Yuan Chonghuan (1584—1630), a Chinese character element, was born in Shijie, Dongguan, Guangdong, and his ancestral home was in Wuzhou, Guangxi (controversial). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Ji Liao was the supervisor.
In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (16 19), he was a scholar, and later recommended himself to work in Liaodong border. Sun Chengzong valued Ningyuan. In the war against the Qing army (the latter Jin Dynasty), Ningyuan and Ningjin successively won a great victory, but Wei Zhongxian resigned and returned to his hometown because he was unpopular.
After Zhu Youjian acceded to the throne, Yuan Chonghuan reopened. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), Huang Taiji was repelled. After the settlement of the siege of Kyoto, Wei Zhongxian's remaining party impeached Yuan Chonghuan on charges of "killing the island commander", "making peace with the Qing court" and "being enemies with Chengmi", and Huang Taiji took the opportunity to carry out double espionage. Yuan Chonghuan was finally sentenced to death by Zhu Youjian for treason. "The History of China in the Ming Dynasty in Cambridge" said: "He (Chongzhen) believed the rumor and killed his most talented general, Yuan Chonghuan, on September 22nd, 1630."
The story goes like this:
Early experience
Yuan Chonghuan inscribed "Jukui Tower" Tower.
In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (16 19), he took the senior high school entrance examination in Yuan Chonghuan and served as the magistrate of Shaowu, Fujian. When he was in office, he liked to talk with people about the art of war. When I met a veteran, Yuan Chonghuan discussed the frontier fortress with him, so I learned more about the frontier fortress and thought I was capable of guarding the frontier.
In the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), Yuan Chonghuan went to Beijing to see Ming Xizong, and Shi Yuhou promoted Yuan Chonghuan to the Ministry of War. Soon, Guangning was captured by the late Jin army, and the court consulted and sent people to guard Shanhaiguan. Yuan Chonghuan learned that he went to the Commissioner alone to check the terrain. After returning to Korea, Yuan Chonghuan said, "As long as I can get enough money and food, I can guard Shanhaiguan alone." The minister also praised Yuan Chonghuan's talent, so he made an exception and pulled Yuan Chonghuan out to be a soldier, supervised foreign troops, allocated two hundred thousand yuan to Jintang, and asked him to recruit.
Manage Liaodong
Outside the pass, all the land was occupied by the ministries of Hare Shen, so Yuan Chonghuan was stationed in the pass after his arrival. Soon, the ministries of Haila God surrendered to him, and King Run ordered Yuan Chonghuan to move the army to the research institute of Jin, to supervise the army of general Zhou Shoulian and guerrilla generals, and to manage the affairs of Qiantun Health Research Institute. Later, Wang Zaijin ordered Yuan Chonghuan to go to Qiantun to resettle the unemployed in Liaodong. Yuan Chonghuan immediately set out at night, risking being attacked by butch and leopard, and shuttled among thorns. After Si Geng entered the city, all the soldiers praised Yuan Chonghuan's courage. Wang Zaijin relies heavily on Yuan Chonghuan, saying that he promoted Yuan Chonghuan to prepare for Qian Ningbing. But Yuan Chonghuan felt that Wang Zaijin had no long-term strategic goal, so he didn't always obey Wang Zaijin. Wang Zaijin built a wall in Bali. Yuan Chonghuan thought it was not a good strategy to defend the enemy, but he couldn't argue with it, so he wrote a new book to Ye and recorded it.
