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1. Confucius (former 55 1- former 479)

Confucius was a great thinker, philosopher, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius' theory had a great influence on China's feudal culture and thought for two thousand years, as well as on the world culture and thought. The main words and deeds of his life were compiled into The Analects by his disciples and his disciples.

Confucius was an outstanding genius. Although he drifted all his life and his fate was bumpy, the Confucianism he founded became a classic of later Confucianism. He strongly advocated the theory of "benevolence" in political thought, and put forward that "benevolent people love others" and "self-denial and devotion to the public" in order to achieve the highest state of "giving to and benefiting the people". The Confucian thought of "loyalty, filial piety and etiquette" dominated the long feudal dynasty, became the orthodoxy of China's feudal culture for more than 2,000 years, and was praised as a "saint" by feudal rulers in previous dynasties. Confucius' theory is widely spread all over the world.

2. Plato (427-347)

Ancient Greek philosophers and thinkers are also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the whole western philosophy and even the whole western culture. Plato established an objective idealism system with idealism as the core. His philosophical ontology is called "objective idealism" and is the founder of western objective idealism. His philosophical thoughts have a great influence on the world. Author of The Republic, Law, parmenides, Drinking, Wise Man, Phaedo, Taiyada, Timio, etc.

Plato developed Pythagoras' thought about the harmony of the universe and pointed out that the orbit of celestial bodies is circular. He combined astronomy with geometry and laid the foundation for the later establishment of geocentric theory. He also compared the universe with the human body, and deduced his views on the nature and structure of the universe, as well as on human physiology. His thoughts on the universe of heaven, earth and human body were popular until the end of the Middle Ages, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of biology. He also recorded the legend of Atlantic City for the first time in his works.

Plato was also an educator. He was the first to point out the great political significance of education, put forward the thought and content of public preschool education, determined the basic part of psychological composition, defined the wide range of disciplines at that time, pointed out the significance of various disciplines to the development of abstract thinking, and advocated that women receive equal education with men.

Plato was a student of Socrates and Aristotle was a student of Plato, which had a far-reaching influence on ancient Greece and later western thought and civilization.

Plato's idealism was regarded as idealism by China people after 1949. However, his enlightenment to western philosophy is generally recognized and respected because of his outstanding personality.

3. Aristotle (384-322)

Ancient Greek philosopher, thinker, logician and scientist. Marx called him "the most learned man" among the ancient Greek philosophers. The existing Aristotle's works mainly include categories, explanations, pre-analysis, post-analysis, debates and refutations of wise men, which are collectively called instrumental theory and mainly involve logical issues. Metaphysics mainly involves abstract general theoretical problems; Physics, the theory of heaven, the theory of life and death and the theory of soul mainly involve natural philosophy. Nikolai Kyle's ethics, grand ethics and oldham's ethics mainly involve ethical issues. In addition, there are political science, poetics, rhetoric and other works related to biology and economy.

Aristotle summed up the achievements of the development of ancient Greek philosophy since Thales, distinguished philosophy from other sciences for the first time, and initiated independent research on logic, ethics, politics and biology. His academic thoughts have a great influence on the development of western culture. Many words in modern western philosophy and even in other parts of the world originated from Aristotle.

Because of Aristotle's philosophical confusion and complexity, his influence is multifaceted and even contradictory. While affirming Aristotle's great contribution to human culture, it also profoundly exposed his philosophical confusion and vacillation.

4. Thomas Aquinas (1226- 1274)

Italian theologian and scholastic philosopher. Thomas doctrine is the highest achievement of scholasticism and the largest and most comprehensive theological and philosophical system in the Middle Ages. Representative works include Encyclopedia of Anti-Paganism and Encyclopedia of Theology. Encyclopedia of theology is considered as an encyclopedia of Christianity.

/kloc-in the 0/3rd century, European feudal society entered a period of prosperity, and some difficult economic problems appeared. Aquinas put forward that the basic principles of dealing with economic relations should be the fairness of distribution and the fairness of exchange according to religious teachings and Aristotle's related theories. He divided wealth into two kinds, namely natural wealth and artificial wealth. It is believed that natural economy is the foundation of a country's happiness, and gold and silver wealth, as artificial wealth, should not be the goal pursued by the country and individuals. As long as the wealth owned by individuals is commensurate with their status, even if the distribution is fair. He thinks it is shameful to do business for the purpose of getting gold and silver, but at the same time he thinks that those who want to make a living, help the poor and work for welfare can. Basically opposed to usury. It is believed that the repayment of the loan is only a deferred payment, the time belongs to God, and the creditor has no right to bear interest; According to Roman law, money belongs to an article whose ownership and use right are inseparable, so it is illegal to borrow money for interest. Aquinas' economic thought dominated Europe for two centuries. He applied Aristotle's philosophy to theology, founded a huge system of scholasticism and theology, and made important contributions in ethics, logic, politics, metaphysics and epistemology.

In the aspect of religious philosophy, he put forward five famous arguments to prove the existence of God, which had great influence on later generations. Its philosophical and theological system was designated as the official Catholic doctrine by Pope Leo XIII in 1879, and was later called Thomas Doctrine. /kloc-0 was posthumously sealed in 323, and/kloc-0 was named doctor in 567, and was called "doctor of universal church".

