Liu Zhiji was born into an official family for generations, with a scholarly family. His great-grandfather Liu Min was the prefect of Weiyang in Northern Qi Dynasty, and his grandfather Liu Wuben was the magistrate of Suiliu County. Liu Yinzhi, an old man who knows a little, seldom reads, became friends with Sun Wanshou and Zong Zhengqing and Li Bai in the Sui Dynasty. During the Wude period in Tang Gaozu, he was the capital of the letter. He once wrote a national history and memoir with Ling Hudefen, the son of the nation, and Yang Renqing, the author of the book, and was awarded the title of Yangcheng County Public.
Liu Zhiji's stepfather Liu Yanyou is a scholar with a good reputation. Liu Zhiji's father, Liu Zanqi, served as a consultant during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. Wei Yuanzhong, the inspector, praised Liu Zangqi for his talent, and Emperor Gaozong also planned to promote him to assistant minister of the official department. Due to opposition from Wei, he was released as Sima of the Song Dynasty. Its law enforcement is like a mountain, which has nothing to do with personal interests. It is outspoken, not afraid of powerful people, and even dares to criticize the current emperor for "giving up his feelings" and "breaking his promise."
Liu Zhiji has two brothers, the eldest brother knows Rou, and the second brother knows Zhang. Zhirou is "simple and quiet, with beautiful style". Both Zhiji are famous for their good words and deeds, and they also have good governance in official positions. Reluctantly moved the minister of the Ministry of Industry, Prince Ke, and sealed Pengcheng County. According to Li Yong's "Tombstone of Liu Zhirou", "Five times in the Spring and Autumn Period, on June 15, the eleventh year of Kaiyuan, I fell ill and was in Du Dongkang's private parts." According to this inference, Zhirou was born in the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), twelve years older than Zhiji. Li Yong praised Zhirou's ancestors for being "honest and simple, brilliant, outstanding in career and politics" and praised Zhirou for "having a great career and learning classics like the sea; Wen Yi is a forest, the town is a mountain, and silence is a bone. We can talk about things in depth. Modesty is always behind, and frugality is not forced. "The instrument is magnificent and the spirit is exhausted. "
Zhiji was born in the first year of Longshuo, Tang Gaozong (66 1). That year, his father was four-fifths and three-tenths. He grew up in an official family and a scholarly family, and the whole family atmosphere influenced Liu Zhiji's childhood.
Among Zhiqi's ancestors, his grandfather Liu Yinzhi and his father Liu Yanyou had a great relationship with history, and his father and brother were both famous for their ci. Influenced by his father and brother in his childhood, Liu Zhiji achieved a great deal in Ci poetry, which laid a solid foundation for his academic career.
Knowing how to learn history well may be influenced by ancestors and fathers, but more importantly, personal interest. His father was able to follow his nature and adopt the method of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", which stimulated Liu Zhiji's enthusiasm for learning and made him successfully embark on the road of history.
Adolescent learning
Liu Zhiji's study life as a teenager was recorded by Liu Zhiji in Shi Tong. "Self-talk" says: Give children court training, and literature travels early. When I was in Wanqi, I was influenced by the history of ancient Chinese literature. It's hard to read every bitter word. Although he has repeatedly beaten and criticized, his business has not been successful. Give brothers a taste of Wen Jiajun's Biography of Zuo's Family in the Spring and Autumn Period, and listen to it every time. When you are finished, you will say to your brothers. Because I secretly sighed, "I will not be lazy if I do this book." The first gentleman was surprised by his intention, so he awarded him the left one, and he finished it the next year and recited it. So there are only 10 and 2 in a year. Although what I said was not deeply understood, it was just a question of justice. Both father and brother want to be knowledgeable and good at it. I stopped reading after I resigned, and I begged to read the rest, so that I could listen widely. I read the History of History, Korea and the History of the Three Kingdoms again. I want to know the evolution of ancient and modern times, and I have the same history, so let's make an analogy.
Since the rise of Hanzhong, it has reached the royal record, seven years, but only a few weeks. Most of the books he studied were borrowed from fake books. Although part of it is incomplete, the first part of the article remains. As for the narrative outline and his speech outline, he also got a general idea. However, when the time comes, I will ask the official to make progress and learn to ponder. As for focusing on history, I have no time. Liu Zhiji's "self-narrative" describes his reading life quite concretely before he was twenty years old. Starting from the age of eleven, Liu Zhiji read Zuo Zhuan, Shangshu, Hanshu and the History of the Three Kingdoms, and once again read that "the rise and fall of Hanzhong has reached the imperial record". He doesn't just read a history, but "extrapolate". At the age of seventeen, he "caught a glimpse of Xiao Zhou". There are 865,438+07 volumes and 65,438+03,264 volumes recorded in The Annals of Sui Shu Classics. If you know a few books, the number is not small. Half, is also considerable.
