orange agent on site. Prepare paste cement slurry, the bonding thickness is less than 5 mm, which can be counted.
2) How to choose and buy floor tiles
Floor tiles generally refer to tiles. Ceramic tile is a kind of ceramic products, made of clay mixed with different materials. After cutting, it is dehydrated and air-dried, and then sintered at high temperature to make brick boards with different shapes. Mainly used in the bathroom, kitchen, balcony walls and floors.
Classification of ceramic tiles:
Ceramic tiles are usually divided into glazed tiles and whole-body tiles according to different workmanship.
1. The shop must be firmly laid, without skew, warping and hollowing.
2. The overall surface is smooth, and the flatness error meets the allowable deviation requirements.
3. The joint should be filled with dense, straight, uniform width and no obvious dislocation.
3) How to choose ceramic mosaic tiles
Ceramic mosaic tiles are suitable for laying bathroom floor, and the materials should be chosen well. Ceramic tiles are made of a single small ceramic tile with a side length of less than 50mm, which is stuck on the backing paper to become a brick joint. Single tiles are square, rectangular, hexagonal, trapezoidal and so on. Brick joints are divided into squares and rectangles. , brick joint length is 284, 295, 305, 325, etc.
Ceramic tiles can be divided into glazed tiles or unglazed tiles according to their surface properties; According to the brick, it can be divided into monochrome and mosaic. Ceramic tiles are divided into two grades according to the allowable deviation of size and appearance quality: excellent products and qualified products.
The number of bricks required for ceramic mosaic can be calculated according to the following formula:
Number of tiles = (paved area/area of each board) ×( 1+ tile loss rate)
Loss rate of ceramic tile: flowerless1.5%; Take 6% for flowers.
Ceramic tiles shall be packed in cartons, and the manufacturer's name, trademark, factory batch number, name, specification, quantity grade, color number and moisture-proof and fragile product signs shall be marked on the packaging boxes.
When transporting ceramic mosaic tiles, be careful not to get wet. When stored, they should be stacked separately according to grade, variety and color number.
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1) How to choose natural decorative stone?
Natural stone refers to materials mined from natural rock mass and processed into blocks or plates. There are mainly two kinds of decorative stones used in architectural decoration: marble and granite.
Marble refers to metamorphic or sedimentary carbonate rocks, the main chemical composition is calcium carbonate, accounting for more than 50%, as well as magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, manganese oxide and secondary silicon dioxide. Marble belongs to medium hard stone.
The color of marble plate is related to its composition. White contains calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, purple contains manganese, black carbon or asphaltene, green contains diamond, yellow contains chromium, reddish brown, purple and brown contain manganese and iron oxide hydrate, and each color contains impurities with different compositions. Pure white marble has simple components, but most marble is a mixture of two or more components. Among all kinds of marble, dark red and red are the most unstable, followed by green. White composition is single, relatively stable, not easy to weather and change color, such as white marble. Marble contains red, dark red or smooth gold particles, which will loosen the structure of marble and produce qualitative changes under the action of sunlight. In addition, marble generally contains impurities, mainly calcium carbonate, which is easily dissolved by carbon dioxide, sulfide and water vapor in the atmosphere, losing its surface luster and weathering and cracking. Therefore, except for a few varieties with pure quality and less impurities than stable and durable, such as white marble and Ai Yeqing, other varieties are not suitable for outdoor use and are generally only used for indoor decoration. Because marble belongs to medium hard slate, the hardness of the board is low, and if it is used on the ground, the polished surface will easily fall off, so try not to use marble board on the ground.
Because of its high price, marble plate is a high-grade decorative material, which is often used in hotels, exhibition halls, theaters, shopping malls and so on. Indoor walls, cylinders, railings, windowsills, service desks and other parts of public buildings such as airports and stations. Now there are also high-grade residential marble slabs as the floor decoration of the living room, which are noble and elegant. However, marble slabs are rarely used for wall decoration in residential decoration, mainly because of the high technical requirements for the construction and operation of wall decoration marble. In addition, you can also make various marble decorations, such as murals, screens, seat screens, hanging screens, wall hangings, etc. Used for interior decoration, also can be used for embedding flowerpots and high-grade hardwood carved furniture.
