Fireflies belong to the 1 family of COLEOPTERA fireflies. Its head is covered by the chest, and its abdomen is equipped with a light-emitting device, which can emit light, with a flat body and soft walls. Undergraduate insects are generally called fireflies. About 2000 species are known in the world, distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. There are 54 species of 10 genus recorded in China. Small to medium-sized, long and flat, with soft walls and coleopters. The back plate of the chest is flat and often covers the head. Small head. The eyes are hemispherical, and the eyes of males are often larger than those of females. In front of the forehead, there are 1 pairs of antennae between the eyes, each pair has 1 1 nodes, which are filiform, serrated or comb-toothed, and the bases of the antennae are close. The upper jaw is curved and there is a groove through it. Males generally have well-developed coleoptera, covering the abdomen and hind wings, while females often have no wings, but both females and males of pholiota adiposa have wings. COLEOPTERA has short hairs on its surface and a wide base. The basal segment of the forefoot is conical and has subunit segments; The basal segment of the midfoot is cylindrical, and the two basal segments are connected; The basal segment of the hind foot is transverse and extensive. The feet are slender, without special swelling, and have five hocks. The abdomen has 7~8 segments, and there is a luminous body below the end, which can emit yellow and green light. Larvae is brown, with long body, tapering front and back ends, obvious joints, small head and developed feet. There are 1 pairs of optical transmitters, which are usually located on the eighth network. Fireflies are nocturnal, and eggs, larvae and pupae often glow.

The light of insects has the function of attracting the opposite sex. Both larvae and adults feed on snails and small insects, and like to live in damp and warm places with rich vegetation.

2. Knowledge about fireflies

Generic term for COLEOPTERA fireflies. There are about 2000 species in the world, distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. About 54 species in China. Small to medium-sized, long and flat, with soft walls and coleopters. The back plate of the chest is flat and often covers the head. Small head. The eyes are hemispherical, and the eyes of males are often larger than those of females. The abdomen has 7~8 segments, and there is a luminous body below the end, which can emit yellow and green light. Fireflies are active at night. Eggs, larvae and pupae often glow, and the glow of adults can attract the opposite sex. Both larvae and adults feed on snails and small insects, and like to live in humid and warm places with rich vegetation.

Crossed firefly

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3. How do fireflies shine?

Fireflies like to fly happily in the wilderness on summer nights. They shine like distant lights.

The light emitted by fireflies is yellow-green, called fluorescence, which is different from sunlight because fluorescence hardly produces heat. Fireflies usually bury their eggs in the soil, and the hatched larvae are very different from their parents as soon as they emerge from the soil.

Although they are brown like their parents, their bodies are flat. Like other insect larvae, they are also called nymphs.

Some kinds of fireflies can shine for a long time. There is also an old song about firefly larvae: "flash, flash!" " "Fireflies glow from their lower abdomen. They have a special kind of cell called light cell.

Two substances in light cells-fluorescein and luciferase-can release energy through chemical reaction. Energy re-excites the atoms in insect fluorescein to emit light.

There is also a layer of cells filled with white chemicals on the back of light cells, which can reflect the light emitted by fireflies to our eyes. In nature, some plants and animals can emit cold light.

In the dark night, people can find mushrooms in the Woods. They are scattered in the grass, and you look like little lanterns.

In the depths of the ocean, when the squid meets natural enemies, it will suddenly spray a flashing substance to confuse each other and get out of danger. In addition, jellyfish can also emit light.

What is the light emitted by fireflies? Scientists believe that insects glow to attract mates. Each firefly flashes at a different rhythm, and females and males can identify the flashing frequency to ensure that the partner they find belongs to the same race as themselves.

Some kinds of fireflies can coordinate their flashing rhythms with each other. If a large group of fireflies get together to adjust the beat, the surrounding environment will also flicker.

You can see this in the wild. _ At first, the fireflies gathered in the treetops flashed in a chaotic rhythm. Suddenly, two fireflies began to adjust their rhythm and flash together, so this rhythm began to spread among the whole group of fireflies.

More and more fireflies joined the flashing team. After 30 minutes, all the fireflies light up and go out at the same rhythm, once a second.

The whole canopy is flickering, as if it were covered by flashing lights. Scientists don't know how fireflies adjust their rhythm or why they do it.

4. How do fireflies shine?

On summer nights, the fluorescence of fireflies can often bring endless joy to children.

Fireflies have different colors, such as light green, light yellow, orange and light blue. The light of fireflies not only brings fun to children, but also inspires scientists.