More than 100,000 refugees are trapped in thirteen mountains. When Sun Chengzong, a great scholar, visited the frontier fortress, Yuan Chonghuan asked Sun Chengzong for instructions: "Station 5,000 troops in Ningyuan, strengthen the Thirteen Mountains, and then send generals to lead troops to rescue the Thirteen Mountains. It's better to stay away from the Ming Tombs for only 200 miles, and you can easily occupy Jinzhou. If you can't retreat to Ningyuan, how can you give up 100 thousand refugees? " Sun Chengzong then consulted with the Governor Wang Xianggan. Wang Xianggan thought that the troops stationed in Guan had just lost the battle and their morale was low. It's better to transfer 3 thousand troops to Ningyuan. After Sun Chengzong agreed, on the one hand, he transferred troops to Ningyuan, on the other hand, he asked Wang Zaijin to save the refugees, but Wang failed to save only 6,000 refugees. Sun Chengzong was very angry about this, and refuted Wang's suggestion of building a heavy wall in Jin, so he called all the civil and military generals to discuss the key defensive places. Yan Mingtai advocated stationing troops for extinction, Yuan Chonghuan advocated stationing troops rather far away, Wang Zaijin, Zhang, Xing and others opposed it, but Sun Chengzong adopted Yuan Chonghuan's idea. Since Sun Chengzong sealed the town, it relied more on Yuan Chonghuan, and Yuan Chonghuan lived up to expectations. He has made outstanding contributions to appease the military and civilians and prepare for border defense.
Ningyuan Kaixuan
In September of the third year of the Apocalypse (1623), Sun Chengzong decided to defend Ningyuan and tried to dissuade him, but Sun Chengzong insisted on going and ordered Man Gui to go with Yuan Chonghuan. When Yuan Chonghuan arrived, he found that the wall built by Zu Dashou under the command of Sun Chengzong was not up to standard, so Yuan Chonghuan made specifications for reconstruction, and ordered Zu Dashou, the generals and He Qian to supervise the work.
In the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624), Ningyuan City was built. With the efforts of Mangui and Yuan Chonghuan, Ningyuan was relied on as an important town outside the customs, and soldiers were willing to work for it. Business travelers and refugees regard Ningyuan as a paradise. In September of the same year, Yuan Chonghuan, General Ma Shilong and General Wang Shiqin led an amphibious army of1.2000 people to inspect Guangning and pay homage to Beizhen Temple. After thirteen mountains, I arrived at Youtun and returned by boat at Sanchahe by waterway. As a result of Yuan Chonghuan's defense, he was promoted to military preparation agreement and political participation.
In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Sun Chengzong and Yuan Chonghuan made suggestions and sent generals to occupy Jinzhou, Songshan, Xingshan, Youtun, Daxie and Xiaolinghe, and built the city defense for a long time, so Ningyuan became the mainland and opened 200 miles. In the same year 10, Sun Chengzong was dismissed and Gaudi took over. Gaudi thought that it would be impossible to prevent the customs clearance, and ordered all troops to withdraw from Jinzhou and Youtun. Du Tun ordered Jin Qichen to write to Yuan Chonghuan, saying, "Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling are all forward positions. If the troops are withdrawn, the people who have settled down will be resettled and the recovered territory will fall. How many retreats can they endure inside and outside the customs? " Yuan Chonghuan also argued fiercely with Gaudi: "According to the art of war, there is no retreat, how can we easily give up the recovered territory?" If Jinzhou and Youtun are shaken, Ningyuan will be hard to protect, and then the city will be lost. These places only need to send guards, and there is no need to worry too much. " But Gaudi insisted on withdrawing troops and wanted to withdraw Ningyuan's troops, but Yuan Chonghuan said that he would rather die than withdraw Ningyuan. Gaudi couldn't force Yuan Chonghuan, so he evacuated all the soldiers and civilians in Jinzhou and other places, and abandoned hundreds of meters of millet. Many people died on the migration road, crying and shaking, and the soldiers and civilians complained bitterly. Yuan Chonghuan then asked to go home to mourn his father, but was rejected. In the same year1February, Yuan Chonghuan was promoted to provincial judge.
In the first month of the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), Nurhachi learned that Sun Chengzong had been dismissed, so he crossed the Liaohe River with a great army. 23, 8 jin j arrived in Ningyuan, Gao Di and company commanders Yang Lin didn't go to save Ningyuan, but in shanhaiguan. When Yuan Chonghuan learned of this incident, he immediately wrote a blood script, and joined forces with General Mangui, General Zhu Mei and others to defend the city to the death with Zu Dashou and the garrison soldiers. Yuan Chonghuan ordered Cheng, who was also a governor, to interrogate the spies, and sent a decree to the Golden Seven Treasures to keep food and grass, and then to the former garrison commander and the Shanhai garrison commander. If any soldiers escape here, they will all be beheaded.
