First, syllables: syllables are the basic unit of pronunciation, and the pronunciation of any word is broken down into syllables to read. In English, vowels are particularly loud. A vowel can form a syllable, and a vowel and one or more consonants can also form a syllable. Generally speaking, vowels can form syllables, and consonants are not loud enough to form syllables. English consonants have four consonants: [m], [n], [ng] and [l], which can be combined with consonant phonemes to form syllables. The syllables they form often appear at the end of words, usually unstressed syllables. English words are monosyllabic, disyllabic and polysyllabic. One syllable is monosyllabic, two syllables are disyllabic, and more than three syllables are polysyllabic. Such as: take, tablet, pota'to' potato, pop' ula' pop`ula 'tion, congrat' ula' congrat`ula 'tion. Tell the economy, tell the economy

Methods of dividing syllables: vowels are the main body of syllables, and consonants are the dividing lines of syllables. No matter how many vowels there are between two consonants, it is usually a syllable. Such as: bed bed, gambling, sitting, playing, beautiful people. When there is a consonant between two vowels, the consonant belongs to the last syllable, such as: student student, la'bour labor. When there are two consonants, one consonant belongs to the first syllable and the other belongs to the last syllable, such as: let's let 'ter, win'ter winter. Unbreakable letter combinations divide syllables by letter combinations. For example: Dad's dad and the teacher's teacher.

Second, word stress: This method divides syllables into stressed syllables, sub-stressed syllables and unstressed syllables.

1, stressed syllable: In English disyllabic or polysyllabic words, one syllable is particularly loud, which is called stressed syllable. Stressed syllables are pronounced according to the pronunciation rules of stressed syllables. Such as: China, driver.

2. Secondary stressed syllables: syllables that are pronounced according to the pronunciation rules of stressed syllables, but are not stressed. Understand that her "self" is herself.

3, unstressed syllables: pronounced according to the pronunciation rules of unstressed syllables, unstressed syllables. Let's believe that perhaps the rules for stressing syllables are as follows:

1. Generally, the stressed syllable of disyllabic words is on the first syllable. Sister, it is windy in winter.

2. Disyllabic words composed of monosyllabic words and prefixes, with stress on the second syllable. A report on' About, Report'.

3. The stress of polysyllabic words is in the penultimate syllable, and trisyllabic words are in the first syllable. Library. Library.

4. After adding a prefix or suffix to a disyllabic or polysyllabic word, pronounce it according to the stressed syllable of the original root. For example, def'inite is affirmative and def 'inite is uncertain. Very careful.

5. Words ending in -IC, -tion and -sion are stressed on the syllables before -IC, -tion and -sion. Dem' ocr at' IC is Dem' ocrat'ic, trans' la' trans' la' trans' translation, impress' sion impres 'sion.

6. Generally, polysyllabic words have only one stressed syllable, and the rest are secondary stressed syllables or unstressed syllables. Some compound words and English translations have two accents. Such as: fifteen years old, Berlin.

Third, the tonic and consonant: this method divides the pronunciation of letters into tonic and consonant according to whether they are commonly used or not. The tonic is the main pronunciation of letters and is commonly used. The secondary sound is the secondary pronunciation of letters, which is an exception to the pronunciation rules and is not commonly used. Generally, letters pronounce the tonic, and in a few cases, due to the influence of adjacent letters and other factors, letters pronounce the secondary sound. Add a horizontal line below the tonic letter to indicate minor tuning. Move and wash.

4. Pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables: In stressed syllables, according to the pronunciation of vowels A, E, I, O and U, they are divided into the following five syllable types:

1, open syllable: There are two kinds of open syllables, one is called perfect split syllable, that is, there are no consonants after vowels, such as: we, no,no. The other is called relative open syllable, that is, there is a consonant letter (except R) after vowels, and there is also a silent letter E, such as name, like image. Or a vowel letter followed by a silent e. Die dies, keep it. Note: When vowels are followed by two consonants and an e, the e sounds like a syllable. For example, convenience is convenience and convenience is convenience.

2. Closed syllable: When there is a consonant letter (except R) after a vowel letter, the syllable formed by this vowel letter is called a closed syllable. There are also two cases, one is called an absolutely closed syllable, and there are consonants after the vowels of the syllables, such as map map and bag bag. The other is called relatively closed syllable. There is no consonant after the vowel of a syllable, but the consonant is borrowed from the later syllable, and the letters borrowed during spelling naturally return to the later syllable. For example: sympathy, body.

3.-R syllable: a syllable composed of vowels and consonants -r. For example, car car, park park.

4.-re syllable: a syllable composed of vowels and -re. Be careful, here.

5. Vowel syllables: syllables consisting of vowels and vowels, or vowels and -y, -w, -l, -g, -gh, n, etc. Wait, wait, say it.