Liu Zhiji went his own way. He didn't take the road of "mastering this time". "I didn't see it after I spoke, so I begged. After reading the rest, let me listen widely." He reads ancient and modern history books with the purpose of understanding "the evolution of ancient and modern times, which is passed down from generation to generation". He "draws inferences from others and is worthy of teacher's instruction", and everything he reads knows "the outline of narrative and the outline of making statements". The purpose and method of this kind of scholarship, contrary to the annotation of Confucian classics, is to understand the evolution and changes of ancient and modern times and adopt the method of "connecting ancient and modern changes"
"It's not a fake teacher training", but a road of autonomous learning, which first shows that he is not blindly superstitious about teacher training, but also shows some doubts and critical spirit about teacher training and successful learning. He said in the "readme": "I have been studying since I was a child, and I like to talk about name and reason. What you realize is that you have the internal organs, not what you learn from dyeing. Therefore, from a general point of view, I read the Han Shu written by Ban and Xie, so I blame the former for not having the appearance of ancient and modern people, while the latter should be a record of starting a new stove. Everyone who heard it at that time blamed this boy for what he knew, but dared to discuss the former philosophers rashly. So I suddenly lost myself and had nothing to say. Later, I saw Zhang Heng and Fan Jiye, and the fruit was based on two histories. It's hard to talk to people who are consistent with the ancients and can't win discipline. There are similarities and differences, and all the squares are stored. " Liu Zhiji's questioning spirit is an important feature of his academic style. When Liu Zhiji was young, he read a lot of books, accumulated profound knowledge of integrating ancient and modern, and laid the foundation for lifelong learning. This broad road to scholarship is another feature of Liu Zhiji's scholarship. As mentioned above, it is not easy for Liu Zhiji, a teenager, to get a glimpse of ancient and modern history books before he is seventeen. Besides classics and history, he also read a lot of literary books.
Although he is good at history, he is also fond of poetry and fu because of the traditional influence of his family and the role model of his father and brother.
In the first year of Emperor Gaozong Yonglong (680), he took part in the imperial examination. He said in the article "Poem through Yu Shi": "Young servants are familiar with poetry and etiquette, and they have been involved in art for a long time. As for Ishikawa's words, they are particularly pleased. " This roughly reflects his learning process before he was promoted to Jinshi. The combination of history and literature laid the foundation for his lifelong learning.
Knowing that "classmates are famous" should be about twenty years old. He said: "Yu Youxi likes poetry and prose, but he is not strong." He is ashamed of the name of a scholar and pretentious to the narrator. " "Yu Chu's writing is good, he was quite famous at that time, and he talked about historical biography late, so he was downgraded to a confidant." Combined with the words "servant teenagers smell poetry and have been involved in art for a long time, but as for the words of historical biography, Yau Ching has a special liking", we can see the road of knowing literature and history in their youth.
It has also been disclosed in Shi Tong Zi Xu that he was "not free" and "obsessed with history" before the imperial examination, but after "shooting at the DPRK", he "thought leisurely and got what he wanted, traveled to Luo Jing for many years, borrowed public and private books and read freely." This means that Zhizhiji received a good education in his childhood, fell in love with history from his parents' education very early, and established his desire to study and study history. Before I was 20 years old, because of Dai Tao of my father and brother, I used to love poetry and prose, which is recognized by the world. Since I entered the official career, I have devoted myself to the cause of history.
Step into official career
Liu Zhiji entered the official career after he was twenty years old, and gradually formed his own view of history with the progress of his knowledge. I met several scholars, and was later awarded the master book of Jia County (now Huojia County, Henan Province) by the official department. This is a small official in charge of a county's documents and the chief of staff of the county government. A few people I know also concentrate on studying the tomb raiding code, hundreds of books and history in their spare time, and all of them have miscellaneous notes and are browsing. At that time, Chang 'an, the capital of China, and Luoyang, the eastern capital of China, were naturally the two major centers of economic, political and cultural interests, and nearly two capitals were acquired in jia county, so that a few people could go to Luo Jing and enjoy public and private collections. From the first year of Yonglong (680) to the second year of Shengli (699), Zhiji read extensively in his spare time. In fact, he has been studying history for 20 years.
