Grade two: It is required to know simple words and learn to read articles, with emphasis on the use of polyphonic words, the understanding of words and the distinction between polyphonic words and difficult words.
Grade three: It is required to know more words, learn composition, contact difficulties with context, solve after-school problems and focus on answering questions.
Grade four: learn to write a composition, understand the difficulties of the text, focus on composition and master reading.
Grade 5: It is required to master many polyphonic phrases and write difficult compositions, with emphasis on reading and composition.
Grade 6: It is required to know a lot of words, distinguish a lot of pronunciations and words, write a good composition, and have difficulty in reading, with emphasis on composition and reading, which generally accounts for 60 points in the whole article.
The first part is the essentials of basic knowledge that primary school Chinese 1-6 should master.
First, Chinese Pinyin.
1, master 23 letters: b p m f d t n l g k h j q x z c s zhch sh r y w.
2. Master 24 vowels:
1) Monovowel: a o e i u ü
2) Eight vowels: ai ei ui ao ou iu ie üe e e.
3) Nasal vowels are divided into front nasal sound and back nasal sound. The front nasal sound is: an en in un ün, and the back nasal sound is: ang eng ing ong.
3. Special vowel: er, which can't be spelled with initials, but only serves as a word sound alone.
4. Overall recognition of 16 syllables: since the second four feet, Shi Li dances in Yiye, and she is full of rhyme and yuan ying.
5. Calibration: a o e i u ü, in order during calibration, i u is tied behind, and I calibration removes points; ü Turn to two points when spelling with j q x y, such as ju qu Yu Xu.
6, the alphabet:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
7. Sound insulation symbol: When the syllable starting with o e is immediately behind other syllables, the boundaries of syllables are easily confused, so the syllables should be separated by a sound insulation symbol ('). For example, H M Seagull: I'm not you.
Second, the method of looking up the dictionary.
1, word order search method. For example: dǐn, first find the phonetic order (D) in the Pinyin outline index, and then find the syllable (dǐn) and the corresponding page number.
2. Radical search method. To look up the word "Hua", we must first find it in the radical directory, then find the dictionary page number corresponding to the radical, and find the word to be looked up under the corresponding radical, the text page number and the number of remaining strokes (6 paintings) in the dictionary.
3, the number of strokes to find the word method. In reading, if you don't know the pronunciation and it is difficult to determine the radicals, you can only use the method of counting strokes to check. First, find the word with the corresponding number of strokes in the "Hard-to-find Word Index", and then open the corresponding text page number to find the word. If you look up "B", look up (1) pictures in "Hard to Find Words Index".
Third, understand words.
1, first find out the meaning of each word in the word, and then understand it in connection with the meaning of the whole word. For example, "gallop", "disease" means "flying fast" and "gallop" means "running fast"
2. Use synonyms or antonyms to explain. Anxiety means hurry. (antonym) "Familiar" means "not unfamiliar".
3. Contact the context to understand. For example, in the article Planting Flowers, we can guess that "cycle" means "repetition" from "going to the yard to see flowers-going back to work-going out again-going back to the house".
Fourth, the emotional color of words.
Commendatory term: well described, such as "tenacious"; Derogatory term: a bad description, such as "stubbornness";
Neutral words: description is neither bad nor bad, such as "look around" and "table".
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Choose words to fill in the blanks:
First, distinguish the differences in meaning, usage or emotional color of the given synonyms, and then judge and choose according to the given sentences.
Fill in. acoup sur
1) The surveyed terrain must be very accurate, without any carelessness.
2) This opinion is very (correct) and I should accept it.
VI. List of commonly used related words:
She is both an excellent student and an excellent team member.
2) He listens to music and draws pictures.
3) 3. (Because) today is June Day, (so) there is no need to go to school.
Song Wu is (not only) brave, but also (very) witty.
Xiaoming not only studies hard, but also is a good student who is helpful.
6) Only those who dare to challenge difficulties can achieve extraordinary success.
7) If you are willing to study hard, you will certainly overcome this difficulty.
Whether it's windy or rainy, I get to school on time.
9) (Although) today is a holiday, (But) Xiaohua still stays at home and studies hard.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go climbing.
1 1) Even if you get full marks in this math exam, you can't be proud.
