Book system

Song Edition (including Liao and Jin Edition) Song Edition and Zhejiang Edition

Song jianben

Songshushu

Liaoben and Jinping Shuiben

Yuan Zheben, Yuan Engraving Edition

Yuan jianben

Ming dynasty engraving: the engraving from Hongwu to Hongzhi in the early Ming Dynasty.

Prints from Zheng De to Qin Long in the Middle Ming Dynasty.

In the late Ming Dynasty, from Wanli to Chongzhen.

The Qing dynasty engraving (and the engraving of the Republic of China after the Qing dynasty) is the engraving from Shunzhi to Yongzheng in the early Qing dynasty.

Engraving from Qianlong to Xianfeng in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, that is, from Tongzhi to Xuan Tong and the Republic of China.

Movable type book

Chromatographic plate

Illustration edition

copy

original manuscript

Approved school-based

The emergence of xerographic printing

Book system

Song Edition (including Liao and Jin Edition) Song Edition and Zhejiang Edition

Song jianben

Songshushu

Liaoben and Jinping Shuiben

Yuan Zheben, Yuan Engraving Edition

Yuan jianben

Ming dynasty engraving: the engraving from Hongwu to Hongzhi in the early Ming Dynasty.

Prints from Zheng De to Qin Long in the Middle Ming Dynasty.

In the late Ming Dynasty, from Wanli to Chongzhen.

The Qing dynasty engraving (and the engraving of the Republic of China after the Qing dynasty) is the engraving from Shunzhi to Yongzheng in the early Qing dynasty.

Engraving from Qianlong to Xianfeng in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, that is, from Tongzhi to Xuan Tong and the Republic of China.

Movable type book

Chromatographic plate

A batch of photocopies of illustrated manuscripts based on collating spread China's ancient books, which were mainly handed down to later generations in the form of words and printing. Due to different times, different regions, different authors and engravers, and different copying methods, ancient books have various versions. We usually refer to the study of these versions as ancient books versions.

Edit the appearance of engraving in this section.

Printing was invented in our country, while block printing was invented, which should be a household name. The so-called carving refers to carving with wooden boards. The selection of wooden boards is more particular, and the texture is too loose. Generally, pear wood and jujube wood are used. The predecessor called it Ziziphus jujuba Pear, and the book was usually printed in black ink. But in order to facilitate the third revision, it is sometimes printed in blue or red. Books in the Qing Dynasty were printed in red and blue, but of course they can be printed directly in black ink without trial printing in red and blue. Since Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been various interpretations of the era of the invention of block printing. Among them, the most influential are the opening statement of Emperor Wen and the statement of Zhen Guan of Emperor Taizong. Engraving printing has entered the five dynasties, and a brand-new situation has emerged, that is, it no longer stays in carving daily printed matter needed by the people, as well as some word books and religious reading materials, but turns to carving orthodox books. The emphasis on engraving is not only because it is the most important required book in feudal society, but also closely related to the imperial examination system since the Tang Dynasty.

This system for editing this book

It refers to the form of books, more specifically, it only refers to the appearance of books, not including the contents of books, not including the materials of books, and copying, engraving or other printing methods. "Cyclone leaf" is the first step from paper to leaf, and it can also be said to be a transitional form from paper to leaf. Turn wherever you turn, which is extremely convenient to find. Even if you turn it over from beginning to end, the speed is extremely fast, as fast as a whirlwind, so you give it the name "whirlwind leaf". The whirlwind leaves further evolved into a "butterfly suit". Up to now, butterfly bound books are not printed on rectangular boards, but printed on rectangular boards, becoming a number of single-page bound books.