Liu Zhiji's official career coincided with Wu Zetian's intervention as a queen. She is the de facto ruler. It was not until the last period of Wu Zetian's rule, that is, after God-given (690-692), that the social and political tension was alleviated. Wu was gifted and intelligent in her early years, eager to cultivate social forces that supported her, gain the support of scholars, and accept the hearts of the world, so she "sought seclusion" and officials were overwhelmed for a time. In December (69 1), Liu Zhiji wrote to eliminate vegetarian officials. In the same year, Zhiji wrote to suggest "Don't move the secretariat to an official unless he is over three years old."
In the first year of its prosperity (695), Liu Zhiji put forward the idea of "saving forgiveness" in view of the shortcomings of forgiveness at that time.
Liu Zhiji's four statements concern the social functions, selection criteria and management methods of officials, but the focus is on criticizing corruption in real politics.
During this period, Liu Zhiji wrote an essay "Fu of Thinking". This paper not only reveals Liu Zhiji's talent, but also expresses his anguish, especially his ambition. His calm thinking under the anguish made him miserable. It is naturally overqualified to take a few knowledgeable people as the master book of do. Moreover, I haven't been promoted for 15 years from the beginning of the weak crown to writing, and I feel that my career prospects are slim. This "Shen Si" can only be a struggle with reality. On the political stage in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Liu Zhiji was an official, but he didn't become a politician because society didn't provide him with opportunities. Only in this way can he refocus on his academic career.
Encounter at the History Museum
In the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (699), 38-year-old Liu Zhiji was transferred to Cao Cang, the official residence of the capital. There are two factors at work in this transfer. First of all, Liu Zhiji is already a well-known scholar in China. As a teenager, he was famous for his literature, and his main works appeared on the desktop many times, which also showed his talent. Second, Tian Xiu's "Three Religions Zhu Ying" thinks that Liu Zhiji is a personal choice. According to "Biography of Xu Jian in Old Tang Dynasty", "Jian He, Ding Wangfucang's confidant and Bu Kui are also fellow practitioners of the three religions." The second year of the Gregorian calendar (699).
The Three Religions of Zhu Ying was compiled into 1,300 volumes in the first year of Chang 'an (70 1), and the following year, I became Zuo Lang's work. He is forty-two years old. As he himself said: "In the second year of Chang 'an, I took my book Zuo Lang to study national history, sought Zuo Zhuan and wrote a note." From then on, he began his career as a historian. Zuo Lang is a post in the Works Bureau. There are six people in the Works Bureau, Zuo Lang and Zuo Lang, ranking from six categories. Since Liu Zhiji entered the History Museum, he has faced numerous insurmountable contradictions. Liu Zhiji recalled his past experience of revising history in the History Museum in "Introduction to Stone" and said with emotion: "In Chang 'an Middle School, Tang Shi will revise it in advance in order. And acceded to the throne today, writing "The Great Sage Queen Record". Everything written tries to achieve its old meaning, but at that time, if it violates its chisel meaning, it is difficult to get in. Therefore, what it contains is all floating vulgarity. Although Judas claimed to be obedient, he was envied by historians. "
Liu Zhiji entered the history museum from the second year of Chang 'an (702) to the fourth year of Jinglong in Zhongzong (7 10). In nine years, "the third one was Mitchell, and then he went to Dongguan". "In the second year of Chang 'an, I studied the national history with the book Zuo Lang, sought to move Zuo Shi, and wrote a note under the door. "This one is for Mitchell and one for Dongjing (History Museum). After Zhong Zong acceded to the throne, "in addition to writing for A Lang, for the prince, the rate is higher, and the history of minor studies remains unchanged. "This is the second Mitchell. Soon after Zhongzong returned to Beijing, "he was recruited to Beijing, and he was only familiar with historical events, but he was still moved to be a manager with less supervision." "This is Mitchell III, and then enter the East View. Over the years, he participated in the revision of Tang Shi and Tianji. However, the revision of history did not bring much help to Liu Zhiji's pursuit of fame and fortune.
Tang Juan's sixty-four Miscellaneous Notes on the History Museum records: "On April 20, the second year of Jinglong, Wei Juyuan, Ji Chune, assistant minister of the Ministry of War Yang Zaisi, assistant minister of Zhongshu Zong Chuke and Xiao Zhizhong were in charge of the revision of national history. Later, the historian Prince Zhong Yun asked Liu Zhiji to supervise the revision, which was very harmful to the history of the country, so he asked to add a history post and write it in Xiao Zhiji's memory. "
After Liu Zhiji resigned from Yohito, he became the Prince Scheeren, with a bachelor's degree in Xiuwenguan.