Nurhachi put the captured Ming people back to Ningyuan and told them to surrender to Yuan Chonghuan, but Yuan Chonghuan refused. So Nurhachi set out to attack Ningyuan City and asked soldiers to attack the wall with shields. And Yuan Chonghuan let Rory and others command the western ju pao, and after the indiscriminate bombing, 8 jin j was annihilated under the attack of ju pao, and besieged the city for two consecutive days, with heavy losses. So Nurhachi ordered the retreat. However, Jin Qiqi, a famous soldier, died of spontaneous combustion when she lit a gun. After the victory of Ningyuan Defence War, the Ming court rejoiced in the DPRK and promoted Yuan Chonghuan to the right capital.
On the other hand, the late Jin army attacked Juehua Island, killing the Golden Crown and tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians, while Yuan Chonghuan only tried his best to save Ningyuan, unable to save Juehua. After the victory of the battle of Ningyuan, Jing Dihe was dismissed for not sending reinforcements, and the Ming court replaced him.
Ningjin kaixuan
In the sixth year of the apocalypse (1626), in March, the Ming court reinstated the governor of Liaodong, and Yuan Chonghuan was appointed as the governor. Wei Zhongxian sent confidants Liu Yingkun and Ji Yong to guard together, and Yuan Chonghuan asked to be transferred and was rejected. The Ming court added Yuan Chonghuan as the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, with thousands of descendants. But before long, Yuan Chonghuan got rid of the siege of Ningyuan, became arrogant gradually, and fell out with the general Man Gui, so Yuan Chonghuan requested that Man Gui be transferred to other places, and the Ming court called Man Gui back to the DPRK. After finishing the book, he asked to stay in Manchuria, so Yuan Chonghuan made peace with him. Fearing that the conflict between them would affect the major events, the Ming court separated them, and Wang Zhichen supervised the customs, while Yuan Chonghuan guarded the customs.
In August of the same year, Nurhachi died of illness, and Yuan Chonghuan sent messengers to condolence and inquire about the actual situation, and Huang Taiji sent messengers in return. Yuan Chonghuan wanted to make peace with the late king, so he wrote a book and sent an envoy.
10, Yuan Chonghuan led Liu Yingkun, Ji Yong and Zhao Lvjiao to visit Jinzhou and Linghe, hoping to open up wasteland in Daxing and restore the territory abandoned by Emperor Gaudi. Therefore, the descendants of Wei Zhongxian, Liu Yingkun and others can enjoy the shadow of thousands of families from generation to generation, and Yuan Chonghuan was promoted from thousands of families to command state affairs. He went on to write: "Although the greed in Liaodong is due to the instability of the people's hearts, it has lost its tangible danger and cannot consolidate the people's hearts. Troops are not conducive to field operations, and there is only one way, relying on solid city walls and using artillery. Now that the four cities of Shanhaiguan have been renovated, it is essential for Songshan Zhucheng to be rebuilt. " The emperor wrote back to Yuan Chonghuan and agreed to his request.
In the first month of the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), Huang Taiji agreed to Yuan Chonghuan's request and transferred troops to cross the Yalu River to conquer Korea. The Ming court felt that Yuan Chonghuan and Wang Zhichen could not cooperate, so it recalled Wang Zhichen and no longer set up the post of general manager. Both inside and outside Shanhaiguan pass are managed by Yuan Chonghuan. Yuan Chonghuan took advantage of Huang Taiji's visit to dispatch troops, and North Korea sent people to repair Jinzhou, Zhongzuo and Daling. At the same time, Chao Maohe appealed to Mingting, who ordered Yuan Chonghuan to go to the rescue. Yuan Chonghuan sent water army to reinforce Mao, and sent,, Zhu Mei and others to lead 9,000 troops to approach Sanchahe, containing the latter 8 Jin Army. Korea fell, and the Qing court attacked Mao, but Mao defeated it. Later, the Jin army was repelled by Mao, which was the famous battle of Ding Mao.
