Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty, also known as Daxing City in the Sui Dynasty, was the capital of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the largest city in the world at that time, and the largest capital of China in ancient times. The city consists of Outer Guo Cheng, Miyagi and Imperial City, covering an area of 83 square kilometers. All industries in the city are thriving, with a population of nearly 500,000 at the most. After the capital was moved to Luoyang in the late Tang Dynasty, it was demolished. Its sites are distributed in the urban area, eastern suburbs, southern suburbs (mostly) and western suburbs (a small part) of Xi City, Shaanxi Province. 1996, Chang 'an City Site of Daxing Tang in Sui Dynasty was announced by China people and the State Council as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country and the largest international city at that time. Emperor Taizong's Kaihong Literature Museum is full of books and clouds will meet the capital. With more than 200,000 books, Hong Wen is the largest library in China. Emperor Taizong also established the imperial academy, with seven schools (Guo Zi, imperial academy, Wenguang, Four Schools, Law, Books and Calculations) and 1200 rooms, which enrolled more than 8,000 Chinese and foreign students. Children of foreign nobles come here to study. In addition, Chang 'an is the center of Buddhism in China and the transportation hub of the East and the West. Since the Western Han Dynasty, there has been a "Silk Road" from Chang 'an in the west to Japan Sea Road in the east and Tianzhu (India) Sea Road in the south.

Due to the political unification of the Tang Dynasty and the prosperity of Chang 'an, a large number of foreigners and ethnic minorities in the western regions lived or moved to Chang 'an, including officials, nobles, monks, scholars, businessmen, artists, doctors and craftsmen. It has promoted the economic, cultural and scientific exchanges between China and foreign countries, such as the prevalence of Hu dance and polo.

history

After Emperor Wendi established the Sui Dynasty, the capital was Chang 'an. However, Chang 'an was shabby and narrow at that time, and the water pollution was serious, so it was decided to build another new city on the south slope of Longshouyuan in the southeast. In the second year of Emperor Kai (582), under the auspices of Yuwen Kai, Miyagi and Imperial City were built in only one year or so. In 583, the Sui Dynasty moved its capital to Xindu. Because Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was famous for Daxing Gong in his early years, he took Daxing as the city name. (See Xijing Ji quoted from China ancient document "Taiping Magnolia" Volume 156). After Yang Di succeeded to the throne, a canal was dug to connect Daxing and Yangzhou. In the ninth year of Daye (6 13), more than 654.38 million people were used to build the Outer Guo Cheng outside Miyagi and Imperial City, and the overall urban pattern was basically formed. After the demise of the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty continued to build its capital here and renamed it Chang 'an. Since then, it has been further improved. During the years of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, palaces such as Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace have been built one after another.

The economy and culture of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty developed very rapidly. At the peak of the Tang Dynasty, it was one of the largest and most prosperous international metropolises in the world at that time, with a population of about 500,000 (according to statistics, the population of Chang 'an exceeded 6,543.8+0,000). It gradually declined after the An Shi Rebellion. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao invaded Chang 'an, and the city was seriously damaged. In the first year of God bless (904), Zhu Quanzhong took Tang Zhaozong hostage, moved the capital to Luoyang, and demolished the palace, taking away houses and timber. Later, Han Jian thought that the city was sparsely populated, which was not conducive to defense, so he rebuilt the city and reduced it to a "new city", that is, Chang 'an in the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. At this point, the 325-year-old Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties was abandoned.

general layout

Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty covers an area of 83. 1 km2, which is symmetrically arranged according to the central axis and consists of Outer Guo Cheng, Miyagi and Imperial City. Streets in the city crisscross and are divided into 1 10 Li Fang. In addition, there are large industrial and commercial areas such as Dongshi and Xicheng, and artificial gardens such as Furong Garden. The overall planning and layout of the city is neat, which is a model of the ancient capital of China.