Write a private history
In the second year of Chang 'an, Shi Tong began to write privately, describing the style and content of history books in detail and expounding his own view of history. It is China's first monograph on historical criticism, which has a great influence on later generations. But I didn't focus on it. In the fourth year of Jian 'an (704), he wrote fifteen volumes of Liu's History and three volumes of Spectrum Examination. In the second year of Shenlong (706), Zhongzong returned to Beijing and stayed in Dongdu. "Stone Yu Shi" recalled the scene at that time: "The emperor will return to the capital, and the court is willing to follow the crowd. I invited several times, and the next day, I couldn't stay, so I kept the company as capital. Dumen has been swept for three years. Or have degenerated to bow for Mitchell, not to write about state affairs, but to please Yuan Qiu and write privately. So I was called to Beijing by the post office and was ordered to specialize in historical writing. "
From the first year of Shenlong to the second year of Jinglong (708), I learned a few things, such as "I was a Zhongyun, but I didn't move at the age of four", while he "stayed in the east and was swept away for three years", which must be three years of concentrating on writing Shi Tong. Some people say that he bowed to Mitchell, did not write about state affairs, wrote about affairs, and wrote about Shi Tong. In the second year of Jinglong (708), Zhiji was called to Beijing by the posthouse to take charge of historical affairs and was transferred to the secretary supervisor. At this time, the requirement of retiring from historical posts was put forward. In fact, he has devoted himself to writing Stone for at least three years. By February of the fourth year of Jinglong (7 10), the book was completed, with a total of 20 volumes.
Works handed down from one family to another.
In the first year of Jing Yun (7 10), Liu Zhiji moved to Zuo Shu, the son of the Prince, and received a bachelor's degree in Chongwen Pavilion. I still study national history, and added Dr. Yin's Lu. Prince Zuo Shuzi is the official of the East Palace, and there is Zuo Chunfang in the East Palace. Putting two Zuo Shuzi is the fourth product. Clap the attendants to praise each other and refute the positive performance. General secretary Jing, standard diet, medicine storage, internal straightening, calibration, Gongmen. Chongwen Pavilion is also set up by the East Palace. In the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, Chongxian Pavilion was established, and in the second year of Shangyuan, it was renamed Chongwen Pavilion. Chongwen Pavilion has two bachelors, who, like Hong Wen Pavilion, are responsible for classics, teaching students and giving lectures. The title of Dr. Yin Lu is equivalent to the third rank in the official title. This year, Li Longji was appointed as the Prince of the East Palace, because the word "Ji" in Liu Zhiji is homophonic with the word "Ji". In order to avoid the anonymity of the prince, knowing several names is a waste of time, so he called it Liu Zixuan. As can be seen from the above, Zhiji was promoted when Xuanzong was a prince and became politically active. In the second year of Jing Yun (7 1 1), Liu Zhiji wrote a poem "Dream of Poetry", and the Crown Prince Li Longji put forward a personal interpretation of Chinese studies. The competent department drafted a statement and decided to let the accompanying officials ride horses and get dressed. Liu Zhiji thought it was impossible, and discussed and refuted it.
In the first year of Xuanzong (7 12), Liu Zhiji and Liu Chong revised the genealogy. In the second year of Kaiyuan, Liu Zhiji and others published 200 volumes of Family Genealogy. Later, he was promoted to be a regular rider.
In November of the fourth year of Kaiyuan (7 16), Liu Zhiji and his good friend Jason Wu wrote a Record of Zong Rui, Zetian and Zhongzong, which was played in the dynasty. Please give me an example to reward me. This is a fruitful revision of the national history and historical records in Historical Records. Among them, Zong Rui Shi Lu has 20 volumes, Zetian Shi Lu has 30 volumes and Zhongzong Shi Lu has 20 volumes. Liu Zhiji cooperated with Jason Wu, majoring in 70 volumes of History of the Three Kingdoms, which is another great contribution in history after Shi Tong. In addition to the above-mentioned Chronicles of Three Dynasties co-edited with Jason Wu, he also edited Zong Ruizhi and Tai Shang Huang Zhi respectively. And the records later revised by the emperor, which were co-edited with Jason Wu. In this way, Liu Zhiji actually participated in the revision of the history of the Gaozong, Wuhou, Zhongzong and Zongrui Dynasties. Historical Records of the Four Dynasties preserved a large number of historical materials in the early Tang Dynasty. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty is a copy of the historical materials of the Tang Dynasty, including the Book of the Tang Dynasty written by Jason Wu and Shu Wei, and historical records of various dynasties. Liu Zhiji recorded the official historical materials of the early Tang Dynasty in detail and made great contributions. As far as this achievement is concerned, Liu Zhiji is also a famous historian. The imperial court rewarded him for his work of compiling history and named him "the son of Juchao County", which realized his wish for many years. In the seventh year of Kaiyuan, Liu Zhiji commented on Laozi and Filial Piety.