5. Mikolaj Copernic (1473- 1543)

Polish thinker, astronomer, founder of Heliocentrism and founder of modern astronomy. Copernicus' greatest achievement is to use scientific Heliocentrism to deny the geocentric theory that ruled the West 1000 years ago. This is a great revolution in astronomy, which has caused a major innovation in human cosmology and fundamentally shaken the theoretical pillar of religious theology in medieval Europe. "Since then, natural science has been liberated from theology" and "the development of science has made great progress since then" (Engels' Dialectics of Nature).

After years of observation and calculation, Copernicus finally completed the exposition of Heliocentrism's magnum opus "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies", but it was not until he was nearly seventy years old that he decided to publish it. 1543 On May 24th, Copernicus received the Theory of the Operation of Celestial Bodies from the publishing house. Due to the limitation of the times, Heliocentrism kept the so-called "perfect" circular orbit and other arguments.

Only considering the influence of Copernicus theory on technology will completely ignore its real significance. Copernicus' achievement is an indispensable prelude to the work of Galileo, Kepler and Newton. The latter discovery put Heliocentrism on a more solid scientific foundation.

6. Francis Bacon (156 1- 1626)

British thinker and philosopher. Marx called Bacon "the true ancestor of British materialism and the whole modern experimental science".

Bacon is a pioneer of modern natural science. He expressed the concept of modern science for the first time, expounded the purpose and essence of science and the correct way to develop science, and summed up the empirical method of scientific experiment-induction for the first time, which played a guiding role in the development of modern science.

Bacon is an ideological innovator. His criticism of the scientific view of scholasticism and the traditional logical thinking mode cleared the way for the development of natural science.

Bacon's major work The Great Renaissance consists of two volumes: On Academic Progress and New Tools.

Bacon is also a political critic and the author of political and ethical papers.

7. isaac newton (1642- 1727)

British physicist, philosopher, thinker and mathematician.

Newton's masterpiece Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) is regarded as "the greatest work since ancient times". Engels said: "Scientific astronomy was founded by the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, scientific optics by the decomposition of light, scientific mathematics by binomial theorem and infinite theory, and scientific mechanics by the understanding of the nature of force." The four founders are unparalleled and can be called "the greatest scientists in history", said the famous American popular science writer Asimov.

Newton himself has always been modest. He once talked about his achievements in a very plain tone: "If I see farther than Descartes, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants." His great contribution to mankind made him elected to the British Parliament twice. 1703 was knighted by Queen Anna and became the president of the Royal Society. 1772 died on March 20th, becoming the first scientist to receive the honor of state funeral.

8. Voltaire (1694- 1778)

French enlightenment thinker, writer and philosopher. Advocate bourgeois freedom and equality.

In the magnificent French Enlightenment, a thinker published anti-feudal works under more than 100 pen names in order to avoid persecution by feudal autocratic forces, among which "Voltaire" is the most familiar pen name.

Voltaire was the standard-bearer of the French bourgeois enlightenment in the18th century, and was known as "the king of ideas" and "the best poet in France". The center of the Enlightenment is in France, and the leader of the French Enlightenment is Voltaire. He was recognized as the leader and mentor of the people for most of his life. His thoughts and theories have educated generations, laid a theoretical foundation for the anti-feudal struggle and armed the minds of the French people for the coming bourgeois revolution. His thoughts had a great influence on Europe in the18th century.

Voltaire wrote a large number of literary works, among which the famous ones are the epic Henry Yade, The Girl in Orleans, the tragedy Odeber, the comedy The dissolute Son and the philosophical novel The Honest Man. He also wrote many historical works, such as Louis XIV and On the Customs and Spirits of All Ethnic Groups. In philosophy, his masterpiece is Dictionary of Philosophy and Metaphysics, and the most influential work is Philosophical Exchange, which is called "the first bomb dropped on the old system".

9. Immanuel Kant (1724- 1804)

German philosopher, thinker and founder of German classical idealism. Kant's "three criticisms" constitute his great philosophical system. The three kinds of criticism are pure rational criticism (178 1 year), practical rational criticism (1788) and judgment criticism (1790). Oppose feudal privileges and advocate respect for civilians.

Kant was also one of the founders of the theory of nebulae, and published the book General History of Nature and Theory of Celestial Bodies in 1755. After the publication of nebula theory, people did not pay attention to it. It was not until Laplace's nebula theory was published that people remembered Kant's nebula theory.

Charles robert darwin (1809- 1882)

British naturalist, thinker, founder of evolution and theoretical pioneer of functional psychology. Engels compared Darwin's theory of evolution with the laws of cell discovery, energy transformation and conservation, and praised it as the three greatest scientific discoveries in the19th century.

On the Origin of Species, published in 1859, comprehensively put forward the theory of evolution based on natural selection. Darwin wrote several books for scientists and psychologists when religious fanatics attacked the theory of evolution as contrary to the biblical theory of creation. The Origin of Human Beings (187 1) reports the evidence that human beings evolved from lower life forms, the similarity of psychological processes between animals and human beings, and the evidence of natural selection in the process of evolution. The book also deals with the variation of animals and plants under domestication (1868). The emotional expression in Animals and People (1872) systematically expounds artificial selection, puts forward the theory of sexual selection and the origin of human beings, and further enriches the content of evolution.

Evolution was used in biology after19th century, especially the change and development of organisms from simple to complex and from low to high, also known as evolution theory. The word evolution comes from the Latin evolutio, which means to unwind or unwind tightly wound paper rolls. (Adu from WWW)