The plane of Chang 'an City is rectangular, with a length of 972 1 m from east to west, a width of 8652 meters from north to south and a circumference of 36.7 kilometers. The city wall is about 12 meters wide and more than 5 meters high. It is all built with rammed earth boards, and the city wall section at the gate is also built with brick walls. At present, the city wall and its outer moat have been basically destroyed, and only some remnants remain near Xuanwu Gate in the north and Anhua Gate in the south.

There are twelve gates in Chang 'an City (outside Guocheng City), with Mingde Gate in the middle of the south, Qixia Gate and Anhua Gate in the east and west respectively. Chunming Gate is in the east, while Yanxing Gate and Tonghua Gate are in the north and south respectively. In the west is the Golden Gate, and in the north and south are Yanping Gate and Kaiyuan Gate respectively. The middle and east sections of the north overlap with the north wall of Gongcheng and the south wall of Daming Palace respectively, with Jingyaomen in the west section and Fanglinmen and Guanghuamen in the east and west. There are five doorways at the main entrance, Mingde Gate, and all other doors have three doorways. According to the actual measurement, the east-west width of Mingdemen site is 55.5 meters, and the north-south length is 17.5 meters, and each doorway is 5 meters wide. In particular, Zhuque Street in the north-south direction of Mingdemen is as wide as 150m to 155m. Other streets that do not pass through the city gate are generally between 35 meters and 65 meters wide, and Shuncheng Street is 20 meters to 25 meters wide. The original pavilion-style gatehouse of Mingdemen was burned down by Zhu Quanzhong at the end of the Tang Dynasty.

Miyagi is located in the middle of North Guo Cheng, with a rectangular plane, with a length of 2820m from east to west, a width of 1492m from north to south and a circumference of 8.6km. There are walls around the city, with Chengtianmen (called Yangguangmen in Sui Dynasty) in the middle of the south, Yanximen and Anfumen in the east and west, and Xuanwu Gate in the middle of the north wall. Miyagi is divided into three parts. The center is Taiji Palace (called Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty), which is called "Dayi". On the east side is the East Palace, which is the residence of the prince, and on the west side is Yeting Palace, which is the residence of the staff of the harem. Today, Tu Gang in Wutai, Xi 'an, and the railway middle school on the north side of Qiangzi West Road outside the North City are few sites of Daxing Miyagi.

The Imperial City is also rectangular, located in the south of Miyagi, which is as long as Miyagi from east to west, with a width of 1843 meters from north to south and a circumference of 9.2 kilometers. There is a horizontal street between the north of the city and the wall of Miyagi, and there are five gates on the other three sides: three gates in the south, Zhuquemen in the middle, and light gates on both sides; One in the east and one in the west, namely Jingfeng Gate and Shunyi Gate. Zhuquemen, in the middle of the south, is the main entrance, connecting with Mingdemen in Guo Cheng via Zhuquejie to the south and facing Chengtianmen in Miyagi to the north, forming the north-south axis of the city. There are seven east-west streets and five north-south streets in the city, and there are sacrificial buildings such as the central government office building, ancestral temple and country between the roads.

palace

There were mainly three palaces in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, namely Taiji Palace, Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace, which were also called "Three Inner Halls". Among them, "Ouchi" is the Taiji Palace in Miyagi, the residence and meeting place of emperors in Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. Tai Chi Palace is1285m wide from east to west and1492m long from north to south, with an area of about1.92km2.. The palace is divided into three areas from south to north: the former dynasty, the later dynasty bedroom and the back garden. The main hall of the former dynasty was Taiji Hall (called Daxing Hall in Sui Dynasty), surrounded by huge palaces surrounded by cloisters, with official offices on the east and west sides. The main hall of the back bedroom is Liang Yi Hall, surrounded by Wanchun Hall, Qian Qiu Hall, Ganlu Hall, Shenlong Hall and Anren Hall. The garden is located in the last part of the palace, with pavilions and ponds. There is Xuanwu Gate on the palace wall in the north, where the famous "Xuanwu Gate Change" took place. Because the Taiji Palace was built by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the decoration is relatively simple. After Tang Gaozong ascended the throne, he felt damp here and moved to Daming Palace.