The space occupied by a printing plate on paper is called "layout". Blank paper outside the layout is called "up", "down", "left" and "right". The periphery of the layout is called "border", and the thick lines that make up the border are called "sidebar" or "column line". The upper column is called "upper column", the lower column is called "lower column" and the left and right columns are called "left and right columns". The sidebar with only one line is called "single side" or "single column", and a thin line inside the thick line is called "double side" or "double column". There are three forms of "unilateral winding", "bilateral winding" and "bilateral winding", and there is absolutely no one of up and down and unilateral winding. The layout is divided into several "lines" by straight lines. The middle line of the page is called "page center" or "middle seam", and no words (and of course no small notes) are engraved. The center of the board is often divided into three sections by patterns or horizontal lines, and the patterns are called "fishtails" according to their shapes. There is only one fishtail on it, and those with horizontal lines below are called "single fishtail" and some are called "double fishtail". Butterflies have a disadvantage because the back of the second half of the page is not connected with the back of the first half of the second page, so it is inconvenient to turn over two pages after reading it. Usually, when you open a book, you will often encounter a blank back. So, someone folded back the reverse side of the page (like the later thread-bound book) and stuck the two outer edges of the page on the back of the book, which became "northern packing", also called "back packing". The present thread was installed in the middle of Ming Dynasty. It appears because Bao Beizhuang is easily damaged at the back of the book. If it is damaged, the brain part of the book will be uneven after two or three times of paper twisting, and the upper right corner and lower right corner of the book will be rolled up very unsightly. Therefore, it was improved on the basis of Bao Beizhuang, that is, after the paper was punched and twisted, instead of the whole book cover, two and a half page covers were used to separate the front and back of the book, and then the brain of the book was punched and threaded, so it was called thread binding. There are certain specifications for line binding. Generally, only four holes are punched, which is called "four-needle eye binding". Sometimes a hole is punched in the upper and lower corners of a thick book, which is called "six-stitch binding". In the Ming Dynasty, the book clothes were mostly blue (also called magnetic cyan) and brown (also called antique, antique), while in the Qing Dynasty, there was a little brown, and some of them were mixed with gold, but in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, blue was preferred. Most of them are made of two or three layers of paper, and some are made of silk or silk. Set at least one blank sheet of paper, sometimes as many as two or three sheets, between the front cover and the back cover and the text, which is called "page protection" or "secondary page", and some people call it "page reading". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, I like to make a book cover for thread-bound books, which is also called "letter" in elegance and vulgarity. Use hard paper inside, blue cloth outside and white paper inside. Wrap the four sides of the book with two toothpicks, leaving only the head and root of the book empty. Exquisite brocade is used instead of blue cloth, and sometimes the head and root of the book are wrapped up, which is called "four in one set" In a four-in-one set, the heads and roots of books are inlaid with moire patterns, which is called "cloud-shaped sets". However, because these book covers are equipped with paddles, they are easy to be bitten by rats and easily broken in the outside world, so many people like to use so-called "splints". This is to use two boards the size of a book, and put a cloth belt at the upper and lower ends to fasten the book. Wood boards should be strong, such as catalpa, nanmu, rosewood, jujube, camphor and so on. In addition, some rare cultural relics are often packed in exquisite wooden cases or small wooden boxes, in which the title, edition, album number, collector's name, number or social morality are engraved.

Edit this Song engraving (including Liao and Jin engraving)

Song zheben

The Northern Song Dynasty inherited the tradition of the Five Dynasties, and the official engraving was the main one, and imperial academy was the main one in the official engraving. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Imperial Academy was still the main official carving version. At that time, all versions of imperial academy were taken away by the Jin people. In order to meet the needs of reading, imperial academy, the new capital of Yi 'an, reprinted the notes and slips of the supervised edition of the Northern Song Dynasty. The existing Zhouyi Zhengyi, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan Shu and Eryashu were all producer books in the early Southern Song Dynasty, but some versions were later restored.

Song jianben

There are only two Buddhist scriptures published and engraved in Fujian in the Northern Song Dynasty. One is the Wanshou Tibetan carved in Fuzhou in Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty for three years, and the other is the Pilu Tibetan carved in situ in Zhenghe for two years and completed in the Southern Song Dynasty for eight years. The simplified version of the Song Dynasty mentioned in the ancient version mainly refers to the block-printed version of Jianyang County in Jianning Prefecture. Because Jianning House belonged to Fujian Road in Song Dynasty, and Fujian area was called Fujian in ancient times, some people called it Fujian Ben. The engraving of Jianyang Square in the Northern Song Dynasty has not been handed down, but it has been handed down from generation to generation from the Southern Song Dynasty, with a small number, almost no less than that of Zhejiang officials and far more than that of Chen and Yin in Hangzhou.

