The First Opium War Britain usually called the First Sino-British War or "Trade War", which was a war launched by Britain against China from 1840 to 1842, and it was also the beginning of the modern history of China.

1840 (20 years of Daoguang), the British government decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China on the pretext that Lin Zexu and Humen destroyed opium. In June, 1840, 47 British ships with 4,000 troops, led by Major General AnthonyBlaxlandStransham and CharlesElliott, arrived outside the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, blocked Haikou and started the Opium War. ?

The Opium War ended with China's failure and reparations. China and Britain signed the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's history.

China began to cede territory, pay reparations and negotiate tariffs to foreign countries, which seriously endangered China's sovereignty, became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, lost its independent status and promoted the disintegration of the natural economy. At the same time, the Opium War also opened a new chapter in the history of modern China people's resistance to foreign aggression.

2. The Second Opium War

The Second Opium War took place in China from 1856 to 1860, and Britain and France jointly attacked the Qing Dynasty. Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government's war under the pretext of Yarrow incident and Xilin religious incident, so they were called "Sino-Japanese War" by the British.

Also known as "the Battle of the Anglo-French Allied Forces" or "the Second Sino-British War". Because this war can be regarded as the continuation of the first opium war, it is also called the "second opium war".

After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner.

After the Second Opium War, the Qing government successively signed the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty and the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty. As a result, China lost 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule, which was called Tongzhi Zhongxing in Qing history.

3. Sino-French War

The Sino-French War was also a war of the Qing Dynasty (French: Guerrefranco-chinoise), which lasted from1February 883 to1April 885 (Guangxu1February 9 to February1day). The first stage of the battlefield was in northern Vietnam; The second phase extended to the southeast coast of China.

In the course of the war, although France, the sea and the navy gained the upper hand in most battles, they could not win strategically. Although the French Far East Fleet won a great victory in the naval battle and once captured Keelung, due to the defeat in the battle of Huwei (now Danshui Town, Taipei County) and the epidemic situation, it was unable to achieve the strategic goal of capturing Taiwan Province Island.

Although the Qing army suffered a disastrous defeat in the early stage, it was led by Prince Gong. The military department and foreman were completely replaced (Shen Jiayi), but the defense of Taiwan Province and Hangzhou Bay was successful in the later period. Feng Zicai commanded the battle of Nanguan in various towns, which brought heavy casualties to the French army, and the French commander nigri was also seriously injured. The failure of the war directly led to the collective collapse of French Prime Minister Rufyiri and other cabinets. ?

Taking this opportunity, the two countries resumed peace talks and concluded the Sino-French New Testament. The Qing side recognized French suzerainty over the French Indian colony of zhina, and the two countries resumed trade. Affected by this war, the Qing court set up a province in Taiwan Province Province, with Liu Mingchuan as the governor, vigorously promoted modern defense and the New Deal, and actively established the Beiyang Navy.

4. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.

1900, 14 In August, eight imperialist countries, namely Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Japan, France, Russia and Austria, occupied Beijing.

At that time, the vigorous development of the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion made the imperialist countries that were stepping up their efforts to carve up China panic. They threatened the Qing government to step up its troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, and planned to intervene directly.

On June 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagubao; /kloc-in July of 0/4, Tianjin was captured and subjected to military colonial rule. Then this invading army of 20,000 people advanced to Beijing along both sides of the canal.

At this critical juncture, the corrupt Qing government not only failed to fully resist aggression, but appointed Yi? As the plenipotentiary minister, Li Hongzhang begged for peace from the invaders. /kloc-in August of 0/3, Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Tongzhou, and Japanese and Russian troops arrived at the gates of Beijing that night.

The Japanese attacked Chaoyangmen, the Russian attacked Dongbianmen, and the Qing army and the Boxer Rebellion stubbornly resisted. 14 years, the British army breached Guangqumen, and the invading armies of Russia, Japan and other countries entered the city one after another. Beijing finally fell into the hands of Eight-Nation Alliance.

On the same day, Empress Dowager Cixi called a command meeting five times in a row to discuss countermeasures, but there was nothing she could do. The next morning, she fled to Xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu and her trusted servant.

As soon as Eight-Nation Alliance entered Beijing, he burned, killed and looted crazily. All the houses where the Boxer set up the altar were burned down. The invading army also slaughtered the people of China everywhere and shot at everyone, causing "corpses everywhere, rotting and fumigating the sky."

The invading army openly let the troops rob for three days, but in fact, the shameful invaders never stopped robbing until the day they left. A large number of historical relics have been destroyed and looted.

Almost all of the Yongle Dadian collected by the Hanlin Academy was lost, and more than 46,000 rare books such as other subsets of classics and history were lost. After this looting, China's "savings since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, from legal relics to national treasures, were swept away."

The Russian invaders were particularly cruel in this robbery. All the valuables that can be taken away from the palace are taken away, and all the things that can't be taken away are broken. It is estimated that the total value of the property plundered by Eight-Nation Alliance is no less than several billion taels of silver.

After the imperialist powers plundered Beijing crazily, they forced the Qing government to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" on September 7, 190 1.

165438+ 10, commander-in-chief of the allied forces invading China and German field marshal Vadexi arrived in Beijing. Since then, the number of invading troops has increased to more than 654.38 million, invading Shanhaiguan, Baoding, Zhengding and even Shanxi Province. Russia also mobilized six infantry brigades to invade the northeast of China in an attempt to annex the three northeastern provinces.

5. Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

Sino-Japanese War (also known as the Sino-Japanese War, the First Sino-Japanese War, 1894- 1895 Qing-Japanese War; Japan called the Japanese-Qing War) was a war between China and China in the late Qing Dynasty for the control of the Korean Peninsula.

Because it happened in 1894, that is, in the 20th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, the main branch was the Sino-Japanese War, so China was called the Sino-Japanese War in history. The Sino-Japanese War lasted for 9 months and was divided into two battlefields: land war and naval battle.

The Japanese army captured Pyongyang, North Korea, defeated the Beiyang Navy in the Yellow Sea naval battle, then captured Lushun and Weihai in China, and carried out mass slaughter in Lushun on June 22nd1894+065438+1October 22nd.

After the war, the two sides signed the treaty of shimonoseki, which stipulated that China ceded territory to Japan for compensation. As a result, the Qing government in China was burdened with heavy foreign debts, and its national strength declined day by day, making it a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. However, due to the huge war reparations, Japan's national strength and military strength increased rapidly, and it gradually embarked on the militaristic expansion of Zhang Zhilu.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 1894- 1895

Baidu Encyclopedia-Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second Opium War

Baidu Encyclopedia-The First Opium War

Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-French War