Verb (verb abbreviation) unstressed syllable vowel pronunciation: unstressed syllable vowel pronunciation has not changed much. For the unstressed syllables of vowels, see Table 5 of the textbook English Phonetic Phonetics and Pronunciation Rules on the Shore.

Pronunciation of intransitive verb consonants: the pronunciation of consonants has not changed much. Consonants are usually pronounced, and in a few cases, consonants are pronounced.

Supplementary provisions on vowel stressed syllables:

1, some vowel combinations are pronounced with one letter or -r syllable, and some are not pronounced. This method marks the silent letters in italics, which is helpful for beginners to remember. Such as: ai [AE], ay [AE], au [ar], ay [ee], AOR [or].

2. When the closed syllable A is preceded by w-, read the second sound [o]. But water water, read ['worta]. ], expressed by wa.

3. When the closed syllable A is followed by -f, -m, -n, -s,-th and-th, British English is pronounced as [ar] and American English as [a]. This method is marked by the opening syllable infrasound.

4. When the closed syllable O is followed by -m, -n, -v, -th, read the second sound [u].

5. When the closed syllable U is preceded by B-, P- and F-, read the second sound [u].

6. The syllables U, UI and EW are preceded by L-, R- and J-, all of which are pronounced with the second sound [ue].

7. infrasound al reads [orl], but when it is followed by -k, it reads infrasound [or].

8. In two or more syllables, when there is an R near the two syllables, it can be divided into three situations:

(1), when the adjacent position is rr, an R belongs to the previous syllable, the stress symbol is marked after R, and the vowel in front of R is pronounced as a closed syllable. For example: the movement of the car, sor's sorry.

(2) When the adjacent place is "vowel letter +r+ consonant letter", R belongs to the previous syllable, and the stress symbol is marked after R, and the vowel in front of R is pronounced as -r syllable. For example: Party Party, Thirty 30.

(3) When the adjacent place is "vowel letter +r+ vowel letter", R belongs to the previous syllable, and the stress symbol is marked after R, and the vowel in front of R is pronounced as -re syllable. R is spelled with the vowels below. Such as: par 'ent parent, zer' o 'zero. (4) When the adjacent place is "vowel letter +r+ vowel letter", R belongs to the later syllable, and the stress symbol is marked before R, and the vowel in front of R is pronounced according to the first syllable. For example, very very, America America.

Syllables after 8 and 53 are rare, so readers are not required to remember when to read the tonic or consonant, just remember the pronunciation of these syllables.

Examples of vowel stressed syllables pronunciation:

1 class: open syllable a: tonic pronunciation [ae], such as name, cake cake. Sub-sound reading [ar], such as a'sk, pa'st super.

The second category: open syllable e: tonic reading [ee], such as he he, we. Asian reading materials [e], such as Very Very American.

The third category: open syllable I: tonic reading [ie], such as I I, like image. Sub-sound reading [ee], such as Yuan Ye, Police Man and Police.

The fourth category: open syllable O: tonic reading [oe], if you wish, no, no. Subordinate reading [ue], such as shoes, moving.

Category V: Opening syllables U: Pronounce reading [ue], and if it is used, du'ty is responsible. Pronunciation [ue], such as June, is true.

Category 6: Closed syllable A: Pronounce reading [A], such as maps and schoolbags. Sub-sound reading [o], if washed, to.

The seventh category: closed syllable e: tonic reading [e], such as tell, rest rest infrasound reading [i], such as Eng'lish, Eng'land England.

Class 8: closed syllable I: tonic reading [i], such as it it, if. No infrasound.

Category 9: closed syllable o: tonic pronunciation [o], such as not no, dog. Pronunciation [u], such as the son of a son, the moon.

10 category: closed syllable u: tonic reading [u], such as Sun Sun, but but. Subtonic reading [u], such as pulling and pushing.

For example, the pronunciation of each syllable can be found in the textbook English phonetic symbols and pronunciation rules on the shore.

Supplementary provisions for consonants:

1. Consonant letter combinations only pronounce one letter, and the other letters are silent. This method marks the silent letters in italics, which is helpful for beginners to remember. Such as: wh[w], wr[r], rh[r].

2.* c Read [s] in the tonic and [ch] in the infrasound before vowels E, I and-Y.

3.* g gives the reading [j] and infrasound reading [g] before vowels e, i and-y.

4.n Read the consonant [ng] before [k] and [g].

5.x reads the consonant [gz] before stressing the vowel.

6. Pronunciation before articles, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions.

7.s is between two vowels, and the consonant [z] is pronounced before the voiced consonant.

8. pronounced [kw]. When there is a combination of inflections and vowels in a word, U is not combined with other vowels.

