Brief introduction of the author
Gui Youguang (1506 ~ 157 1 year). Prose writer, litterateur and ancient prose writer in Ming Dynasty. Ci Fu, also known as Kaifu and nicknamed Zhenchuan and Sheng, is a bridge between the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" and the "Tongcheng School" in Qing Dynasty, and is also called "School" with Wang, Mao Kun. His works are called "plain language first", known as "Ouyang Xiu today" and internationally known as "Mr. Zhenchuan". In the Ming Dynasty, people from Kunshan (now Kunshan, Jiangsu) moved to Jiading (now Jiading, Shanghai). I studied in health school in my early years. Jiajing Jinshi, official to Nanjing Taibu Temple Cheng. He died at the age of 66. In literature, Gui Youguang mainly wrote prose, and his prose inherited the styles of Ouyang Xiu and Ceng Gong. His style is simple and natural, and there is no trace of deliberate carving. He is a rare master of prose in Ming Dynasty. Ji Xiang Xuanzhi is a masterpiece of his prose, which expresses his true, simple and concise official style with a few small things. The article expresses its feelings in the narrative, the truth of feelings and the eagerness of meaning are all moving, which is really everyone's style.
works appreciation
abstract
Ji Xiangxuan, Gui Youguang's little house. Xuan, a small room. Gui Youguang's distant ancestor once lived in Xiangjijing, Taicang, Jiangsu. The author named the hut Xuan, which is of commemorative significance. "Zhi" means "Ji", which is a style of recording things and expressing feelings in ancient times. Borrow things to express the author's feelings. Capture daily trivia and express your feelings through detailed description. His style is "unique without carving", expressing the feelings between mother and son, husband and wife and brothers through daily life and family chores. This article is the representative work of Gui Youguang's lyric prose.
Content appreciation
The first paragraph describes the different changes before and after the transformation of Ji Xiangxuan, which is full of "happiness". Before the repair, Ji Xiangxuan was small and dark, and it leaked rain; After the transformation, the neck pavilion is bright, elegant and quiet. In this passage, the author intends to express his deep attachment to the study where he studied and lived as a teenager. It is lovely, amiable and beautiful. But the author tries to describe the old, small, leaking and dark of the original porch first, paving the way for the beauty and loveliness of the restored porch.
The restored porch is charming, lovely and nostalgic, not only because it is bright, closed and quiet, but also because of the author's life interest and natural integration with the surrounding environment. The restored Ji Xiangxuan in the author's works is full of poetry: the original dark hut becomes bright because the sun shines on the newly-built fence and reflects from the newly opened four windows; It turns out that the ordinary fence in front of the hospital has added infinite beauty because the owner planted orchids, osmanthus trees and bamboo pruning around it; During the day, I lie on my back or in the hut, whistling or singing leisurely; Sometimes, a person sitting quietly can clearly hear all kinds of wonderful sounds of nature; The quiet environment in front of the courtyard attracts birds to come for food, and some people don't want to fly away when they come; On the fifteenth night of the lunar calendar, the bright moonlight illuminates half the wall in front of the courtyard, and the shadow of osmanthus trees is scattered on the wall, like a light and beautiful ink painting, which is a living ink painting! -the breeze is blowing, and the shadow of the flower is shaking. It's beautiful and lovely.