Daming Palace, located in the highland of Longshou Plateau in the northeast of Taiji Palace, is a relatively independent castle overlooking the whole Chang 'an City. Built in the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), this palace was the place where Emperor Tang Gaozong lived and handled state affairs, and was called "Dongnei". Miyagi has a symmetrical central axis pattern. The front of Miyagi is composed of Danfengmen, Hanyuan Temple, Zhengxuan Hall and Chenzi Hall, while the back is composed of the inner courtyard centered on Ethereum, with dozens of halls and pavilions such as Linde Hall, Sanqing Hall, Dafu Hall and Qingsi Hall. The whole Daming Palace is 1.5km wide from east to west, 2.5km long from north to south, and covers an area of about 3.2km 2, making it the largest of the "three palaces".

Xingqing Palace, located in the east of Waiguo City, was originally the official residence of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty when he was the king of Linzi in his early years. In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), it was renamed Xingqing Palace. In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), it was expanded and merged with the surrounding palaces and temples. Completed in the sixteenth year (728), it was called "Nannei". In the 13th year of Tianbao (754), palace walls and towers were built to form a small castle. At the same time, a waiguo wall was added to build a city between Daming Palace in the north and Furong Garden in the south, which is convenient for the palace people to sneak. Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei lived here for a long time. After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, its status was reduced and it became the place for the Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager.

Xingqing Palace is1.250m in length from north to south,1.075m in width from east to west, 4.6km in circumference and about1.35km2 in area, which is the smallest of the "Big Three". There are doors on all sides of the palace wall, and the main entrance Xingqing Gate is in the north of the Western Wall. The palace is dominated by gardens, not symmetrically arranged according to the central axis, so it has the nature of leaving the palace. Longchi is the main place in the south, surrounded by pavilions such as Jingjin Building, Calyx Xianghui Building and Chenxiang Temple. There are a number of palaces in the north, such as Xingqing Hall, Nanxun Hall, Changqing Hall and Datong Hall. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Xingqing Palace was destroyed by war, and the former site of 1958 was converted into a park, and a monument of Abe Zhongma Road was built.

Waiguo

There are 8 north-south streets and 8 east-west streets 14 in Guo Cheng. Drainage ditches are set on both sides of the street, and roadside trees such as elm trees and locust trees are planted. Among them, six main streets leading to South Sanmen and connecting East and West Liumen are main roads, most of which are more than 100 meters wide. Suzaku Street is the widest 155 meters, which is the north-south axis of the city. Taking this as the boundary, the east of the city belongs to Wannian County and the west belongs to Chang 'an County.

The crisscross roads divide the outer Guo Cheng into 1 10 squares (called "Li" in Sui Dynasty). Each square has a different area, with a length of 500-838m from north to south and a width of 550-1125m from east to west. There is a fence around every square. Generally, there are four doors in a big square, and there is a cross street in it. In Little Square, there are two east and west doors, and there is a cross street, both of which are about 15 meters wide. According to archaeological excavations, Cross Street divides a square into four areas, and each area has a small cross lane, which divides the whole square into sixteen small blocks, including houses, official residences, temples and Taoist temples. All workshops are closed management, guarded by guards at the door, and a curfew will be imposed at night.

There are many Buddhist temples in Chang 'an, and Zongzhi Temple, Zhuang Yan Temple, Xingshan Temple and Du Xuan Temple all occupy the whole square. Other famous Jionji (Big Wild Goose Pagoda), Jianfu Temple (Little Wild Goose Pagoda) and Seiryuji also own large areas of land. During the archaeological process, the city also found many collections of Sui and Tang kilns, among which 27 1 piece of gold and silver unearthed in hejia village (Xinghuafang) is the largest and most valuable gold and silver unearthed in the Tang Dynasty since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

There are two markets outside the city of Guo, the East Market (called metropolis in Sui Dynasty) and the West Market (called Liren City in Sui Dynasty), each occupying two squares. The two cities are almost the same size, with a length of1025m from north to south and a width of 927m from east to west. The market has a wall with eight doors, and there are streets and streets along the wall, which divide the city into nine districts. Every district is surrounded by streets, and there are shops, restaurants, jewelry stores and handicraft workshops along the streets. Most of Chang 'an's businesses are concentrated in these two markets, and other workshops also have some scattered commercial facilities.