12) Fanka thought: (Instead of suffering in the city,) go back to my hometown to visit my grandfather.
Liu Hulan would rather sacrifice himself than give in to the enemy.
You did it right (not), but I did it right.
15) He (1) started reading (just) forgot to eat or sleep.
Seven, change sentence patterns
1, "ba" sentence or "Bei" sentence. When rewriting, you can think like this: what "puts" what; What is "existence" and what is it? Note: You can't change the meaning of a sentence. I killed a mouse. I killed a mouse. A mouse killed me.
2, paraphrase: tell a sentence to others through your mouth. When rewriting, pay attention to the change of person, remove colons and quotation marks, and make appropriate changes to individual words according to the meaning and fluency of the sentence, not the meaning of the sentence. Teacher Wang said to Xiaoming, "I'll go down to buy water, and you practice here." Teacher Wang told Xiaoming that he went down to buy water and told Xiaoming to practice there.
3. Statements and rhetorical questions: transformation features: statements and rhetorical questions
(affirmative)-(negative)-(negative)-(affirmative)
The faster the horse runs, the farther it is from Chu. The faster the horse runs, isn't it farther away from Chu?
4. Affirmative sentences and negative sentences. There are many people in the street. -There are many people in the street. When you change an affirmative sentence into a negative sentence, you must add words such as "no" and "no" to the sentence, and then replace the words after "no" with antonyms.
Eight. Expansion and contraction of sentences
1, sentence expansion: first find out the main words of the sentence, and then add appropriate modifiers before the main words. The extended sentence is more specific and substantial than the original sentence, but its main meaning remains the same. Xiaoming went to the movies. Xiao Ming (wearing new clothes and happily) went to the cinema (Xinhua Cinema). Xiaoming and his sister are happy to go to Xinhua Cinema to see a movie.
2. abbreviations. First, divide the sentence into two parts: who does what or what and how, then find out the main words in each part, and then remove the decorative words to connect the main words into a complete sentence, but keep the main meaning of the original sentence. Cao Cao heard drums and shouts in the camp. It should be abbreviated as: Cao Cao heard drums and shouts. It can't be simplified as: Cao Cao heard shouting.
Nine, modify the sick sentence
1) The sentence is incomplete. Such as: brave and tenacious soldiers, excellent quality of selfless dedication.
Changed to: brave and tenacious soldiers, the excellent quality of selfless dedication is admirable.
2) Improper use of words. I still lack a decent pencil box in my schoolbag.
"Lack" is not used properly, and should be changed to "lack".
3) Improper collocation. He is wearing a gray coat and a red hat.
"Wear" and "hat" are not properly matched, and should be changed to: He is wearing a gray coat and a red hat.
4) The word order is chaotic. Playing table tennis is very interesting to me.
I am very interested in playing table tennis.
5) Inconsistent. For example, a golden cauliflower in the rape field is colorful.
"Gold" and "color" are contradictory, and "color" should be removed.
6) Repeat. He is the student with the best grades and lessons in our class.
The meanings of "best grade" and "best homework" are repeated, and only one of them needs to be kept here.
7) illogical and unreasonable. He was reading in the sun, and two hours passed unconsciously.
"Xia Guang" is fleeting, and it is unrealistic to last for two hours. "Xia Guang" should be changed to "sunshine".
8) Pay attention to the usage of commonly used modifiers:
Ten, know the way to modify sentences.
1) figurative sentence. Commonly used figurative words are "as if" and "as if", and some figurative sentences use "become", "become" and "become" instead of figurative words, such as: we are the flowers of the motherland. The characteristics of figurative sentences are: ontology and vehicle are somewhat similar, but ontology and vehicle are different. So sentences with figurative words are not necessarily figurative sentences, for example, Xiaohua looks like her mother. (10)
2) personification: write things like people and make things like people. Dragonflies come and tell me the joy of flying in the morning. This sentence uses words such as "tell" and "happy" to write about small animals.
3) exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the description of things. (Exaggerated) Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days. In the palm-sized cell, he is still exercising.
4) parallelism: three or more sentences with the same meaning, similar structure, roughly equal number of words and consistent tone are arranged together. Such as: this solemn announcement, this majestic voice, spread to the inside and outside of the Great Wall, to the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, to Baishan Heishui, and to Jiangnan, making the hearts of the people of the whole country exult together.
5) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself. Is there no sound at the bottom of the sea? That's not true.
6) rhetorical question: ask without doubt, ask without answering, and the answer is implicit in the question. What is torture?
7) ask questions: ask questions. Do you go to the library to read today?
Metaphor sentence: the green sea is soft as silk, slightly rippling, so beautiful!
Anthropomorphic sentence: The sun opened the clouds, showed a golden smile and looked at the earth kindly.
Frogs crow, endless fields boil, drums and horns sound, and the waves are rough.
Rhetorical question: Can you be regarded as a "three good students" just by studying well?
Exaggerated sentence: sweet-scented osmanthus and thyme.
Question: Does Xiaoming contribute to the class for the teacher's praise? No, he really contributes to the class.
Eleven, master the usage of some punctuation marks.
1) period (. ): Stop with a period at the end of the statement. A moment, please.
2) question mark (? ): The question is over and paused.
3) exclamation point (! ): A pause at the end of an exclamatory sentence. How beautiful the scenery here is!
4) Comma (,): A general pause in a sentence. He came and went.
5) Semicolon (; ): in a sentence, use semicolons between juxtaposed clauses. For example, there is Koizumi by the pool: some are like big fish spitting water, and a bunch of blisters come up briskly; Some are like a string of pearls, falling halfway; Some people just have a big blister.
6) pause (,): pause is used between words in a sentence that are in parallel relationship. For example, the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Pearl River and the Songhua River are the four major rivers in China.
7) Colon (:): indicates the pause after the suggestive speech, and when referring to the following, it indicates that there is something to pay attention to later. She said, "I see."
8) Three usages of quotation marks (double quotation marks ""single quotation marks ""):
A) refers to direct quotation, quotation from other people's words or books. She said, "I see." Or: the sign of "Zhenlong Central Primary School" is hung in front of the building.
B) emphasize and attract attention. For example, a herringbone line is designed.
C) negative meaning. Only those who are afraid of death beg for "freedom"
Note: When quotation marks are still used in quotation marks, double quotation marks are used in the outer layer and single quotation marks are used in the inner layer. He asked the teacher, "Teacher, what does this word' ignore' mean?"
9) Ellipsis (……): Ellipsis can be used in three ways:
A) indicates the omission of the reference. For example, I read a passage "fishermen frown ... don't wait for them to wake up", and I was very moved.
B) indicates the omission of the listed things. There are white bears, elephants and monkeys in the zoo.
C) it means that the words are not finished. The instructor said sadly, "I didn't take good care of you." You have lost weight ... "
D) means the sound is intermittent. For example, "I ... sew ... the wind roared so fiercely that it was really scary."
10) Book title (""): It means that when the names of books, newspapers, articles and film and television dramas appear in a sentence, they should be given titles. Yesterday, I read Lin Hai, Huizhou Daily and Journey to the West.
Dash (-): Dash can be used in three ways:
A) means an explanation. I will never forget that day-1952 65438+10/2.
B) indicates the progress or turning point of meaning. Every window has lights, and the street smells of roast goose, because it is New Year's Eve-she can't forget this.
C) means the sound is prolonged. The train pulled into the station.
Twelve, give the article segmentation (merger method)
1, segmented in chronological order.
2. Transform the section according to the position.
3. In the order of things.
4, according to the content and nature of things.
Thirteen, summarize the general idea of the paragraph
1, learn the extraction syntax:
A, paragraph total score structure, summarize the meaning of the paragraph, grasp the total sentence.
B, turning sentences connecting the preceding with the following, in which the "connection" part often means the previous paragraph, and the "connection" part often means the next paragraph.
C, when you want to extract a few sentences to summarize the meaning of the paragraph, you should compress the sentences appropriately.
2. Use the method of layer merging. (There is a parallel relationship between layers)
3. Choose the main meaning. Write several contents in a paragraph, including main contents and secondary contents. When summarizing the paragraph meaning of such paragraphs, we should "filter" these contents, select the main content as the paragraph meaning, and delete the secondary content.
Fourteen, summarize the main contents of the article
1. Summarize the main contents of the article by topic expansion.
2. Grasp the key paragraphs and summarize the main contents of the article.
3. Summarize the main content of the article by paragraph merging method.
Fifteen, summarize the central idea of the article
1. Summarizing the central idea of the article should include "the main content of the article" and "thoughts and feelings".