Songshushu

Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, Chengdu, Sichuan has become the national engraving and printing center confronting Hangzhou. In the fourth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty, the central government specially sent people to Chengdu to engrave the earliest printed Buddhist tripitaka, also known as Kaibao, which is a paper book. The font has the flavor of a paper book written in the Tang Dynasty, some elements of the northern Wei Dynasty font, and some zero volumes are still preserved. The early Shu edition can no longer be seen, and the earliest preserved edition is only the engraving at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, they are all Southern Song editions.

Liaoben and Jinping Shuiben

Liao's book engraving technique should have been handed down from the Song Dynasty. The book engraving center probably won't go to Beijing, the political center of Liao State in Bahrain Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia. Nanjing in Liao Dynasty is now Beijing, but it may become a book engraving center, but there is no clear record. Engraving has not been seen for a long time. The block print of Liao Dynasty seen today was found in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province. There is a Buddhist temple in Yingxian county, and there is a wooden Sakyamuni tower built in the second year of Qing Ning in Liao Dynasty. 1974, sixty-one Liao engravings were found in the belly of Sakyamuni, the main image on the fourth floor of the stupa. Although Chu Jinxing was dominated by force, he also attached great importance to culture. There are few existing water books, such as Nanfeng Gu Ji, Renchen Re-proofreading Lu Taiwei's Classic, Liu Zhiyuan Diao, Nan Di Nei Wen, Re-editing and Supplementing the Minutes of the Court, Notes on the Old Man in Xiao Jian, and the newly revised ■-cited jade articles.

Edit the original picture of this paragraph.

Yuan zheben

Of course, the name imperial academy was abolished, but the original imperial academy in the Southern Song Dynasty was not demolished, and it was changed to West Lake Academy. Tian Yiji of West Lake Academy in the Imperial City of Yuan Dynasty said: "West Lake Academy, Bao Song imperial academy, is particularly standardized. The books are engraved with history books, guarded by special palaces, and the number of stacks is official. Song died, the book was abolished, and the board library was there. " According to textual research, most of them were left over by imperial academy in the Southern Song Dynasty, and some of them were Yuan and Zhejiang editions printed by Zhejiang in the Yuan Dynasty. Like the Southern Song Dynasty, there were not as many family engravings as official engravings in these areas. The existing famous ones are Shao Guizi's genealogy edited by Chun 'an in Zhejiang, Dongpo Yuefu published by Fu Nan Bookstore in Songjiang, Jiangsu, Yuanfeng's codex published by Xisijing in Nanfeng, Jiangxi, and Wang Jingwen's poems and notes published by Wang Chang in Nanfeng, Jiangxi.

Yuan jianben

There are many brands on the Yuan edition, or so-and-so bookstore, or so-and-so elegant house, or so-and-so academy, all of which are bookstore brands, which are different from the academies established by the government. Like the Southern Song Dynasty, in the Yuan Dynasty, officials sometimes sent books to Jianyang Bookstore for printing and engraving.

Editing this paragraph in Ming Dynasty

Engraving from Hongwu to Hongzhi in the early Ming Dynasty.

The seal cutting in the early Ming Dynasty basically continued the style of seal cutting in the Yuan Dynasty. It's just that Linfen people in the north no longer became a unique book engraving center after the Ming Dynasty, and there is no longer the name of plain water, which is roughly divided into two systems: one big and one small. In other words, Jianyang's engraving system continues to be a small system, and several places in the country have learned to inherit the Yuan-Zhejiang system and become a large system. The main feature of this large-scale system is that it uses the same Zhao Ti characters as Yuan and Zhejiang editions, and there is little difference in font and layout in official engraving, family engraving and workshop engraving, only fine engraving and rough engraving. This so-called version of the early Ming Dynasty is mostly official. Official engraving includes Neifu edition, imperial academy edition, other central organization editions, and the so-called book-handkerchief edition published by local officials, which is considered to be a disc symbol edition between official engraving and family engraving. In the early Ming Dynasty, there seemed to be fewer official engravings than family engravings. In the early Ming Dynasty, there were not many square engravings except the simplified edition.