In April of the same year, Zhao Lvjiao supervised the construction of Jinzhou Yugoslav capital, and the Ming court sent You Shilu instead of Zhao Lvjiao, and Zuo Fu was the company commander, stationed in Daling River.
In May, after Huang Taiji withdrew from North Korea, he led troops to Jinzhou and surrounded it. On the one hand, Zhao Lvjiao and Ji Yong held fast to the closed city, on the other hand, they sent messengers to negotiate peace, hoping to delay the reinforcements. The emissary ran back and forth three times and still had no decision, and then the offensive of 8 Jin Army became more and more fierce. Yuan Chonghuan's troops in Ningyuan can't be easily mobilized, so he asked Youshilu and Zu Dashou to lead four thousand elite cavalry to the rear of the army for a decisive battle, and sent another water army to contain them from the east, and let Jizhen and other places send troops to guard the east and close the door. The Ming court ordered Mangui of Shanhaiguan to move to Qiantun, Sun Zushou of Santun to Shanhaiguan, Black Yunlong of Fu Xuan to Yishi, Governor Yan Mingtai of Hebei and Liao to move to Guancheng, and mobilized troops from Changping, Tianjin and Baoding to go to Shangguan. The defenders scattered in Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and other places are ready to deploy military forces.
You Shilu was about to start gearing up, and then Jin Jun split his troops and attacked Ningyuan. Yuan Chonghuan, Liu Yingkun and Bi Lingbing boarded the tower defense, lined up camps in the trenches, and bombarded from a distance with guns. While Man Gui, You Shilu and Zu Dashou fought with Hou Jin Jun outside the city, causing many casualties, and Man Gui was also wounded by arrows.
After 8 Jin Army retreated from Ningyuan, it stepped up its offensive in Jinzhou, but it was still unable to conquer and suffered heavy casualties. In June, 8 Jin Army withdrew, which was called "Ningjin Victory" in history. Then when 8 jin j retreat, destroyed LingHe two cities.
Resign in anger
After the war of Ningjin, Manchu, Gui and others got their due rewards, but Yuan Chonghuan only added a rank to Yuan Chonghuan because Wei Zhongxian asked his confidant to impeach Yuan Chonghuan not to rescue Jinzhou. Huo Huawei, a senior minister, was indignant at this. He begged to resign from the reward of Yi Yin's descendants, but Wei Zhongxian refused. In July, Yuan Chonghuan resigned and returned to China. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Zhichen succeeded Yuan Chonghuan as Du Shi and concurrently served as the governor of Liaodong, and was stationed in Ningyuan.
See again
In the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), Ming Xizong died and Ming Sizong Zhu Youjian acceded to the throne. He designed to get rid of Wei Zhongxian and cut off those who had won the meritorious military service before. At the suggestion of the minister of the DPRK, Yuan Chonghuan was re-enabled and was appointed as the minister of war, who also served as the right deputy capital of the empire, the overseer of Hebei and Liaoning, the military overseer of Tianjin. In July of the same year, Yuan Chonghuan returned to Beijing to report on his work and summoned Yuan Chonghuan on the platform. Yuan Chonghuan claimed that he could go back to Liao in five years, which was greatly appreciated. Xu Yuqing asked about Yuan Chonghuan's strategy of recovering Liao, and Yuan Chonghuan said that he comforted the emperor with such words. Xu Yuqing said, "The emperor is wise. How can he handle this matter casually? What should you do if you pursue the results according to the deadline? " Yuan Chonghuan also felt that he had made a slip of the tongue and said, "It is not easy to complete the plan of resuming Liao in five years. Since your majesty entrusted me, how dare I refuse this arduous task? " . However, within five years, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development will pay salaries, the Ministry of Industry will supply equipment, the Ministry of Civil Affairs will employ people, and the Ministry of Military Affairs will transfer troops to select generals. Only with all the cooperation inside and outside the court can we succeed. "Zhu Youjian and let four ministers do as Yuan Chonghuan said.