Chronology of people: Liu Zhiji was born in 66 1.
In the first year of Tang Gaozong Yonglong (680), he was promoted to Jinshi. Huaizhou was awarded Jia's master book, and he wrote many articles about things.
In the second year of victory (699), he was appointed as the palace official Cao Cang, and was ordered to write "Three Religions and Zhu Ying" with Li Qiao, Xu Yanbo, Xu Jian and Zhang Shuo.
In the second year of Chang 'an (702), he began to work as a historian and wrote notes. He has worked as a writer, Zuo's family, Fengge Sheren, secretary, supervisor, prince, son of Zuo San, and Zuo San's constant servant, and has also studied national history.
In the third year of Chang 'an (704), he and Li Qiao compiled and revised Tang Shi, which became an 80-volume Book of the Tang Dynasty. He once studied the history of his family and wrote Liu Family History and Liu Family Tree.
In the second year of Shenlong (706), he worked with Xu Jian and Jason Wu.
In the second year of Jinglong (708), he resigned as a historian and began to write Shi Tong privately, expounding the style and content of history books in detail and his own view of history. This book was written by Jing Long in four years.
In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), he moved to the left to ride a regular waiter.
Academic Thought Liu Zhiji thinks that historians should be talented, knowledgeable and knowledgeable, especially historical knowledge. Emphasize straight writing, advocate "not concealing evil, not empty beauty", "love knowing its ugliness, hate knowing its goodness". Seek truth from facts, oppose floating words, attack the decadent tendency of parallel prose in the Six Dynasties, oppose flashy ci and fu, advocate the use of contemporary common language, and oppose archaic language and formal imitation. These discourses inspired and influenced later essayists and were the precursors of the ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty.
Xu Guansan thought, "Liu Zhiji studied in the Fourth Department. ..... but Zuo Zhuan, Lun Heng and Wen Xin are particularly decisive. " "Zuo Zhuan is the' narrator's crown' praised by Liu Zhiji's An Introduction to Historian, which created a real model of recording the principles of historiography and influenced the lines of Shi Tong." "Judging from the great use and emphasis on history in Shi Tong, it is more obvious that Zhi Ji is a descendant of Zuo Zhuan school." (Inquiry into Historical Records of Liu Zhiji, Second Series of China Literature and History 1982)
Xu Lingyun pointed out that Liu Zhiji inherited the fine historical traditions since Confucius and Sima Qian, the fighting style of critical philosophy since Yang Xiong, Huan Tan and Wang Chong, and previous works, especially Wang Chong's Lun Heng and Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, and wrote Shi Tong. Xu Wen mainly analyzes the influence of Sima Qian's career thought after the Spring and Autumn Annals, Wang Chong's realistic attitude and skeptical and critical spirit, Liu Xie's historical thought and the compilation form of Wen Xin Diao Long on Liu Zhiji (The Origin of Liu Zhiji's Academic Thought, Chyi Yu Academic Journal 1992 1 issue). Fu believes that the noble quality and brave spirit of Liu Zhiji's "knowing history" is that "both good and evil should be written", which is more clear and systematic than Mencius (On the Historical Origin of Liu Zhiji, Journal of Changde Teachers College, No.4, 1982).
Xie Baocheng pointed out that Liu Zhiji's summary of the types, sources and styles of historical works was theorized by directly inheriting the classification and order of the History Department of Sui Shu's Annals of Classics and Records (The Influence of Sui Shu's Annals of Classics and Records of Classics on Shitong, No.4 Historical Research of China, 1983).
Historical viewpoint and realistic spirit
Li Qiuyuan's "Shi Tong's Realistic Spirit" (Research on the History of Historical Studies, No.2, 1988) holds that Liu Zhiji's realistic spirit is manifested in three aspects: First, it is argued that the compilation of historical books must be "customized" and "at any time" from the aspects of genre, style and language, so as to faithfully reflect the historical outlook. The second is your straight book and your pen. The third is to believe in disasters and attach importance to personnel.
