I. Physical geography

(1) Geographical location

Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Haixi Prefecture for short) is located in the north of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the west of Qinghai Province. It starts from Dangjinshankou in the north, passes through Dangheshan, Yamato Mountain and Mulidaban Mountain in Qilian Mountain, and is connected with Jiuquan area in Gansu Province. It starts from the eastern part of Mulidaban in the east, passes through Muli River and Gilmenghe River to Buha River, and is adjacent to Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of this province; From Bayin Mountain in the middle of Nanshan Mountain in Qinghai Province, through the eastern end of Chaka Basin to Ela Mountain, it is connected with Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in this province; It starts from the southern section of Mount Ela in the south, and is bounded by the Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in this province, with Buqingshan, bayan har and Bukada Mid-levels. The west is connected with Altun Mountain from Buhamannai Peak via Gashan and Gasikou, and borders Bayingole Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Quanzhou is 837 kilometers long from east to west and 486 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of 325,800 square kilometers, accounting for 45.6438+07% of the province's total area. Geographical coordinates are located between 96 06 ˊ-99 42 ˊ east longitude and 35 01ˊ-39 20 ˊ north latitude. Haixi Prefecture is famous for being located in the west of Qinghai Lake. Delingha, the resident of the state capital, is 5 14 kilometers away from Xining, the provincial capital.

Haixi Prefecture is dominated by the Qaidam Basin surrounded by Kunlun Mountain, Altun Mountain and Qilian Mountain. The basin is 800 kilometers long from east to west and 350 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of 256,600 square kilometers, accounting for 78.76% of the total area of the state. The Qaidam Basin is the highest closed inland basin in China, with an elevation of 2675-3200m. The surrounding mountains are 3500-4500 meters above sea level. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. From the edge to the center, the basin is divided into five types of landforms: mountains, hills, Gobi, plains and lakes and marshes, which are distributed in strips and developed into distinctive economic regions. Surrounded by marginal mountains, there are vast alpine pastures, which are suitable for developing animal husbandry economy; The piedmont alluvial plain is between 2800 and 3000 meters above sea level, and some areas have good water and soil resources and climate conditions, which are suitable for developing oasis agriculture. The salt lakes in the central valley plain are rich in resources, which can greatly develop the salinization industry.

② Climate

Haixi is a typical continental climate, with annual average precipitation 16.7-487.7mm and annual average evaporation 1 353.9-3526. 1mm, which is 5- 195 times of annual precipitation. The annual average temperature in Quanzhou is -5.6-5.2℃, and there are obvious regional differences in temperature. The annual average sunshine hours are more than 3,000 hours, and the sunshine radiation reaches 628.9-74 1.3 kcal/cm2. There are many windy days in China, with the annual average gale of more than 8 in the western region114-17 days, 79-86 days in the eastern region and 30-53 days in the central region. The frost-free period in the region is between 78- 13 1 day, and there is no absolute frost-free period in areas above 3600 meters above sea level.

Second, the historical evolution

Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture was founded on1954 65438+125 October, then it was called Haixi Mongolian and Kazak Autonomous Region, and 1955 was changed to an autonomous prefecture. 1984 In May, according to the minutes of the discussion meeting between Qinghai Province and New Zealand Province (region), all Kazakhs in this state moved back to Xinjiang, and the State Council officially approved it on April 24th. 1985 renamed Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.

Haixi Prefecture has a long history. The residents of Qaidam Basin created the famous Nomuhong culture 2700 years ago. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, King Yinshi of Tuyuhun built a city in Luo Fu Chuan (now dulan county) and once became the political center of Tuyuhun Kingdom. In 663 AD, Tubo conquered Tubuhun Kingdom, and the Qaidam Basin was controlled by Tubo. In the Ming Dynasty, the four Wei jurisdictions of Anding, Antonie, Quxian and Handong involved Haixi. Mongolians set foot in Qaidam from the Yuan Dynasty, and Khan led a special department to Haixi in Gushi at the end of Ming Dynasty. In the second year of Yongzheng, after the defeat of Rob Zang Tenzin, the Qing government designated Qinghai Mongols as 29 flags, 9 of which were stationed in Haixi. Tibetan tribes moved to the south of the Yellow River in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and moved back to the north of the Yellow River to graze in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, among which Wang Daihai tribe gradually entered Haixi. There are also some Tibetans who migrated from the East China Sea.

Three. administrative division

1999 Haixi prefecture has jurisdiction over 2 cities (Golmud and Delingha), 3 counties (Dulan, Wulan and Tianjun), 3 administrative committees (Mangya, Lenghu and Dachaidan administrative committees), 43 townships and 3 sub-district offices.