There are four ditches in Chang 'an city, namely, Ming Longshou, Qingming, Yong 'an and Caoqu, which introduce tributaries of Weihe River into the city from the southeast and west respectively to provide domestic and environmental water. The first three canals were dug in the third year of Huang Kai in the early Sui Dynasty (583), and the grass canal was dug in the first year of Tang Tianbao (742).

trait

The Chang 'an City in Sui, Daxing and Tang Dynasties is generally axisymmetric, and the layout of Yecheng and Luoyang City in Luoyang of Han, Wei and Tang Dynasties was referenced in the design. In the process of urban construction, the book of changes and six hexagrams are added, and buildings with different functions are arranged according to the characteristics that Longshou Plateau is divided into six slopes. In addition, planning a garden area on the edge of the city can not only beautify the environment, but also become a place for people to visit, which is a great initiative in the history of ancient cities in China.

The shape of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty is a model of ancient cities in China, especially the capital construction, which has been researched and studied by many scholars in past dynasties. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Records of the New Two Capitals, Records of Chang 'an in the Song Dynasty, Records of Yong by Cheng Dachang, Notes on the Clouds by Li Haowen, Records of Chang 'an in Yuan Dynasty, and Textual Research on the Two Capitals in Tang Dynasty all systematically studied and expounded Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. Lu Dafang in the Northern Song Dynasty also carved the layout of Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty in order to make it last forever. Although this picture is only partial, it still has high reference value.

Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty also influenced the capital construction of neighboring countries at that time. Bohai's visit to Longquan House in Beijing is an example of Chang 'an's planning. Japan's Pingcheng Well, Pingan Well, Fujimoto Well, Nanbo Well and Changgang Well not only imitate Chang 'an in shape and layout, but also imitate the corresponding names of some palaces, gates and streets.

Tokyo City in Northern Song Dynasty

The site of Tokyo City in the Northern Song Dynasty belongs to the national key cultural relics protection unit and is located in Kaifeng City, Henan Province. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin established the Northern Song Dynasty, with Kaifeng as its capital and Tokyo as its capital. It lasted 167 years, and its population reached10.5 million at its peak, making it the largest city in China.

In the seventh year of Xiande in the later Zhou Dynasty (960), Zhao Kuangyin, who was in front of Zhou Dian, launched the "Chen Qiao mutiny" in Chen Qiaoyi, more than 20 kilometers north of Kaifeng, added yellow robes, established the Northern Song Dynasty, and made Kaifeng its capital, which opened a brand-new page in the development history of Kaifeng, the ancient capital of China. It was built by the Nine Emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty in 168? Eventually, it became the largest and most prosperous city in China and even in the world from the 1 1 century to the beginning of the12nd century, which played a connecting role in the development history of the ancient capital of China.

According to historical records, the outer city of Tokyo was built in the third year of Xiande at the end of the Zhou Dynasty (AD 956), with a circumference of 50 miles and steps of 165. The city wall is 4 feet high and 5 feet wide, with 12 gates. The inner city (also known as Quecheng) was built in the second year of Tang Jianzhong (AD 78 1), with a circumference of 20 Li and 155 steps. * * There are 10 gates and 2 sluices. Ouchi, the imperial city of Tokyo, was built in the year of Song San (AD 962), with a circumference of 2.5 kilometers and six doors. The city wall was originally made of earth, but it was made of brick in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 12). In the third year of Zheng He (113), a group of garden-style buildings including 7 halls and 15 attics were built in the north and south of the city gate.