In the second paragraph, the change of narrative items, recalling the past of mother and grandmother, runs through "sadness" "How gratified and sad", the pain of family background, the feeling of homesickness. First of all, I recall the courtyard changes caused by the Half-Father, reflecting the decline of the family, and the pen and ink are saturated with the author's infinite "sadness"; Through the memory of the old woman's mother, the author can't help crying ("I cry") by reappearing the voice and smile of the loving mother; When I was a child, my grandmother came to see me on the porch. Sincere and touching scenes, earnest instructions and heavy expectations made me cry. In this passage, the author's emotions, from "sadness" to "crying" and then to crying, are closely related to "how sad" Memories implies the author's lament about family changes, his deep nostalgia for his loved ones, and his deep feelings about his lack of talent and his negative grandmother's expectations. In the third paragraph, the author describes the scene of studying hard behind closed doors and the fact that Xiao Xuan was burned many times, which is a further supplement to writing "sadness". At the same time, it is revealed between the lines that the author is trying to realize his ideal expectations. The fourth and fifth paragraphs are supplementary writing, which expresses the memory of his dead wife. This part originally wanted to write about sadness, but it first tried to describe the joy of two people singing in the porch, set off "sadness" with "happiness" and the sadness of losing their wife today. Finally, I hold something and rely on the slender loquat tree to express my deep nostalgia for my dead wife. Three generations of changes-how does the author describe the changes of three generations returning home? By recording the author's schooling experience as a teenager, this paper focuses on the personal changes related to Xiang, interweaves the past events closely related to Xiang with the help of the "century-old house", shows the friendship between grandmother, mother and wife and the author with trivial matters of life, and also reflects the vicissitudes of three generations in the family. Here, the focus is on the decline of returning families from some representative analysis. The author is good at describing the disintegration of a feudal family with distinctive details and reflecting the decline of the returning family. The original courtyard of returning home is connected to the north and south, which is a whole. Since the "half-brother", many small doors have been set up and walls are everywhere. Fence off first, and then block it with a wall ("fence first, wall already"). In particular, "the east dog barks in the west, the guests have a feast, and the chickens live in the hall ('hall' is not' court')", which shows the decadent, declining and chaotic situation caused by the disintegration of a feudal family to the fullest. In addition, writing about my grandmother's visit to Xiang Jixuan, encouraging the author to study and seek official positions, praising ancestors, can also dialysis the decline of the way to return home. Gui Youguang's grandmother's grandfather was an official in the imperial court during the reign of Xuande. Now, "my family has been studying for a long time without results", and the children have no hope of being admitted to the imperial examination. But with the function of separation, resulting in a divided and malodorous family, so we had to pin our hopes on our grandson Gui Youguang. The last sentence, "There was a loquat tree in the imperial court, which was planted by my wife when she died. Now it is as elegant as the cover. " Expressing emotion by borrowing things shows the author's deep nostalgia for his wife, and also shows the author's long years in Xiangjixuan.
Detail appreciation
abstract
Xuan is an important witness to the author's growth. Ji Xiang Xuan Zhi takes Ji Xiang Xuan as the bright line and his deep affection for his loved ones as the dark line to unfold the lyricism of narrative. Ji Xiang Xuan Zhi is narrated in the first person, which is full of details and vivid. It uses actions, language and scenery to describe the sincere memories of "women who have had a far-reaching impact on their life growth" (such as their mothers). There was Liu Yuxi's humble room inscription before. Humble Room Inscription adopts the form of verse, which mainly expresses personal interests and aspirations, and its style is short. Although Gui Youguang's Ji Xiang Xuan Chronicle has a similar feeling (Ji Xiang Xuan is also a "humble room" in a sense), the author uses prose to tell the story more, so it has a unique flavor. The author named his study "Xiangjixuan" because his distant ancestors lived in Xiangjijing, Taicang (now Jiangsu). Selected Annals of Ji Xiang was written twice. The first three paragraphs were written at the age of 19, which is this article; The following paragraph "I wrote it for this" was written by the author after reading his old works for more than ten years. Therefore, the whole article is divided into four paragraphs.