10. When an s is added to the end of a verb or noun, the pronunciation of the s is as follows, without a mark:

(1), starting with the consonant [s]. Such as lights, tables, watches, waiting, etc.

② The front is voiced consonant and vowel [z]. Such as: bed, pig, play, wall.

(3) When [sh], [s], [z], [ts] and [j] are preceded by -es, and -es is pronounced as [iz]. Such as: washing, category, box, praise, competition, web page. Other words derived from this are pronounced in this way.

1 1. The past tense with suffix -ed -ed is pronounced as follows, without marking:

(1), preceded by unvoiced consonants (except t) read [t]. Walk past, miss, skip, wash.

(2), the front is voiced consonants (except d) to read [d]. Such as: hit, closed, robbed, robbed, begged and begged.

(3), beginning with [t] and [d]) is changed to [id]. What you want, what you want, what you need. Other words derived from this are pronounced in this way.

9. Other letter combinations are rare, so readers are not required to remember when to read the tonic or consonant, just remember the pronunciation of these letter combinations.

Example of consonant pronunciation:

1, p: Read [p], such as plane and map. No infrasound.

2.b: pronounce the sound of [b], such as bike and bag. No infrasound.

3, t: read [t], if you get it, the second time. Subsonic reading [tF], such as' adjusting fate' and' adjusting luck'.

4, D: Complement reading [d], such as deep, and, and. Subsonic reading [dV], such as Soldier.

5, K: tonic reading [k], such as cake, kill. No infrasound.

6, G: Read [g], such as the door, go. No infrasound.

7.*g: the tonic [j] before vowels e, i, y I, y, such as age, cha 'nge. Pronunciation [g], if you get it, begin' begins.

8. Sound reading [k]. Cup, if you can. No infrasound.

9.*c: the tonic [s] before vowels E, I and Y, such as rice and cit'y City. Sub-sound reading [ch], such as. Grand piano, concerto.

10, q: Pronunciation [k], such as Ira'q Iraq and Ira'qi Iraq. No infrasound.

For pronunciation examples of each consonant, see English shore phonetic symbols and pronunciation rules.

Remember the pronunciation of letters and letter combinations. Beginners can remember the pronunciation of examples of letters and letter combinations first, and remember the pronunciation of letters and letter combinations through the pronunciation of examples. For example, after remembering the pronunciations of an'y (some) and man'y (many), you will naturally remember a pronunciation [en]. The relationship between single-letter pronunciation and letter pronunciation in vocabulary: in English, letters are generally pronounced according to the pronunciation rules summarized in this book, and only in abbreviations are they pronounced according to single letters. Such as: tel'levis`ion → TV TV. The pronunciation of letters in vocabulary is closely related to the pronunciation of individual letters. Letters can be divided into vowels, semivowels and consonants. There are five vowels, and the letters are read when the syllables are stressed. Namely: a[ae], e[ee], i[ie], o[oe], u[ue]. There are two semi-vowel letters, which are y[wie → ie] and w[dblue → ue] when pronounced by vowels. There are 65,438+09 consonants, of which 65,438+07 are consonants for reading the tonic and letters. They are: b[bee → b], *c[see → s], d[dee → d], f[ef → f], *g[jee →j], j[jae →j], k[kei → k], l[el → l] and so on. There are two international phonetic symbols with the same shape: h[aech → h] and r[ar → r].

The difference between British English and American English: British English uses international phonetic symbols to mark pronunciation, while American English uses K.K phonetic symbols to mark pronunciation. The main differences between them are: British English vowels do not roll their tongues, American English vowels roll their tongues, British English sounds [ar], American English sounds [A], British English sounds [C] and American English sounds [ar]. Specifically:

1, stress -r syllables er, ir, or, ur, British English reading [a.], American English reading [a.r.].

2, light reading-R syllables ar, er, ir, or, ur, British English reading [a.], American English curling, reading [a.r.].

3. stress the -r syllables ar and er, read the word are[ar] in British English, roll your tongue in American English and read [ar r].

4. Use -r ar, or, ore, aor, oar, oor, our to stress -r syllables and letter combination syllables. Read [or] in British English and [orr] in American English.

5. The letter combination of British English reading [ere] and American English reading [erer].

6. Read the letter combination [are] in British English and [are r] in American English.

7. The letter combination of British English reading [ure] and American English reading [urer].

8. Stressed syllables Read the letter [o] in British English and [ar] in American English.

9. When the stressed syllable A is followed by -f, -m, -n, -s, -th and -th, British English is pronounced as [ar] and American English as [a]. See Table 7 of the English Coastal Phonetic Alphabet and Pronunciation Rules for the comparison between the International Phonetic Alphabet and the K.K. Phonetic Alphabet.