After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo was severely damaged, especially Yuan Shizu destroyed all the inner and outer cities of Kaifeng in order to prevent the Han people from rebelling. In addition, due to the repeated breaches of the Yellow River, sediment silted up and gradually submerged in the ground. After seven years of exploration and trial excavation in the 1980s, it was initially found that the eastern and western parts of Tokyo were slightly shorter and the northern and southern parts were slightly longer in the Northern Song Dynasty. From the inside out, it is the imperial city, the inner city and the outer city. The outline, shape and scope of the outer city, as well as the location of some city gates, are roughly consistent with those recorded by my bedmates. The inner city was the most prosperous place at that time, where offices, temples and businesses were concentrated. Its wall is 8 to 15 meters wide, with the south wall located 300 meters north of the existing south wall of Ming and Qing Dynasties and the north wall located 500 meters north of Long Ting. The imperial city is silted in Panyang Lake, with a circumference of nearly 2,500 meters, which is basically consistent with the historical record that "Ouchi is located in the northwest of Quecheng and returns to Wuli every week". On the central axis of the first half of the imperial city, the building abutment of the main hall of the Song Palace, Daqing Hall, was found, which was about 80 meters wide from east to west and 60 meters deep from north to south, with a remnant of about 6 meters. Its location, scale, depth and unearthed cultural relics are consistent with the literature records. Located under Long Ting, the site of the Forbidden City is a north-south straight line with Zhuquemen in the inner city and Nanxunmen in the outer city, namely the Imperial Street at that time, which basically corresponds to Zhongshan Road, the central axis that runs through Kaifeng today.

The prosperity of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty was not only the important position of the national political, economic and cultural center, but also benefited from the convenience of waterway transportation in China. At that time, there were countless boats and boats around Gyeonggi Province. Rivers passing through Tokyo include Caihe River, Bianhe River, Zhangwu River and Jinshui River, and there are 32 bridges on these rivers. In particular, the Bianhe River, which is connected with the Yellow River, "is millions of meters (stones) away from Huaihe River, Lake and Zhejiang, and it is produced in the southeast. It is also the salary of Xishan to lose the capital of Beijing and shake the dispute in Hebei. " These rivers have silted up the Yellow River one after another. After excavation, it was found that the Bianhe site was located in the underground of Neihouhe Street in Kaifeng, and the Imperial Street passed through Bianhezhou Bridge, with a deck of 4.3 meters underground.

Tokyo City in the Northern Song Dynasty played a connecting role in the history of urban architecture development in China. The determination of its city site provides material data for studying the history of the development of the capital of China in the Middle Ages, and also provides an important basis for studying the ancient Yellow River flood, bridge construction and Kaifeng evolution.

Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, experienced a fierce debate. The final choice of Kaifeng, regardless of other factors, is inseparable from the convenient water transportation of Bianhe and other rivers and the rich water resources brought by the Yellow River. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Bianhe River, Caihe River, Jinshui River, Zhangwu River and other rivers crossed Tokyo City, bringing materials from all over the country, especially the southeast region, to Kyoto, thus making Kaifeng in a favorable position of "the hub of the world" and "the Xian Tong of all nations". So in a sense, it can be said that there is no prosperity in Tokyo without the Bianhe River, and there is no smooth flow of the Bianhe River without the Yellow River.

general layout

Basically inherited the tradition since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but it was different from Chang 'an and Luoyang in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It was not built under the complete planning and design, but was rebuilt on the basis of an old city. Coupled with the large population of the city and the unprecedented prosperity of the commercial economy, these have had a major impact on the layout of Tokyo. Tokyo is surrounded by triple walls, with the imperial city in the middle, the inner city outside and the outer city outside. Outer cities are commercial areas and residential areas; The inner city is located in the center of the outer city, and it is also a commercial and residential area. There is a buffer zone between the inner city and the outer city to ensure the safety of the imperial city living in the inner city. The imperial city is slightly northwest of the inner city center, which is not only the core of Tokyo, but also the center of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Kaifeng is located at the southern end of North China Plain, surrounded by Ma Pingchuan, with open terrain and no danger to defend. Therefore, the Northern Song Dynasty attached great importance to Tokyo's military defense function. In addition to building a triple wall and sending heavy troops to defend it all the year round, it also improved the military defense facilities of the wall itself. For example, during Zong Xining's reign, he "built enemy towers and dug moats on all sides", and in Yuan Feng's seventh year (1084), he "bought wood and planted the four imperial gates and the urn gates in Beijing to build enemy horse faces". At first, the urn wall and horse face were only used for border defense castles, and the urn city was fully adopted in Tokyo, which reflected the importance attached by the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty to defense.

