Political articles
From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the early years of the Republic of China, Yong was regarded as the important place of Gyeonggi and the political and military center in the north, and became the main battlefield for various political and military forces to compete. In the Revolution of 1911, the Zhili Revolutionary Volunteers formed secret groups such as the Peace Conference and the Iron Blood Conference to carry out revolutionary activities in the hinterland of central China ruled by the Qing Dynasty. After the founding of the Republic of China, the direct warlord, an important branch of Beiyang warlords, took Hebei as its base camp and launched a political competition and military struggle between Anhui warlords and Feng warlords.
1922, with the help of Li Dazhao, the first production party organization in Hebei was born in Tangshan. After the establishment of Hebei organization, it immediately devoted itself to leading the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle, which set off the climax of the workers and peasants movement.
1933, Japan provoked Shanhaiguan, and the claws of aggression extended to North China. China's army rose up to fight, and the world-famous Great Wall War of Resistance broke out in Hebei. After the full-scale outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Eighth Route Army led by the Producer Party advanced into Hebei, established anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines and launched guerrilla warfare. With its unique strategic position at that time, Hebei became a famous anti-Japanese battlefield behind enemy lines and made great contributions to the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek pushed China into the abyss of civil war. Gao Shuxun, a patriotic general, opposed domestic troubles and foreign invasion and resolutely led the Handan Uprising. The Kuomintang army entrenched in Hebei has been completely annihilated. The liberation of Shijiazhuang, the great victory of Ping Jin Campaign and the peaceful liberation of Peiping laid the foundation stone for the liberation of China.
1948, Mao Zedong and others led the central authorities from northern Shaanxi to Xibaipo, Pingshan County. From then on, Xibaipo became the leading center of China revolution in this period, and the new China was born here.
Economic articles
From 65438 to 1970s, Hebei began to establish modern industries, including Kailuan Mining Bureau, Tangshan Locomotive Works, Shanhaiguan Bridge Works, Qi Xin Lime Company, Qinhuangdao Hua Yao Glass Factory, Tangshan Huaxin Textile Company and Shijiazhuang Daxing Textile Company. In modern industry, except for Hua Yao Glass Factory, China capital of other factories and mines is mostly bureaucratic capital, and they borrow from foreign countries. So both mines and factories are almost controlled by foreigners. In modern industry, mining, textile and building materials are relatively developed. At the same time, some local handicrafts, such as Levin homespun, Xinji furs and Gu 'an wickerwork, have also been restored and developed.
With the rise of modern industry, railways and ports began to be built. In addition to the earliest Tangshan-Xugezhuang line, there are the Jing-Zhang Railway built by Zhan Tianyou, a famous railway engineering expert, and Jingshan Road, Han Jing Road, Shitai Road and Jinpu Road built with foreign capital.
Behind Japan's pro-Japanese policy is to intensify the monopoly and plunder of Hebei's economy, and all major factories and mines in Hebei are controlled by Japan. In order to support the war of aggression against China and plunder resources, Japan established and "jointly" Fengfeng Power Plant, Tangshan Power Plant and Tangshan Iron and Steel Plant in Hebei. Japan also occupied a large area of land and plundered a large number of agricultural and sideline products. The national industry and commerce, handicrafts and agricultural production in Hebei have been seriously damaged.
After Japan surrendered, the Kuomintang took over the main factories and mines operated by Japan. In the Kuomintang-controlled areas, there are many kinds of exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, and a large number of enterprises are in recession and on the verge of bankruptcy. The rural economy has also been damaged and destroyed.
In sharp contrast to the Kuomintang-ruled areas, the liberated areas in Hebei abolished exorbitant taxes, reduced rents and interest rates, carried out land reform, and developed cottage industries, sideline businesses and production cooperatives. At the same time, factories, shops, banks and transportation were established, and the new-democratic public ownership economy and collective economy were developed. The economic construction in the liberated areas played an important role in seizing political power.
cultural goods
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing government implemented the New Deal and stopped the imperial examinations, running schools and studying abroad. Especially after the promulgation of Guimao Academic System, Zhili set up a new school, which was the first in the country in the early years of the Republic of China. At that time, in addition to the general education of primary, secondary and higher education, various professional education such as normal education, vocational education, military education and preparation for studying abroad were widely distributed in the whole province. Before the introduction of new education, it had a great influence throughout the country. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, school education met with bad luck. In Hebei, there is no quiet desk, and almost all schools are closed. The vast number of patriotic teachers and students are migrating and displaced. Insist on running a school. Anti-Japanese base areas set up schools of all levels and types in the harsh war environment. These schools have become the cradle of revolution with brand-new educational content.
Modern Hebei trained a large number of cultural celebrities. Wang Senran, a pioneer in education, Yang, a lifelong scholar, Hao Zhongqing, a moral educator, Wang Guoguang, a cultural messenger, Li Shizeng, Bai Meichu, a pearl of the mathematical kingdom, a great engineering master, Zhang Wenyou, the father of geotectonics, a pioneer in library science, Yuan Tongli, Pei Wenzhong and the last scholar, all of whom are from Hebei, have an important position in the modern cultural history of China.
There are many kinds of operas in Hebei. Actors and artists from Beijing Opera, Hebei Bangzi, Pingju, Kunqu Opera, Sixian, Old Tune and Shadow Play gathered together. Famous Peking Opera masters Xun Huisheng, Shang Xiaoyun, Kunqu master Han Shichang, Pingju queen Bai, Pingju originator Cheng, and people's artist Zhang all contributed to the prosperity of the Chinese opera industry.
Hebei is also one of the cradles of China Wushu, with many kinds of boxing and various schools. Wuqiao is the cradle of acrobatics in China. Wuqiao acrobatics has won a reputation for the motherland many times in the world. The colorful Hebei folk culture is an important part of China traditional culture.