The first paragraph, from the beginning of the article to "The wind is moving, Shanshan is lovely", records the situation before and after the transformation of Ji Xiangxuan. It is a part of the article that deliberately describes the environment of the propaganda room. Let us remember Xuan's "predecessor" and the dilapidated scene of Nangezi in the past. First, it is very small: "There is only one abbot in the room, which can accommodate one person." Second, it is very old: "A century-old house is full of dust and mud." The third is leaking rain: "Yuze bet". The fourth one is dim: "I can't get the sun in the north again, and I fainted after noon." In a word, this is a humble room. The author added a window to check the leak and repaired it, without leakage or darkness; Because of the flowers and trees, the small porch room has become a scenic spot and an elegant study. This paragraph is the most literary paragraph in the full text: "Borrowing books full of shelves, singing loudly, sitting quietly, all noisy;" And the footsteps are silent, birds peck, and people don't go. On the fifth night of March, half of the month, the laurel trees are mottled, the wind is moving, and it is lovely. "The scenery is lovely, but the feelings are gratifying. "But, I live here, how happy and sad" is a continuation of the previous paragraph, and at the same time it is a turning point and enters the second paragraph. Changes from writing environment to writers, from gratifying to sad. Score again. On the first floor, there are several changes in the quadrangle, that is, before and after the separation of uncles and uncles, the quadrangle went from fence to fence, and the words "East dog barks west" and "chicken lives in the hall" were written in a mess after the separation. In the objective narration of family trivia, there are rich vicissitudes. This is sad. Then through the old woman at home, I told the old story of my dead mother and wrote about the changes in family personnel. It should be noted that when the author's biological mother died, he was still young, so he was not clear about her image (see "A Brief Account of the Past"). And that old woman is not only a grandmother's handmaid, but also a wet nurse for two generations. It is natural to reminisce about the past through the old woman. What she said was only the conversation she had had where her mother had stood before. However, the most important thing is these gentleness. " Cold? Want to eat? "In just two sentences, it vividly depicts the image of a young mother moved by the smell of crying. This reminiscence will undoubtedly cause the author to lose his mother's love prematurely. This is sad. Then the author's own memories of her grandmother. That past seems ordinary, but it is also full of honest human feelings. "My son, if I haven't seen you for a long time, why should I stay here silently? All kinds of girls are here, as well as the monologue "My family's study has been ineffective for a long time, and my son's success can be delayed", as well as the encouragement of holding ivory bows, which vividly shows grandma's love and high hopes for her grandson. The above memories, it seems, are just trivial matters in family life. However, "one branch and one leaf add up to more feelings", which is the deepest feeling determined by the cultural and psychological structure of China people, that is, the thought of the son of man and the pain of bereavement. No wonder the author said, "Looking at the remains seems like yesterday, and the trombone is unbearable. "Here is another story: the tranquility in the Xuan and the fact that Xuan survived many fires are all related to the topic. Among them, the passage of reading in the porch and listening to people's voices is not only good at writing daily subtle feelings, but also writes an image of a scholar who can stand loneliness, laying the groundwork for the following discussion. Yao Nai said, "The articles of Zhenchuan are indifferent to the topic, broad and indifferent to the language, but with sparse charm. "This paragraph is an example. The third paragraph is an exposition of Xiang Jisheng (the author claims to be). The author regards Ba widow guarding Dan Cave as Qing, and Zhuge Liang as lying high in the middle of the cave. Compared with himself under the cold window of his prodigal family, he is both embarrassed and ambitious. Therefore, although at the end of the speech, he laughed at himself as a frog in the well, but it did not contain irony and narcissism for ordinary people. Finally, a few years later. Continue to write about the changes before and after his wife's death, including the recent mourning. In the article, the trivia before his wife's death is also plain and meaningful, which is no different from the previous style. The word "don't live often" seems to converge into an article, but at the end of the article, it is swaying. It is about a loquat tree planted by my dead wife, which is graceful and graceful as a cover, reflecting the thought of seeing things and thinking about people. Compared with the idiom "the tomb is arched", it is particularly interesting and interesting. In a word, this article is good at simple description in narration and simple expression in expression. Truthful memory, plain narrative, light as water, long aftertaste. As Wang Xijue said, "I didn't mean to touch people, but my thoughts of joy and sadness are beyond words." (Epitaph of Gui Gong) This artistic conception and pen and ink of speaking household words in spoken language is a creation of Gui Youguang after the Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. The so-called "luxury" has come to an end, and you can turn to the text. "The style of writing is sloppy, as if it were casual; However, no matter the scenery, narration and