Marble decorative board is a polished mirror. The surface is as bright as a mirror, crystal clear, and the texture is smooth and delicate. Therefore, when selecting, the main consideration is whether the color pattern of the surface is in harmony with the materials of other parts of the room.
Natural granite is magmatic rock with aluminosilicate as the main component. Its main chemical components are alumina and silica, and a small amount of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, so it is an acidic crystalline rock. It belongs to hard rock.
Granite has hard texture, acid and alkali resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, light resistance, frost resistance, friction resistance and good durability, and its appearance color can be maintained for more than 100 years. In addition, the granite plate is rich in color, with even and meticulous plaid pattern, bright as a mirror after polishing, strong in texture and gorgeous and expensive in decorative effect. The decorative style of finely crafted plates is simple and three-dimensional.
Because granite is not easy to weather and deteriorate, it is mostly used for wall foundation and exterior wall decoration, and also used for indoor walls, cylinders, windowsills and so on. Because of its high hardness and wear resistance, granite is also often used to decorate the floors of high-grade buildings, such as hotels, restaurants, auditoriums and other halls.
The surface processing degree of granite plate is different, that is, its surface texture is different, so we should pay attention to it when using it. Generally, mirror plates and fine-faced plates have smooth surfaces and delicate textures, and are mostly used for indoor walls and floors, as well as for exterior wall decoration of some buildings. After paving, the smoke fills the air, and the light and shadow are reflected, giving people a sense of grandeur. Wool panels have rough surface texture, which are mainly used for outdoor wall base and wall decoration, and have an ancient and natural intimacy.
As for the choice of color tone and pattern of granite plate, we should consider the decoration of the whole building and coordinate with the color of materials in other parts.
In addition, natural stone is expensive and should be carefully considered when choosing. The effect of a single stone will be different from that of the whole veneer, so it can't be judged simply by the color pattern of a single sample. It should be considered that if the overall effect of paving a large area is achieved, it is best to learn from the architectural finishes that have been decorated with similar stones to avoid waste due to improper selection of materials.
2) How to choose artificial marble
With the development of modern architecture, decorative materials are required to be light, high-strength, beautiful and diverse. Artificial decorative stones appear in this situation. It has the advantages of light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, pollution resistance, convenient construction and artificial control of patterns, and is an ideal decorative material for modern buildings. According to the raw materials and production technology used in production, artificial marble can usually be divided into four categories:
(1) Cement-type artificial marble This kind of artificial marble uses various cements as binders, sand as fine aggregate, and broken marble, granite and industrial waste residue as coarse aggregate, commonly known as terrazzo.
(2) polyester artificial marble This kind of artificial marble is made of unsaturated polyester as binder and mixed with quartz sand, marble and calcite powder. Casting, curing under the action of curing agent, demoulding, drying and polishing. In China, this method is often used to produce artificial marble. Unsaturated polyester has good luster and light color, which can be adjusted into different bright colors. This resin has low viscosity, easy molding, fast curing and can be cured at room temperature.
(3) Composite artificial marble This artificial marble consists of inorganic materials and organic polymer materials. After the filler and inorganic material are bonded and molded, the green body is immersed in the organic monomer and polymerized under certain conditions. For the plate, the bottom layer is made of cheap and stable inorganic materials, and the surface layer is made of polyester and marble powder.
(4) Sintered artificial marble This kind of artificial marble is made by mixing feldspar, timely, pyroxene, calcite powder, hematite powder and a small amount of kaolin, preparing a blank by slurry method, molding by semi-dry pressing method, and sintering in a kiln at a high temperature of about 1000℃.
Among the above four kinds of artificial marble decorative boards, polyester is the most commonly used, which has the best physical and chemical properties, easy pattern design and good reproducibility, and is suitable for many purposes, but the price is relatively high; Cement type is the cheapest, but it has poor corrosion resistance and is prone to microcracks, so it is only suitable for making plates. The other two production processes are complicated and rarely used.
Polyester artificial marble (usually artificial marble) is processed by imitating the surface texture of marble, which has similar mechanical properties to marble, and the pattern can be controlled and determined by designers themselves with good reproducibility. Moreover, artificial marble has the advantages of light weight (about 25% lighter than natural marble), high strength, thin thickness, good corrosion resistance, pollution resistance and good machinability, and can be made into arc, curved surface and other shapes, which is convenient for construction. The physical and mechanical properties of high-quality artificial marble can be equivalent to or even better than natural marble. But it is not as beautiful and natural as natural marble in color and texture.