2. Common methods to summarize the central idea of the article:
1), summarize the ideas by analyzing the topics. For example, the word "lay down his life" in "Dong Cunrui lays down his life to bomb the bunker" contains Dong Cunrui's heroic spirit and fearless spirit of heroic dedication to the revolutionary cause.
2) Summarize the train of thought by analyzing the central sentence. For example, the central sentence of the lesson "Bird's Paradise" is that "Bird's Paradise" is indeed a bird's paradise! From this sentence, we can know the author's love for bird paradise and nature.
3) Summarize the train of thought by analyzing the main plot. For example, in "Teach the Sparrow", in order to protect her son, the female sparrow stepped forward and prepared to fight with the hounds. This reflects the old sparrow's spirit of loving his son.
4) Summarize the idea by analyzing the main characters. For example, the center of the lesson "Precious Textbooks" should be analyzed from the instructor to understand his revolutionary spirit of caring for the next generation and not being afraid of sacrifice.
3. Summarize the basic form of the central idea: (partially listed)
1), the text wrote () to express (). 2), the article wrote () praised ().
3), the text wrote () explanation (). 4), the text wrote () and told ().
5) Write () to express () praise ().
The second part: composition knowledge points of primary school Chinese 1-6 grade.
First, the basic knowledge
Composition is a comprehensive training of words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs, which reflects each student's cognitive level and writing expression ability. So, how can we write a good composition? Generally speaking, we should do the following: 1. Have a healthy mind and a clear center.
Second, the content is specific and clear.
Third, sentences are fluent and coherent.
Fourth, the details are appropriate and the priorities are clear.
Fifth, good at observation and rich in imagination.
Sixth, the handwriting is neat and the format is correct.
Besides observing things carefully at ordinary times, understanding and grasping the characteristics of things, and consciously accumulating writing materials, you must also have basic knowledge in examining topics, centering, selecting materials, planning the layout of articles, writing an outline of compositions, and modifying articles.
1, exam.
Only by accurately examining the questions, thoroughly understanding the purpose and meaning of solving problems, and solving the problem of "what to write" can we ensure that we will not stray from the topic when writing, and we will not "write a thousand words and stray from the topic of Wan Li". The following are three ways to examine questions:
(1) analysis method: first disassemble the topic word by word, then ponder word by word, understand the meaning of each word and find out the relationship between them. For example, "there are many new things on campus" can be divided into four words: "campus", "new", "things" and "more", so that we can write about the new things that have happened on campus, at least two or more things.
(2) Comparative method: According to the given topic, I intend to compare several similar topics and find out their writing scope and requirements. If you write about my teacher, you can compare My Teacher and I Love You, Teacher to find out the similarities and differences between them, so as to determine the writing focus.
(3) Asking questions: Ask a few questions first and consider the important ones. Then answer the hypothetical questions clearly, clearly and in detail according to the questions. For example, "She has changed", you can ask: What was she like before she changed? What is the reason for her change? What is she like after she has changed? Who says she's changed? In addition, the topic should be carefully scrutinized to find out the real meaning. For example, "warmth" can not be dedicated to warm weather, but should reflect the feeling of helping each other or getting care and love.
Step 2 identify the center
The center is the soul of the article. Teach everyone how to determine the center; First, we should determine the center according to the requirements of the topic. For example, "Remember a respectable person" should make it clear that the focus of the topic is "respect". The reason worthy of respect is the center of the article, and you should stick to this point when writing.
Second, we should determine the center according to our ordinary life accumulation and ordinary life feelings. For example, when writing about my good friend Wang Xiaoming, the central idea can show Wang Xiaoming's excellent qualities and his advantages.
Step 3 choose materials
The choice and details of materials should serve the center. Common mistakes are:
The center of (1) is not prominent, so there are many problems to explain.
(2) the details are improper, the key points are not prominent, and the priorities are reversed.
(3) The material selection is simple and atypical. So we should pay attention to two points: first, choose materials around the central idea of the composition. Second, choose the most familiar, true, novel and typical events as the material.