lyricism, they all revolve around the center of "Jixiangxuan", so they can leave or get together. Although it has always been dominated by plain pen, it has also changed. For example, the first paragraph is slightly literary, which is different from the simplicity of the following articles, but it is in line with the emotional changes and photography of relief and sadness. Therefore, it cannot be said that the author has no "ingenuity" in writing. (Zhou Xiaotian) Ji Xiang's Xuan Paper is an excellent lyric prose. Author: "Borrowing pavilions to remember the legacy of three generations." Mei Zengliang, a native of Qing Dynasty, cherishes people when he sees things, mourns the dead, twists and turns with things, talks in detail, uses a very light pen and has deep feelings. Affection makes this article natural and moving, not decorative. Throughout the paper, people and events are linked by a ridge and a knot, with an old house as the clue. At first glance, the author seems to be a loyal writer, unrestrained and disorganized, but in fact he has been carefully refined and carefully conceived. There is a sense of life experience and homesickness inside, and there are changes outside. Although the full text is all about trivial things in daily life, and the people who miss it belong to three generations, (grandma, mother and wife) don't feel sloppy and trivial when reading it, but it looks very concise and concentrated.
First, the structure of "detachment" situation.
The article first describes the narrowness, leakage and darkness of the porch, and then describes the beauty, tranquility and serenity after the restoration. Books are accumulated in the porch, flowers and trees are outside the porch; There are birds in the daytime and shadows in the moonlight; It constitutes a harmonious and elegant small world atmosphere. It is the author himself who lives in the center of this small world. His poor life, noble interests and cheerful mood are all naturally revealed unconsciously. The words "how happy and sad" are a link between the preceding and the following, and the thinking has turned sharply. The word "happiness" should have been mentioned above, but where did "sadness" come from? First of all, the disintegration of the extended family shows the author's sadness about the decline of the family. Second, the mother's meticulous care for her children shows the author's nostalgia for her mother. Thirdly, grandma's concern, praise and expectation for the author implicitly expressed her infinite sadness about her talent, fame and her concern and expectation of disappointing her loved ones. In the last two sections, the episode of my dead wife's life in the porch and the future changes of the porch are added to express the author's sincerity in missing his wife. Simple words sang a deep lament for life.
Second, the details are "embarrassing"
Being good at selecting the most deeply felt details and scenes from daily life, expressing the style of characters and expressing inner feelings is a major feature of Guiwen. For example, writing about the restored South Pavilion, with books full of shelves, birds singing from time to time, the bright moon half wall and laurel trees mottled, fully shows the author's state of mind of entertaining himself. The environment is quiet, quiet and full of poetry, but the author misses his loved ones more. The author only writes about grandmothers, mothers and wives through one or two things. There is not much pen and ink, and nothing is big, leaving only some figures of the characters, but the voices and smiles of the characters are vividly on the paper. For example, when the mother heard her sister crying, she knocked on Nan Gezi's door with her finger and said, "Is it cold? Want to eat? " Very common action description, very common life words, vividly describe the mother's love for her children, which is very real to read and listen to. "I cried before I finished, and I cried, too." The feeling of sadness is natural. Lin Shu once said: "The old woman's language in Zhenchuan is trivial and irrelevant, but since she lost her mother's son, she seldom reads it, and bandits don't cry." This evaluation is very appropriate. (Selected Records of Ji Xiang, Selected Notes on Ancient Chinese Characters in China). Another example is to write a grandmother's text, which is concise, delicate and vivid. "A big girl" and "A child's success can be treated". One or two movements, such as "closing the door by hand" and "holding the elephant for a while", vividly depict the complex feelings of the old man's concern, praise and urging for his grandchildren. When writing about his dead wife, he just said, "When I get to nave, I'll ask you about old things or learn from some books." A few strokes painted the deep affection between husband and wife. At the end, the author pinned his deep sorrow on a loquat tree. "There is a loquat tree in the yard. My wife planted it in her hand when she died. Now it is as elegant as the cover. " Loquat tree was originally a still life without thoughts and feelings, but it linked the planting time with the year of his wife's death and felt the same; Add the word "today" before "graceful and restrained" to indicate that time is passing and still life shows dynamics. Trees are growing and people are dying! Things have changed! Time flies, unforgettable. I miss people more because I miss people and get in touch with things that have a certain relationship with people. Then the connection with things led to the sadness of the past. Therefore, things are entrusted to send feelings, and things and I blend to further deepen the feelings of missing. Just saying that the tree is growing, not that people are missing, its artistic effect is: endless feelings beyond words, endless words, endless meaning.