Due to the influence of raw materials of artificial marble, artificial marble used in many outdoor projects is not ideal. The main manifestations are rapid aging, large discoloration and great gloss change, so that after a period of use, the veneer is seriously deformed and the corners are upturned, and some projects have to be fixed with expansion bolts. Therefore, artificial marble is not suitable for outdoor use in a large area, and can be used for outdoor cylinder and facade decoration, but when the height exceeds 1.2m, it should be fastened with steel wire or stainless steel.
Artificial marble can be used for indoor floor and wall decoration, and can also be used to make various sanitary wares, such as washbasins, bathtubs and toilets. In addition, artificial marble can also be used to make handicrafts, such as imitation stone carvings and jade carvings, for interior decoration.
3) How to choose and buy stone materials
The quality of finished decorative stone can be identified from the following four aspects:
One view is to observe the surface structure of stones with the naked eye. Generally speaking, the stone with uniform and fine texture is the best stone. Coarse-grained and unequal-grained stones have poor appearance, uneven mechanical properties and poor quality. In addition, due to the influence of geological processes, there are often some subtle pulsations and micro-cracks in natural stone, and stone is most likely to break along these parts, so attention should be paid to eliminating them. As for the lack of edges and corners, it will affect the appearance, especially when choosing.
Second, measure the size and specifications of stone. So as not to affect the stitching, or cause the stitching patterns, patterns and lines to be deformed, which will affect the decorative effect.
Listen to it three times, that is, listen to the knocking of stones. Generally speaking, the stone with good quality, dense and uniform interior and no microcracks has a crisp and pleasant knocking sound; On the contrary, if there are micro-cracks in the stone or the contact between veins or particles becomes loose due to weathering, the knocking sound will be rough.
Four tests, that is, using simple test methods to test the quality of stone. Usually, a small drop of ink is dropped on the back of the stone. If the ink is quickly dispersed and leached everywhere, it means that the particles in the stone are loose or have microcracks, and the quality of the stone is not good; On the other hand, if the ink drops in the same place, it means that the stone is relatively dense and has a good texture.
In the choice of finished board, because stone materials are all natural, it is impossible to have the same texture, and the technological level of mining and processing is also different. Most stone materials are graded, and many dealers also price them according to quality. But there are also a few who make no distinction, shoddy and deceive consumers. In order not to make mistakes, it is best for ordinary consumers to go to the building materials city to buy and sell stone in person when decorating. Pay attention to the following aspects when buying stone:
(1) Granite: Granite stone has no color stripes, most of which are only colored spots and some are solid colors. The finer the mineral particles, the better, indicating that the purchase is tight and firm.
(2) Marble plate: Dali stone is simple in mineral composition, easy to process, mostly fine in texture and good in mirror effect. Its disadvantages are that its texture is softer than granite, it is easy to be damaged by hard heavy objects, and light-colored stone materials are easy to be polluted. Try to choose a single color for the marble floor, and the striped decorative cloth has a good effect when choosing the table top. Other selection methods can refer to the selection method of granite.
Title: XIV: Ceiling
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1) How to choose PVC material for ceiling?
Ceiling is a technique often used in interior design, and people tend to touch it for a long time, so the shape and artistic treatment of ceiling obviously affect the spatial effect. The ceiling materials mainly include gypsum board, wood board, PVC plastic gusset plate, glass, metal and so on.
PVC plastic pinch plate
Features of 1: It is made of PVC and processed into tongue-and-groove profiles. It has the characteristics of light weight, simple installation, waterproof, moisture-proof and moth-proof. Its surface pattern changes greatly, and it has good pollution resistance, easy cleaning, sound insulation and heat insulation properties. In particular, flame retardant materials are added to the new process, which makes it go out immediately after fire, making it safer to use. Because of its low cost and good decorative effect, it plays an important role in ceiling materials for home decoration and has become the leading material for ceilings such as bathrooms, kitchens and balconies.