Prints from Zheng De to Qin Long in the Middle Ming Dynasty.

Great changes have taken place in the Ming Dynasty. The most remarkable change is that the font suddenly changed from Zhao Ti to neat European style, and the layout changed from big Darkmouth to white mouth. This change began in Zhengde, Jiajing, and then in Qin Long, especially Jiajing, which is characterized by large quantity and high quality. "Jiajingben" has also become a special word in the edition catalogue. Probably because this kind of seal cutting style is fresh and popular, it soon spread to other places, affecting not only the family carving in other places, but also the official carving, official carving and square carving. The style of this standard Jiajing edition changed gradually in Qin Long, and it was transferred to the later Wanli edition.

In the late Ming Dynasty, from Wanli to Chongzhen.

Starting from Wanli, a new style appeared in Ming dynasty, which was different from the standard Jiajing edition. Its main feature is still in the font and layout, especially the change of font is more obvious, that is, from the original Jiajing font, which is square, but still based on the European style of Zhejiang in the Southern Song Dynasty, it has developed into a new font with a more neat square, horizontal and vertical, thin and vertical, and completely separated from European characters. This new font is called "square", but some people also call it "Song Style". According to the available data, this kind of square characters was first used to engrave books in Huizhou, Anhui. Since the Ming Dynasty, many people in Huizhou have gone out to do business, which is called "Huizhou merchants". Huizhou merchants often live or settle in Nanjing, Yangzhou, Hangzhou and other places, often taking them with them. At the same time, Huizhou engravers often ask Suzhou scholars to be responsible for collating, so the book-engraving atmosphere in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces was quickly influenced by it, and then this kind of square character engraving spread to many parts of the country. Wanli also has a so-called "engraving". The so-called "writing block" is because the fonts of Jiajing and Wanli moment books are more and more neat and standardized, and finally square characters completely separated from ordinary writing fonts are produced, which are dedicated to engraving books. At this time, it is called "writing block" and its original is called "writing block". Zhao Ti characters are still used in Wanli engraving, but the exquisite style is not as vigorous and powerful as Zhao Ti in the early Ming Dynasty, but becomes smooth and vivid. The prints of the Apocalypse and Chongzhen Dynasties are generally called the prints of the late Ming Dynasty. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, in addition to maintaining Wanli Fangzi and a few seal engravers, Hangzhou Fangzi also used a new Fangzi. Unlike the square characters made by Wanli, which are so thin and vertical, they have become square characters with slightly longer fonts and thinner strokes, which can be called cuboid characters and look quite clear and eye-catching.

Edit the clear edition of this paragraph (and the engraving of the Republic of China after the Qing Dynasty)

Engraving from Shunzhi to Yongzheng in the early Qing Dynasty.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the block prints of Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties mostly inherited the traditional block prints of the late Ming Dynasty, among which the square characters handed down from Wanli were the main ones, and some cuboid characters created in the apocalypse and square characters created by Ji Gu were also used. The square scripts of this period are rough and refined. Books with rectangular characters are carved less than books with body characters. In the early Qing Dynasty, this kind of paper used for square script and lettering was generally made of thick wool paper or thin wool paper, while in the late Ming Dynasty, bamboo paper with poor texture was used for lettering, and a kind of white paper called Shi Lian paper was more common. Zhang Hui's novels carved in the Qing Dynasty generally use square characters, but most of them are more clumsy than novels built in the late Ming Dynasty. Seal cutting in the early Qing dynasty is more distinctive than the above-mentioned square characters. During the Shunzhi period, the Qing Sai-jo still favored eunuchs and set up thirteen yamen. The Han Jing factory still existed, and eunuchs were still in charge of engraving books in the imperial palace. After the death of sai-jo, eunuchs were purged, their leader Wu was beheaded, and the 13th yamen was revoked. Later, the writing and engraving of books were handed over to civilian personnel. Therefore, the royal engraved books in Qing Dynasty can generally be called Neifu Edition, but it is customary to call Kangxi and his later works as "Wuying Canon", often referred to as "Canon", and those published in Shunzhi period are still called Neifu Edition.