Third, simply "increase" feelings.
Another reason why the article is emotional is that the language is unpretentious. The author doesn't put on a show, pretend to be an amazing pen, or even use sophistry to render, but uses clear and fluent language, narrates in an ordinary way and honestly recalls. But popular nature contains rich expressive force, but simple and clear words can make the scenery picturesque and the characters laugh. If you write an old woman telling her mother's story in a few words, the old woman's expression and maternal love will come to the fore. Grandma's sweet words, mumbling when she left, closing the door with her hand and holding the elephant's head are all realized through common and plain language, but plain words show the affection between people. In addition, the past events announced by my wife after marriage, the words of the little girls relayed after coming back from my parents' home, the slim loquat tree and other details are all true feelings as always. As the saying goes, "What you do is to express your embrace, which is warm and beautiful, like a musical instrument in the Qing Dynasty, singing and sighing." I have no intention of touching people, and the thoughts of happiness and sadness are beyond words "(Wang Xijue's Epitaph of Returning to the Public). It is indeed a remarkable feature of Gui Youguang's prose to move people with emotion and not deliberately pursue strong effects.
Fourth, the overlapping word "gang"
Like other reduplicated words, the reduplicated words in this paper are also to increase the beauty of image and music. Such as "silence" to contrast the quiet environment, "often" to render the clutter of the door wall, "croak" to describe the crying of children, and "silence" to express the writer's hard work. Another example is to write that the trees are swaying in the wind under the moon and use "Shanshan"; Loquat trees stand upright and use "pavilions". With overlapping words, the sound is more vivid, the objects are more detailed and the scenery is more vivid. And when reading, the syllables are harmonious and more beautiful. But in a short essay (the full text is less than 800 words), why does the author use six overlapping words simply for the sake of things, scenery and feelings? Obviously, it's hard to convince. Mr. Liu Xie hit the nail on the head: "drifting with things" and "drifting at will" Writing things and feelings, blending scenes, this is the real intention of using reduplicated words in many places in the text. For example, the word "silence" not only emphasizes the tranquility and tranquility of the environment, but also is full of nostalgia for the life of "Ji Xiangxuan"; The word "Chang" not only emphasizes the omnipresence of the door wall, but also reveals the author's dissatisfaction with the chaotic phenomenon after the separation and his sorrow for the decline of the family. Another example is the word "pavilion", which reminds people of towering trees and graceful figures. This story conveys the author's feelings and melancholy for the deceased, and it is memorable. Hegel said: "In art, emotional things are purified by the mind, and spiritual things are also revealed by sadness." The usage of reduplicated words in this paper illustrates this point.
Writing characteristics
The article is written closely, with the feelings of joy or sadness as the meaning of the whole article, stringing the trivial matters of life into a whole. Good at expressing characters through details and scenes in life. Love is infinite without words, and words are infinite with intentions.