Yuan Chonghuan was afraid that someone in the court would slander him again after he went to the border, so he told Zhu Youjian about it. At the suggestion of Liu Hongxun and others, Zhu Youjian took back the lens of Wang Zhichen and Mangui and gave it to Yuan Chonghuan. In view of the fact that Xiong Tingbi and Sun Chengzong had been excluded and framed before, it was difficult to stretch their ambitions. Yuan Chonghuan wrote: "The plan to restore Liao is nothing more than what I put forward a few years ago. It is a constant policy to defend and raise Liao in Liao soil, and attacking war is a soft policy, and peace is a supplementary policy." Law enforcement is gradual, not sudden, pursuing practical results rather than coveting false reputation. This is something that ministers and border officials can do. As for the choice of people and being used, it is the key for the emperor to master. How can we hire people half-heartedly, without doubt? Because the minister in charge of border defense is different from the court minister, there are many things in the army that can make people feel surprised and suspicious. Just talk about the overall situation of success or failure, don't pick small mistakes in words and deeds. Because of the great responsibility of the matter, it has aroused many people's disgust. All kinds of things that are good for the frontier are not good for themselves. Moreover, it is difficult to be a minister in the frontier, because the enemy is in a hurry and the enemy is alienated. Your majesty loves my minister and knows him well. Why should I be too suspicious and afraid, but I am afraid of danger and dare not tell him? "Zhu Youjian sent an excellent letter to Yuan Chonghuan and gave him an embroidered robe jade belt and silver coins, but Yuan Chonghuan refused to accept the resignation of embroidered robe jade belt.
In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), soldiers stationed in Ningyuan, such as Sichuan and Lake, mutinied because of their pay, and Yuan Chonghuan used a trick to pacify them. Later, Yuan Chonghuan requested that Ningyuan and Jinzhou be merged into one town, so that Zu Dashou would guard Jinzhou, He Kegang would take the place of Zhu Mei to keep Ningyuan, Zhao Lvjiao would keep Guan, and Yuan Chonghuan would be stationed in Ningyuan. At the same time, he wrote a letter, highly praising the talents of Zu Dashou and others, and said that his plan to recover Liao in five years depended on these three people. If it doesn't come true after five years, he will personally kill these three people, go to the judicial department to take the blame and serve him to death. Zhu Youjian named Yuan Chonghuan the Prince Taibao and gave python silver coins.
Kill hair.
In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), Yuan Chonghuan used Dongjiang Mao to contain the late Jin army, but Mao spent too much money and food. Yuan Chonghuan wrote to ask the court to send someone to manage Mao's salary, but Mao didn't like to have a civilian producer to supervise him, so he wrote to argue. Then Mao came to visit Yuan Chonghuan, and Yuan Chonghuan treated Mao as a guest of honor, but Mao was not humble, so Yuan Chonghuan decided to kill Mao.
In May of the same year, Yuan Chonghuan went to see Mao on the grounds of military parade, and Mao gave a banquet and drank with Yuan Chonghuan. They often drink until midnight, but Mao didn't realize Yuan Chonghuan's purpose. Yuan Chonghuan proposed to change the barracks system and set up inspectors. Mao was very dissatisfied with Long Wen's proposal. Yuan Chonghuan moved him by returning home. Mao Dui said, "That's what I always meant, but only I know the affairs of Liaodong. After the settlement of Liaodong, North Korea is weak and can capture it. " Yuan Chonghuan was not satisfied with Mao's answer.
Then Yuan Chonghuan invited Mao to watch the soldiers shoot arrows, set up a tent on the mountain in advance, and let Xie Shangzheng and others ambush outside the account. When Mao arrived, his men failed to get in. Yuan Chonghuan said, "I'm leaving tomorrow morning. You are a great trust from overseas. Please accept my worship. " After Mao paid a return visit to Long Wen, they began to climb the mountain. On the way, Yuan Chonghuan asked the names of the officials, most of whom were surnamed Mao. Mao said to Long Wen, "This is my grandson." Yuan Chonghuan said with a smile, "You worked hard overseas for a long time, and only got a grain of rice a month. Sadly, I admire you, too. Please do your best for your country. " Everyone kowtowed and thanked him.