Cold light synthesized according to the internal mechanism of fireflies can be used in mines, ammunition depots and underwater operations. In the medical field, scientists implant adenosine phosphate in fireflies into cancer cells, so that doctors can judge the condition by the luminous intensity of adenosine phosphate in cancer cells.

In the industrial field, adenosine can play an important role in analyzing and filtering metal elements, detecting metal pollution and identifying water pollution. In the field of space, scientists often use adenosine phosphate to detect whether there is life in space.

Fireflies are widely distributed in the world and there are many kinds. In appearance, fireflies are flat and long, with wings in males and wingless in females.

According to statistics, more than 2,000 fireflies, whether adults, eggs, larvae or pupae, almost all have luminous ability. Their ability is only used to attract the opposite sex and courtship during the breeding season.

But why is the light emitted by fireflies cold? In order to solve this problem, scientists have conducted in-depth research. Scientists have found that the firefly has a luminous device in its abdomen, and its skin is a luminous layer with a small window and a reflective layer below.

There are thousands of luminescent cells containing fluorescein and luciferase on the luminescent layer. When it glows, the surrounding trachea will transport oxygen. At this time, fluorescein will be oxidized by luciferase, thus emitting light. How do fireflies adjust the brightness of light? In fact, the brightness of light is due to the amount of oxygen.

When oxygen is sufficient, fluorescence is sufficient; When oxygen is insufficient, fluorescence will darken or even disappear. But ATP in fireflies can provide a continuous energy source for fireflies to light their lights again.

When the fluorescence begins to weaken, ATP will interact with fluorescein, thus re-lighting the firefly's lamp. Although the light emitted by a firefly is limited, the power of a large number of fireflies cannot be underestimated.

In ancient China, there was a story that someone borrowed the light of fireflies to read a book. This story is about a man named Che Yin. Because he has no money at home and can't afford lamp oil, he can't light a book at night.

So, he caught a lot of fireflies and put them in a homemade gauze bag, so that the light of fireflies could illuminate the book, so that he could read at night. In addition, there are similar stories abroad.

The story is about a field doctor who suddenly lost power when he was operating on the wounded. In order not to delay the operation, the doctor ordered people to catch a large number of fireflies quickly.

It is with the light of these fireflies that the field doctor successfully completed the operation. According to research, 37? 38 fireflies add up to be comparable to the light of candles.

Scientists have gained a lot by studying the principle of firefly luminescence. Firstly, fluorescein is separated, then luciferase is obtained, and then fluorescein is synthesized according to some characteristics of fireflies, which is called cold light source.

At present, 9/ 10 of the electric energy consumed by the light source we use is wasted because of heating, which shows that the luminous efficiency of the current light source is very low. At the same time, the consumed electric energy needs a lot of coal, oil and other resources to provide, which is not only not conducive to environmental protection, but also very wasteful.

But fluorescein is renewable, soft and harmless to human beings. More importantly, the energy conversion rate of fluorescein is very high, which means that its resource utilization rate is quite high. From the development and utilization of cold light, we can see that in the future life, cold light will replace electro-optic with overwhelming advantages, which will be widely used in all aspects of life and make life more convenient.

