Karl Marx, whose full name is karl heinrich marx (German: karl heinrich marx,1865438+May 5, 2008-65438+March 0883, 14), is one of the founders of Marxism, the organizer and leader of the First International, and is known as the great mentor of the proletariat and working people all over the world? [1], the spiritual leader of the proletariat and the pioneer of the international proletarian movement.

Marx was a great German thinker, politician, philosopher, economist, revolutionary and sociologist. His main works are Capital? [2], * * * producer's statement, etc. The famous philosophical thought founded by Marx is historical materialism, and its greatest wish is the all-round and free development of individuals. ? [3] Marx founded a great economic theory. Personally, I think his greatest work is Das Kapital, and Marx established his principle of exposition as "critique of political economy". Marx thinks this is the "principle of political economy" and this is the "essence", and future generations can continue to study on this basis. Marx believes that the destruction of the bourgeoisie is as inevitable as the victory of the proletariat. Marxist theory, founded by him and Engels, is regarded as a theoretical weapon and a guide to action to guide the working people all over the world to strive for the great ideals of socialism and capitalism.

2. Hegel

Georg wilhelm friedrich hegel (German: georg wilhelm friedrich hegel, often abbreviated as G.W.F Hegel; 1 August 27th, 770-A.D. 183 1 year 1 month14th), a German philosopher.

Georg wilhelm friedrich hegel, who was slightly later than Kant, was one of the representatives of German idealism philosophy in19th century. Hegel was born in Stuttgart, the capital of Baden-Wü rttemberg in southwest Germany today. He is the president of Berlin University (Humboldt University in Berlin today).

Many people think that Hegel's thought marks the peak of German idealistic philosophy movement in the19th century, and has a far-reaching influence on later philosophical schools, such as existentialism and Marx's historical materialism. What's more, because Hegel's political thought has both the essence of liberalism and conservatism, his philosophy undoubtedly provides a new way for those who feel that liberalism is facing challenges because they see its powerlessness in recognizing personal needs and embodying basic human values.

3. Kant

Immanuel Kant (German: Immanuel Kant,1724 ——1April 22, 804,1February, at the age of 79) was born in Koenigsberg, Germany, a German writer, philosopher and founder of German classical philosophy. His theory deeply influenced modern western philosophy and opened many schools of German classical philosophy and Kant's philosophy.

Kant was the last major philosopher in the Enlightenment and a representative figure in German ideological circles. He reconciled rene descartes's rationalism with Bacon's empiricism, and is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the West after Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

Kant has his own ideological system and many works, among which three core works are collectively called "Three Criticism", namely, Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment. These three books systematically expounded his epistemology, ethics and aesthetic thoughts respectively. The criticism of pure reason has attracted special attention from academic circles, which indicates that the main direction of philosophical research has shifted from ontology to epistemology. It is an epoch-making masterpiece in the history of western philosophy and is regarded as the beginning of modern philosophy. In addition, Kant has important works on philosophy of religion, philosophy of law and philosophy of history.

4.engels

Friedrich engels (1820165438+19951October 28th-65438+August 5th) is a German thinker, philosopher, revolutionary, educator and military theorist, and a great mentor of the proletariat and working people all over the world, Marx. Engels, a close friend of Marx, was called "the second violinist", and he provided a lot of financial support for Marx's academic research. After Marx's death, he compiled and published a large number of manuscripts and works left by Marx and became the leader of the international workers' movement.

Engels, a close comrade-in-arms of Marx, wrote the Manifesto of the Productive Party together with Marx, and founded the scientific theory together with Marx. Participated in the leadership work of First International. After Marx's death, he began to sort out and publish Das Kapital? [1] Heritage work also shoulders the heavy responsibility of leading the international workers' movement. In addition to co-writing with Marx, he also wrote Dialectics of Nature and The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State.

5. Schopenhauer

Arthur schopenhauer (German: arthur schopenhauer,1February 22, 788-65438+September 2 1, 0860, at the age of 72) was a famous German philosopher. He was the first person in the history of philosophy who openly opposed rationalism philosophy and initiated irrationalism philosophy. He is also one of the founders and main representatives of voluntarism, and believes that the will to life is the power that dominates the operation of the world.

Schopenhauer was born in a banker's family in Danzig, Germany (now Poland, renamed Gdansk), and he was withdrawn from childhood. His father, Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, was a very successful businessman and later committed suicide by drowning himself. Her mother, johanna schopenhauer, was a famous writer at that time, and she had contacts with Goethe and other writers. The relationship between him and his mother was always bad, and the gap was deep, and finally the relationship broke down. Schopenhauer inherited his father's property and made him live a rich life all his life. After he died of pneumonia, Schopenhauer donated all his property to charity. You can see him in many books.