De Ji Hua's Record of Liu Zhiji (Research on the History of Historiography, No.3, 1995) combines the revision of the political and historical museum in the early Tang Dynasty with Liu Zhiji's historical proposition of "record", and holds that Liu Zhiji systematically and comprehensively discussed and summarized "record" for the first time in the history of China, forming a unique historical principle. He put the relationship between history and real life, the social function of history, history and history, the historian's knowledge structure, the historian's choice of people, articles and events, and historical criticism and historical criticism in this category, so as to analyze and judge history books and historians. In particular, Liu Zhiji dared to sharply criticize Confucius, the Book of Jin, other official histories compiled by the Tang Dynasty, Biography of Tang Shi compiled by the History Museum and so on. The principle of "record" is its solid foundation and starting point.
Historical review
Historical Records and Hanshu are representative works of China's ancient biographical history books. Liu Zhiji's evaluation of the two shows many contradictions. In the 1980s, there was a debate about whether Liu "respected classes and restrained horses". Liu Wenying said that Liu Zhiji often pushed the chronology and suppressed the general history. The suppression of Mayangban was also reasonable from the practical point of view of compiling history books at that time (Historical Position of Shi Tong, No.6 of Literature and History Philosophy, 198 1). Xu Lingyun's Comments on the Mistakes in Liu Zhiji's Historical Biography (History Teaching in Middle Schools, No.5, 1983), Liu Zhiji's Argument on "Suppressing Ma Yangban" (Jianghan Forum, No.0/984, No.01period), and Liu Zhiji's Opinions on "Suppressing Ma Yangban".
Shi Ding believes that Liu Zhiji affirmed Sima Qian's original spirit, record-keeping spirit and historical talent. Therefore, on the whole, Liu Zhiji's Historical Records is divided into two parts, pointing out the length, which is mainly based on the length (On Liu Zhiji and Zhang Xuecheng's Evaluation of Sima Qian, A New Theory of Sima Qian, Henan People's Publishing House, first edition, 1982). Jia pointed out: Regarding the comment on the origin of historical biography, Liu Zhiji clearly claimed that historical biography was the ancestor of Han, and did not suppress Mayangban. Regarding biographies and historical comments, Liu is not innovative, and there is no so-called horse control. Regarding the evaluation of Shi and Han, Liu certainly criticized Shi and praised Han a lot, but he also praised Historical Records and criticized it, so it is far from "suppressing Mayang class" (on Shi Tong and Mayang class-discussing with comrades), Jianghan
On "Three Theories on Historical Talents"
"Three Long Theories" refers to the knowledge structure of historians. As a reasonable and orderly collocation of all kinds of knowledge, knowledge structure is one of the key conditions for historians to be competent in studying and compiling history, especially to creatively promote historical progress.
Xu Lingyun believes that Liu Zhiji's exposition on historian's subjective consciousness, that is, historian's accomplishment, is an important part of summing up the historical system and the soul and essence of his historical theory. Liu Zhiji's understanding of this is mainly reflected in the theoretical system of "Shi Sancai" and "Calligraphy Notes". The combination of the two forms Liu Zhiji's comprehensive requirements for the subjective quality of historical cognition (On Liu Zhiji's Subjective Consciousness of Historians, No.3 of Confucius Studies, 1989).
There are different opinions about when the "three-long theory" was put forward and where it originated. According to Zheng Li's records, Liu Zhiji put forward the "Three Long Theories" in the third year of Chang 'an (AD 703) (On Liu Zhiji and its History and New Construction, No.2, 1958). Liu Zhiji's theory of "talent, learning and knowledge" is generally believed to have evolved from ancient "literature, matter, meaning" and "meaning". The "Three Long Theories" is a summary of previous historiography and a significant development of China's ancient historiography theory.
Liu Zhiji's poems and songs are ingenious and ingenious. Two stages of cultural relics preparation, seven virtues, and military achievements. Yang Yuan, the headhunter of the school, and Liu Ying, the chariot army. The general offered Kay, and the song and dance overflowed the city. -Liu Zhiji's Yikun Temple Movement in the Tang Dynasty
This clever plan was carried out, and God built the Temple Court. Two stages of cultural relics preparation, seven virtues, and military achievements.
Yang Yuan, the headhunter of the school, and Liu Ying, the chariot army. The general offered Kay, and the song and dance overflowed the city.