The main street in Tokyo is the street leading to all the city gates: from Xuande Gate to Nanxun Gate; It starts from Xuande Gate to Tushizi in the east, then goes north through Fengqiu Gate to Yongtai Gate, and from Qiao Zhou to the east through Lijingmen to Yangmen; From the state bridge to the west via Yiqiu Gate to Shuntianmen. These four streets are called "Imperial Roads" and are used by emperors. The width of streets in Tokyo is different. The Imperial Street in front of Xuande was more than 200 steps wide, about 300 meters today. In fact, it is a square in front of the court. "During the period of buying and selling people in the old city, it is forbidden to engage in a lawsuit between the government and the court. Black paint forks are set up everywhere, and red paint forks are used on both sides of the road. In the central street, no one is allowed to walk, and pedestrians are outside Zhu Quanzi under the porch. " Other streets are 25 to 50 steps wide. After the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, the streets were not as wide as before because of the increasingly serious phenomenon of "street invasion".

As far as urban development is concerned, the most important change in Tokyo is the collapse of the local time system. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo basically retained the ancient system, with Fang as the residential area and East and West markets as the commercial area. However, with the rapid development of commercial trade and the increasing population in Tokyo, commercial activities are no longer limited to the east and the west, and the night market before Sangu has become legal. The city not only broke through the geographical restrictions, but also broke through the time restrictions, and the market system began to collapse. Later, in the fifth year (980), the main street of Tokyo, Jingyangmen Street, appeared the phenomenon of "street invasion" and the square system began to collapse.

Tokyo, also known as Bianjing and Bianliang in the Northern Song Dynasty, was the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. Due to the frequent flooding of the Yellow River in history, the city site was silted up and buried 7 meters underground, which brought great difficulties to the archaeological work of the city site. In recent years, after many archaeological excavations, the urban layout of the ancient capital of Bianjing has been initially revealed. The capital consists of outer city, inner city and Miyagi.

The plane of the outer city is nearly square, 7.5 kilometers long from north to south and 7 kilometers long from east to west, with 13 gates and 7 sluices. There is a famous "Hulong River" trench outside the city, which is more than 30 meters wide.

The inner city is also called "inner city", and the inner city has Miyagi, also called "imperial city". According to historical records, the imperial city is five miles around, with towers, halls, pavilions, carved beams and painted buildings, cornices and colorful columns, which are spectacular and imposing. The city gates are painted with gold nails and red paint, and the walls are decorated with iron, dragons, phoenixes and flying clouds. The imperial city can be roughly divided into three areas: the Privy Council in the south, the Zhongshu Province, the Prime Minister's Hall and the Ming Hall, and the Shangshu Province in the west, with more than 3,000 built-in houses; The central area is where the emperor ruled the government in the court. The important buildings include the Qing Palace, the Blowing Palace, the Hall of Political Worship, the Hall of Imperial Instruments, the Longtu Pavilion, the Tianzhang Pavilion and the Ying Ji Hall. The northern border is the harem, and Wang Anshi, a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty, once wrote a poem: "The charming cloud covers the porch, and the tender water is inexhaustible." It is forbidden to twist ten thousand pieces of gold, and the palace flowers turn new. "After archaeological exploration, it is found that there is a large rammed earth platform foundation on the central axis of the first half of Miyagi, directly at the south gate of the inner city and the outer city, running through the north-south central axis. This capital layout, which consists of outer city, inner city and Miyagi triple city, was imitated by the capitals of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and had a great influence on the urban architecture of later generations.