2 quality appraisal: when purchasing PVC ceiling profiles, you must ask the dealers for quality inspection reports and product inspection certificates. Visual appearance quality: The surface of the plate shall be smooth, free from cracks and unevenness, freely disassembled and assembled, shiny and free from scratches; The sound of knocking on the board by hand is crisp. In the inspection report, the performance indicators of the product should meet the following requirements: thermal shrinkage is less than 0.3%, oxygen index is greater than 35%, softening temperature is above 80 degrees Celsius, ignition point is above 300 degrees Celsius, water absorption is less than 15%, and moisture absorption is less than 4%.
3 installation: firstly, the elevation line is popped up on the wall, and the pressing line is fixed at both ends of the wall, which is firmly fixed with cement nails. Cut the plate according to the actual size of the ceiling, insert the plate into the second plate ... The last plate should be cut according to the actual size. When cutting, use a sharp knife, use a steel ruler to press the elastic wire cutting, and slightly bend and insert it into the tongue and groove of the upper plate when assembling. After loading, both sides are sealed with layering.
Maintenance: PVC ceiling type has strong water resistance and scrub resistance. In daily use, it can be scrubbed with cleaning agent and then rinsed with clear water; Gaps between plates are easily polluted by oil pollution. When cleaning, you can dip a brush in detergent and then rinse it with clean water. Pay attention to the lighting circuit not to be damp.
How to choose the ceiling keel?
Keels are an indispensable part of ceiling decoration, including wooden keels and light steel keels. When using wooden keel, pay attention to the wood must be dry. At present, most of the family decoration uses light steel keel which is not easy to deform and has fire resistance. Pay attention to the thickness of the keel when choosing, preferably not less than 0.6 mm.
The metal keel of suspended ceiling is generally made of light steel and aluminum alloy, which has the characteristics of light weight, high rigidity, good fire and earthquake resistance and convenient processing and installation. According to the section of the profile, there are U-shaped keel and T-shaped keel. For example, Longpai partition keel has the advantages of light weight, high strength and good corrosion resistance. It can be used as the skeleton material of light partition wall, mainly used with gypsum board and its products, and can also be used with other boards such as GRC board, FT board and ETT board.
In addition, pay attention to the difference between the original galvanized keel and the post-galvanized keel, which is not easy to rust. The original galvanized keel is commonly known as "snowflake board", with snowflake-like patterns on it, and its strength is higher than that of the post-galvanized keel.
In addition, it is best to choose the original galvanized keel that is not easy to rust, and avoid galvanized keel after use. To distinguish the two, we should pay attention to the galvanized keel of the original board, commonly known as "snowflake board", which has snowflake-like patterns and has higher strength than the galvanized keel after.
3) How to choose ceiling materials
Ceiling is a technique often used in interior design, and people tend to touch it for a long time, so the shape and artistic treatment of ceiling obviously affect the spatial effect.
Environmental protection index of suspended ceiling
According to the national environmental protection standards, the radioactivity level of ceiling materials is divided into three categories: (mainly applicable to nonmetallic and inorganic ceiling materials, such as gypsum board, etc. )
1, Class A decorative materials, in which the specific activities of natural radionuclides radium -226, thorium -232 and potassium -40 meet 1Ra≤ 1.0, 1r≤ 1.3, are Class A decorative materials. The production, sale and use of Class A decorative materials are not restricted.
2. Class B decorative materials that do not meet the requirements of Class A decorative materials but meet the requirements of 1Ra≤ 1.3 and 1r≤ 1.9 are Class B decorative materials. Class B decoration materials can not be used as interior decoration of 1 buildings, but can be used as exterior decoration of civil buildings and interior and exterior decoration of all other buildings.
3. Class C decoration materials that do not meet the requirements of Class A and B decoration materials but meet the requirements of 1r≤2.8 are Class C decoration materials. Class C decoration materials can only be used for external decoration and outdoor use of buildings.
Note: Class I civil buildings: such as houses, apartments for the elderly, nurseries, hospitals, schools, etc.
Second-class civil buildings: such as shopping malls, stadiums, bookstores, hotels, office buildings, libraries, cultural and entertainment venues, exhibition halls, public transport waiting rooms, etc.
Classification, procurement, installation and maintenance of suspended ceiling
The ceiling materials mainly include mineral wool board, gypsum board, wood board, PVC plastic gusset plate, glass, metal and so on.