4. Organizational materials
The organization of materials includes two contents: one is the arrangement of materials. Which to write first, which to write later, so that the article is "orderly"; The second is the treatment of materials. What is written in detail, what is written slightly. To make the article "orderly", it is necessary to segment it reasonably. These methods are:
(1) Arrange the materials according to the sequence of events.
(2) Arrange the materials according to the passage of time.
(3) Arrange the materials according to spatial order.
(4) Arrange materials according to several aspects of things.
(5) Deepen the central idea step by step, and arrange materials from shallow to deep.
Step 5 write an outline
The outline includes: the central idea and paragraphs. An article is divided into several levels and paragraphs, which should be written first, which should be written later, which should be abbreviated and which should be written in detail, which should be reflected in the outline. But it can't be too detailed or too simple. It should be concise and specific. For example:
Title: Interesting Snail Competition Center: Through the narration of snail competition, it reflects the richness of children's extracurricular life and shows their interest in life.
Material arrangement:
(1) My cousin and I caught some snails and wanted to hold a competition. (omitted)
(2) Give the snail a name and get ready before the game. (omitted)
(3) The performance of snails in the competition. (detailed)
(4) the result of the game. (omitted)
(5) the end. (omitted)
6, the beginning and the end
Common startup methods are:
(1) Cut to the chase.
(2) Explain the situation and the background.
(3) Describe the environment and render the atmosphere.
(4) Asking questions is fascinating.
(5) Tell stories skillfully to attract attention.
(6) Say the result first and flashback the beginning.
Common ending methods are:
(1) When things are finished, they end naturally.
(2) Summarize the theme and express feelings.
(3) Take care of the beginning and leave a aftertaste.
④ The ending is implicit and fascinating.
7. Transition and care
The transition should be natural and flexible, connecting the preceding with the following, and the language should be coherent and connected with each other. Generally, there are three methods: transitional paragraph, transitional sentence and transitional word.
The mutual echo between contexts is reference. There are generally three reference methods: before and after reference, before and after reference, and between text and title.
8, modify the composition
Revising the article includes: modifying typos and words; Correct wrong sentences; Correct the wrong punctuation; Organize individual inverted sentences and paragraphs; See if the beginning is attractive and the end is powerful; See if there is anything unclear and not specific; Check and correct the problem of unclear and unfocused center.
Second, the propositional composition (semi-propositional composition)
Review score 1. Understand the difference between propositional composition and semi-propositional composition.
2. Master the methods of character appearance description and psychological description.
3. Learn to write one thing by one person and several things by one person;
4. Master the method of describing scenes and activities;
5, master the method of fixed-point observation and description of scenery;
6. Learn how to write visiting notes and travel notes;
7. Master the writing of narratives describing animals, plants and objects.
(1) writer
1, master the method of character appearance description.
To introduce a person, we must first make clear the person's appearance characteristics. Physical features generally refer to a person's appearance, figure, clothes, movements, language and manners. When describing, you must write the characteristics of the characters. The so-called characteristics are the differences between this person and others.
2. Master the method of psychological description of characters.
Describing the thoughts, feelings and inner activities of the characters in detail is called psychological description. Psychological description mainly describes the inner activities of characters, that is, their thoughts, especially the inner contradictions and struggles of Hollywood characters in a specific environment. There are two methods of psychological description: frontal description and profile description.
Positive description, also called direct description, is a commonly used method, which generally has the following three types:
One is to use the author's pen to let the characters pour out their thoughts and express their true feelings. Often used in the first person "I", "memories of sixteen years ago" is this method.
The second is to directly and objectively analyze and describe the inner activities of the characters, and reasonably speculate on the ideological activities of the characters in the article and the reasons for this kind of thinking. For example, the article "The Poor" is such a method.
The third is to endow the characters' feelings with memories or dreams and hallucinations.
3. Master the narrative writing of one person and one thing.
One person and one thing is the basic skill of writing. People who write one thing must understand the meaning of "one thing". When writing a person's story, you must clearly write the time, place, people, cause, process and result of the story, and "insert" or "supplement" the relevant content of the story, but pay attention to sketching.
4. Master the writing of several narrative articles.
Note: first, several things you choose must show the same characteristics of the same person, not one thing. Second, it is best not to choose several things on the same occasion, the content is not the same, but should be more profound than one. For example, in my uncle, Mr. Lu Xun, there are several things that are more profound than one.