Yuan Chonghuan went on to say a few things that Mao Longwen violated the law. Mao argued with Long Wen. Yuan Chonghuan severely reprimanded Mao and ordered Mao's crown to be taken off and tied up. Mao refused to accept it. Yuan Chonghuan then listed Mao's 12 crimes, took out his lead bullet and killed Mao.
After Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao, he was afraid of his men's mutiny, so he increased their pay. But the people on the island don't have a general manager, which is difficult to use and will lead to rebellion. Yuan Chonghuan wrote to the imperial court: "Dongjiang Town is the only place to contain the enemy. Now the establishment of two associations is determined, Ma Jun 10 battalion and Bu Jun's 5 battalions, with an annual salary of 420,000,136,000 meters. " Zhu Youjian was suspicious of the soldiers' salary reduction and salary increase, but when he saw that Yuan Chonghuan invited him, he agreed. ]
Change of oneself
In November of the second year of Chongzhen (1629), the last emperor of the Jin Dynasty transferred hundreds of thousands of soldiers and entered Longjingguan and Daankou respectively. When Yuan Chonghuan heard this, he led Zu Dashou and He to guard the pass, passing through Jizhou, Funing, Yongping, Qian 'an, Yutian Zhucheng, all of which were separated and left behind. Zhu Youjian was very happy when he learned that, so he ordered to reward Yuan Chonghuan's men and put Yuan Chonghuan in charge of commanding reinforcements all over the country.
But not long after, Zunhua and Santun Camp were attacked by the late Jin army, and Zhao Lvjiao was also killed in the battle of Zunhua. [35] Governor Wang Yuanya and company commander Zhu committed suicide. 8 jin j across jizhou to the west, as the capital, Yuan Chonghuan busy rate soldiers escorted the capital. Zhu Youjian summoned Yuan Chonghuan and gave Yuan Chonghuan a royal dining table and a mink coat. Yuan Chonghuan, exhausted from the long journey with the army, requested to enter the city to have a rest, but was rejected. So Yuan Chonghuan stationed troops outside the city, and after fighting with 8 jin j, regardless of the outcome. [36] Yuan Chonghuan made Dai Chengen array in Guangqumen, Zu Dashou array in the south, Wang array in the northwest, Yuan Chonghuan array in the west, ready to go out. At noon, the Qing cavalry attacked from the southeast, Zu Dashou led the troops to fight, and Wang withdrew to avoid the war. 8 jin j happeneth after Zu Dashou, so retreat, Ming will Liu Yingguo, luo rate soldiers chase, killing 8 jin j 1000 people, the Ming army also suffered heavy casualties. After the retreat, Zhu Youjian rewarded the army with wine and food. [37] Yuan Chonghuan sent Ren Shouzhong to lead 500 people to attack Jin Ying with fire. After that, the 8 Jin Army retreated and the forces in Kyoto were solved. [38]
Be executed in prison
But Yuan Chonghuan was found guilty after 8 jin j withdrew. At the beginning, 8 jin j entered the customs under the jurisdiction of Liu Ce, the prime minister of Jilin and Liao Dynasties. Yuan Chonghuan learned that 8 jin j entered the customs to match the capital, so he came all the way to the rescue, thinking that he was innocent. However, many ministers in the DPRK believed that Yuan Chonghuan had let the Qing soldiers enter the customs, so he slandered Yuan Chonghuan for colluding with 8 jin j, and Zhu Youjian was also very skeptical. At this time, after 8 8 8 jin j also designed alienation, said Yuan Chonghuan and 8 8 jin j have a secret agreement .. In December, Zhu Youjian imprisoned Yuan Chonghuan.
Wei Zhongxian's left-behind parties Wang Yongguang, Gao Jie, Yuan Hongxun, Chen Shi and others wanted to take the opportunity to avenge Wei Zhongxian and sentenced Yuan Chonghuan to death for making peace with Hou Jinjun and killing Mao without authorization. In August of the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Yuan Chonghuan was executed, his family was exiled for three thousand miles, and his property was confiscated.