5. The more knowledge of fireflies, the better, and pictures are preferred.

Fireflies On a summer night, if you stand by the river, under the trees or in the fields, you will be pleasantly surprised to find a "little lantern" with bright green color, which is fireflies. Firefly is an insect, which goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Fireflies are divided into male and female. Female fireflies often crawl in grass, while male fireflies often fly in the night sky. Fireflies love snails and snails when they are larvae. Oncomelania hupensis an accomplice of Schistosoma japonicum, snails are pests that damage crops, and fireflies are our friends because they specialize in eliminating these pests. Do you want to know why fireflies glow? In fact, fireflies have luminous devices on both sides of their tails. When it breathes, the "fluorescein" in the light-emitting device is oxidized, that is, the light emitted. Fireflies and Fireflies belong to COLEOPTERA, fireflies and carnivorous insects in the insect family. There are about 2000 distant relatives or close relatives. Firefly is a magical and beautiful insect. The slender and slightly flat body has a blue-green luster, and a pair of antennae with small teeth on the head are divided into 1 1. Three pairs of slender crawling feet. The male wing sheath is developed, and the rear wing is like a fan, which is generally folded under the front wing and unfolded when flying; Female wings are short or wingless. Fireflies have gone through four completely different stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult, and belong to completely metamorphosed insects. Different kinds, they emit different colors and brightness. Fireflies have flat bodies. Most females have no wings and can't fly. Their bodies are a bit like maggots. Male fireflies, on the other hand, have beautiful gray-brown COLEOPTERA insects, which are generally slightly smaller than female fireflies. Fireflies overwinter as mature larvae, come out in April the following year, pupate in May, and become adults in about half a month. Adults lay eggs in June, and the eggs become larvae again. Fireflies can emit different light and dark fluorescence at all stages of eggs, larvae and pupae. Larvae mainly prey on snails, and their bodies also glow. Mature fireflies do not eat. Their main task is to breed, mate with different species and give birth to offspring. In early summer, the flashing yellow-green fluorescence is a tool for fireflies to communicate with each other. Under some special conditions, fireflies will emit orange or red light. Fireflies glow for many reasons. They can produce defensive steroids in their bodies, and their light pulses will make insect-eating animals think they are not delicious; Many adult fireflies flash their own unique patterns so that they can distinguish members of the opposite sex. Several studies have shown that female fireflies choose their mates according to the specific flash pattern characteristics of male fireflies. At present, it has been proved that among the two fireflies, the male firefly with faster flashing speed and higher flashing intensity is more attractive to females. Different kinds of fireflies, the rhythm of flashing is not exactly the same. A firefly in the United States, the male flashes rhythmically first, and the female flashes accurately for 2 seconds after seeing this light signal. When the male sees the same light signal, he approaches it and becomes a couple. People have done experiments, and when the female insect finishes emitting light, the male insect will also be lured by artificial flashing for 2 seconds. Another firefly, the female can send out the signal of "on-off, on-off" at accurate time intervals, and the male immediately sends out the signal of "on-off, on-off" as an answer after receiving the "whisper" expressed in the signal. Once the information is communicated, they will fly together for a wonderful night.

Fireflies can only be kept in glass bottles for a few days after being caught, because adults don't eat at all, so they can't be kept. Fireflies, a wonderful little beetle, add a whole new page to the love style of nocturnal insects, because male and female fireflies recognize each other and greet each other by flashing signals, and this strange and interesting light source is reminiscent of meteors that break through the night sky or naughty dolls that sway with lanterns. Fireflies have long been one of the familiar and charming beetles in people's hearts, full of infinite pastoral interest. Usually, both male and female fireflies glow, and the female fireflies are slightly dim. The position of the light emitting device is usually on the abdominal surface of the sixth or seventh abdomen. The principle of luminescence is that the luminescent substance contained in the luminescent device combines with oxygen in the trachea to produce "cold light". Usually, the brightness of one light and one dark is related to the rhythm of breathing, and the number of flashes and the interval between light and dark are different for different fireflies, so that we can check each other's identities in the dark. Most species of fireflies have wings in males and no wings in females, so most of them send out flashing signals for courtship when flying in the night sky, while females stop on branches and leaves to send out weak flashing signals. When males detect the flashing signals from females of the same kind, they will fly to it. The life history of fireflies is also quite interesting, because in addition to adults, their eggs, larvae and pupae also emit fluorescence, which really shines throughout their lives. Larvae has a pair of sickle-shaped jaws and feeds on river snails, earthworms and snails. When hunting, the prey is pierced with the lower jaw, and the venom is injected to paralyze the prey, and the digestive juice is injected to digest the prey tissue into a liquid state and then absorb the juice. Fireflies are generally produced every year, and spring and summer are the season for adults to fly. There are more than 30 species of fireflies in Taiwan Province Province. Now many experts are trying their best to breed fireflies in a large number of artificially designed ecological parks as a project to attract tourists!

Content.edu/junior/Bio/TC _ WC/textbook/ch01/book1-10-4s. There are pictures.

6. How do fireflies shine?

The luminous organ of fireflies, which grows between the sixth and seventh sections of the abdomen.

From the outside, it's just a silver-gray transparent film. If you uncover this film and observe it under a magnifying glass, you can see thousands of luminous cells, and then there is a reflective layer. Luminous cells are surrounded by tiny trachea and numerous slender nerve branches. The main substances in luminescent cells are fluorescein and luciferase.

When fireflies start to move, they breathe faster and inhale a lot of oxygen. Oxygen enters luminescent cells through small trachea. When fluorescein interacts with luciferase, which plays a catalytic role in cells, fluorescein will be activated and produce biological oxidation reaction, thus producing bright blue light under the abdomen of fireflies. Because of the different breathing rhythm of fireflies, a flickering "flashing signal" is formed.

7.

The luminescence of fireflies is simply a series of complex biochemical reactions catalyzed by fluorescein. And light is the energy released in this process.

Because different kinds of fireflies have different luminous modes, the isolation between species is naturally formed. Most species of fireflies are males with luminous bodies, while females have no luminous bodies or are stunted.