Haixi has a long history and was the land of western Qiang in ancient times. In the first year of the Republic of China, the Haixi region was subordinate to the Chief Executive of Qinghai Province. 19 (1930) The director of Dulan was changed to dulan county, and now it is under the jurisdiction of Haixi Prefecture and directly under the Qinghai Provincial Government. Qinghai was liberated in September 1949. In the same year, 1 1 dulan county people's government (resident chahanwusu) was established to administer the whole territory of Haixi prefecture and the government of Zhili province. 1On September 26th, 952, dulan county was abolished and a county-level "Dulan Mongolian, Tibetan and Kazakh Autonomous Region" was established. 1955 65438+February 65438+February was renamed as "Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture". 1April, 966, the state capital was moved from Dachaidan to Delingha. 1In May, 984, the Kazaks in Quanzhou voluntarily moved back to Xinjiang with the consent of the Central Committee and the State Council. 1985 May 2 1 renamed as "Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture".

Delingha, the state capital, is a new city. Located in the northeast of Haixi, with an altitude of 2928 meters. Bayin River runs through the urban area and divides the urban area into Hedong and Hexi. National Highway 3 15 of Qingxin Highway and Harbin (Hargeer) Geer (Golmud) section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway pass through the urban area, and the traffic is very convenient. The urban area is 7 square kilometers. Worry-free is the center of the state's economy, politics, culture and transportation, with clean streets, perfect commercial service facilities and prosperous commercial market.

Four. Population, nationality and culture

1999, the total population of Haixi prefecture was 312,300, with an average population of 0.96 per square kilometer. There are 30 ethnic groups in this state, including Mongolia, Tibet, Han, Hui, Tu and Salar. Among them, there are 2 1 585 Mongolians, accounting for 6.91%of the total population; 30,899 Tibetans, accounting for 9.89% of the total population; There are 236,970 Han people, accounting for 75.87% of the total population; Hui 15683, accounting for 5.02% of the total population. There are 205,527 urban residents, accounting for 65.8% of the total population; Rural population106800, accounting for 34.2% of the total population.

Folk arts and sports activities of ethnic minorities in Haixi have local characteristics. At present, there are art galleries and national song and dance troupes in Quanzhou, cultural centers, libraries, bookstores, cinemas, radio and television stations in counties and cities, and film projection teams in towns and villages. Quanzhou has established 25 TV differential turntables with a coverage rate of 87%. There are Mongolian and Tibetan radio stations, Mongolian newspaper offices, Mongolian film translation stations, Mongolian and Tibetan literature societies, and literary and theoretical publications such as Han Chao Hai, Development and Research of Qaidam, and Flowers of Qaidam. Sports in this state are very active and sports facilities are relatively sound. There are 8 stadiums, 93 basketball courts, 2 1 football field, 36 table tennis training rooms, 6 skating rinks and 10 gymnastics training rooms in the whole state. Since 1978, traditional ethnic sports and modern sports activities have flourished and their competitive level has been continuously improved.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) cultural heritage

In the long river of history, the people of all ethnic groups living in Haixi have left rich historical and cultural heritage in different historical periods, showing the long history and ancient civilization of the people of all ethnic groups in Haixi from different aspects. The main cultural relics are:

1. Tubo Tombs in Tang Dynasty

Located in Dulan Hot Water Township, * * * has more than 200 graves. After excavation, a large number of ancient fabrics, pottery, gold and silver ornaments and ancient Tibetan films were unearthed, which provided valuable information for studying the history of Tubo and the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang Dynasty and Tubo.

2. Mummies in Nomuhong area, ancient coins in Yuan Dynasty and Tarita Ha site.

1958, the mummy of an ancient military commander and a bag of ancient yuan coins were unearthed in Nomuhong area. In addition, Tarta Ha site has been discovered in this area, and a large number of ancient production tools, daily necessities, articles and house sites have been unearthed. This excavation further proves that human beings have lived and multiplied in this land for a long time, and denies some scholars' view that the Qaidam area has been uninhabited since ancient times.

3. Silk South Road Qinghai Road

"Silk Road" is the longest land transportation trunk line connecting Asia, Africa and Europe in ancient times. According to historical records, Qinghai Road, which was parallel to Hexi Road at that time, was once one of the traffic arteries of the Chinese-Western Corridor, consisting of four main roads. Its main road, Hehuang Ancient Road, enters Xinjiang along the north-south road of Qaidam Basin, and many ancient city sites along the way are still faintly visible, reflecting the traffic situation at that time.