Although most of the fireflies in our impression are two males and one female, this situation only appears in Luciola and Curtos, belonging to Luciola subfamily. Because, like Taiwan Province window firefly (Pyrocoelia ***), both males and females have two illuminants, and the biggest difference between them is that the female wings are short, while the male wings are long.

The luminous organ of fireflies consists of luminous cells, reflex cells, nerves and epidermis. If the structure of the luminous body is compared to a car lamp, the luminous cells are like the light bulb of the car lamp, and the cells in the reflective layer are like the lampshade of the car lamp, which will concentrate the light emitted by the luminous cells.

So although it is only a small lamp, it also makes people feel quite bright in the dark. However, fireflies emit light, starting from the transmission of nerve impulses to luminescent cells, so that fluorescein, which was originally suppressed, is released.

There is a phosphorus-containing chemical called fluorescein in the luminous cells of fireflies, which is oxidized under the catalysis of fluorescein and the accompanying energy is released in the form of light. Because most of the energy generated by the reaction is used to emit light, only 2~ 10% of the energy is converted into heat energy, so when fireflies stop in our hands, we will not be burned by the light of fireflies, so some people call the light emitted by fireflies "cold light".

As for the use of fireflies, the assumptions put forward by early scholars include courtship, communication, lighting, warning, display, ethnic adjustment and other functions; But apart from courtship and communication, other functions are only the results of scientists' observation, or just speculation. It was not until recent years that scholars verified the warning: 1999, scholars Knight and others found that lizards who ate fireflies by mistake would die, confirming that adults glow not only to find spouses, but also to warn other creatures; Scholars Underwood and others did experiments with mice in 1997, which confirmed that the larval luminescence had a warning effect on mice.

The luminous behavior of fireflies at night, taking Luciola cerata as an example, the current research found that after sunset, males began to fly and glow in their habitats; Shortly after the males began to move, females began to appear in the high places around the habitat (females can also emit light, but there is only one light, while males have two lights). From 7: 00 to 1 1: 30 at night, hundreds of fireflies can be seen in their habitats, but almost after 1 1: 30, adults will glow. Moreover, the luminous frequency of male insects has also changed, which is different all night.

8. Why and how do fireflies glow?

The luminescence of fireflies is simply a series of complex biochemical reactions catalyzed by fluorescein. And light is the energy released in this process.

Because different kinds of fireflies have different luminous modes, the isolation between species is naturally formed. Most species of fireflies are males with luminous bodies, while females have no luminous bodies or are stunted.

Although most of the fireflies in our impression are two males and one female, this situation only appears in Luciola and Curtos, belonging to Luciola subfamily. Because, like Taiwan Province window firefly (Pyrocoelia ***), both males and females have two illuminants, and the biggest difference between them is that the female wings are short, while the male wings are long.

The luminous organ of fireflies consists of luminous cells, reflex cells, nerves and epidermis. If the structure of the luminous body is compared to a car lamp, the luminous cells are like the light bulb of the car lamp, and the cells in the reflective layer are like the lampshade of the car lamp, which will concentrate the light emitted by the luminous cells.

So although it is only a small lamp, it also makes people feel quite bright in the dark. However, fireflies emit light, starting from the transmission of nerve impulses to luminescent cells, so that fluorescein, which was originally suppressed, is released.

There is a phosphorus-containing chemical called fluorescein in the luminous cells of fireflies, which is oxidized under the catalysis of fluorescein and the accompanying energy is released in the form of light. Because most of the energy generated by the reaction is used to emit light, only 2~ 10% of the energy is converted into heat energy, so when fireflies stop in our hands, we will not be burned by the light of fireflies, so some people call the light emitted by fireflies "cold light".

As for the use of fireflies, the assumptions put forward by early scholars include courtship, communication, lighting, warning, display, ethnic adjustment and other functions; But apart from courtship and communication, other functions are only the results of scientists' observation, or just speculation. It was not until recent years that scholars verified the warning: 1999, scholars Knight and others found that lizards who ate fireflies by mistake would die, confirming that adults glow not only to find spouses, but also to warn other creatures; Scholars Underwood and others did experiments with mice in 1997, which confirmed that the larval luminescence had a warning effect on mice.

The luminous behavior of fireflies at night, taking Luciola cerata as an example, the current research found that after sunset, males began to fly and glow in their habitats; Shortly after the males began to move, females began to appear in the high places around the habitat (females can also emit light, but there is only one light, while males have two lights). From 7: 00 to 1 1: 30 at night, hundreds of fireflies can be seen in their habitats, but almost after 1 1: 30, adults will glow. Moreover, the luminous frequency of male insects has also changed, which is different all night.