Engraving from Qianlong to Xianfeng in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

The engraving of Wuying Temple in Qing Dynasty entered its heyday during the sixty years of Qianlong. According to statistics, there are as many as 308 kinds of engraved books. By Jiaqing, there were 29 books, Daoguang 12 books and Xianfeng 2 books, which obviously declined. It entered the later Tongzhi I, Guangxu XXIII and Xuantong II, and then the rule of the Qing Dynasty ended.

Under the impetus of Ganjia School, the climax of publishing and engraving ancient books appeared again. This climax is not exactly the same as Jiajing in Ming Dynasty. In Jiajing, ancient books focused on writing poems, while in Jiajing, they focused on learning. One of the characteristics of engraving ancient books is to pay attention to collation, and most of them have to write collation words, which are called collation notes or textual research. Then, I will spare no effort to imitate the Song Dynasty, and the layout will remain unchanged. In this period, no matter whether it is imitation Song edition, engraving edition or square edition, there are generally inner pages, and most of them are inscriptions on the front, and the back is engraved with the year and month, which is not like the inner pages of square engraving edition in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and has the nature of advertising.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, that is, from Tongzhi to Xuan Tong and the Republic of China.

As far as the book engraving business is concerned, the heyday of the Gan family has passed, which is quite a bit of a revival. Its symbol is that in many provincial capital cities, a public book engraving institution named bookstore has been formally established, and a large number of cheap and excellent books have been engraved. In the past, local officials carved books entirely according to their personal preferences or needs, and never set up a full-time book engraving institution, so setting up a bookstore at this time can be said to be a major event in the publishing history of China. As a result, many public and private publishing institutions also adopted the name of bookstore in the Republic of China, which is still called Zhonghua Book Company today. According to the location, Nanjing has Jinling Bookstore, and People's Republic of China (PRC) has been merged into the First Library of Jiangsu Province, namely Nanjing Library, Chu Jiang Bookstore (People's Republic of China (PRC) merged into the First Library of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou Huainan Bookstore (People's Republic of China (PRC) merged into the First Library of Jiangsu Province), Suzhou Jiangsu Bookstore (People's Republic of China (PRC) merged into the Second Library of Jiangsu Province) and Hangzhou Zhejiang Bookstore (People's Republic of China (PRC)). Books printed by Jiangxi Bookstore in Nanchang, Chongwen Bookstore in Wuchang (People's Republic of China (PRC) changed to Hubei official bookstore), Zhongchuan Bookstore and Sixian Bookstore in Changsha, Cungu Bookstore in Chengdu, Huanghua Bookstore in Jinan (later changed to Shandong Bookstore), Xunwen Bookstore in Taiyuan (later changed to Shanxi Bookstore), Fuzhou Bookstore and Guangya Bookstore in Guangzhou (later changed to People's Republic of China (PRC)) are generally called "local editions" and "local editions".

Edit this paragraph of movable type book

Instead of carving a book from a whole piece of wood, you can carve a printable reverse character. You can print a book without engraving. These words can be used to print other books after printing, which is flexible and changeable, not as fixed as engraving. Therefore, in those days, Shen Kuo called this printed word "letterpress", and later called these printed words "movable type" and printed books "movable type" to distinguish them from full-page engraving.

Edit the overprint of this paragraph.

Whether block printing or movable type printing, it is generally a color printing, in which black is the most commonly used, and blue or red is used for trial printing or other special situations. Overprinting means printing a book in two colors, that is, using red in addition to black. Moreover, the black printed text and the red printed text are carved into two groups of boards. First print the black seal on the paper, then print the red seal on it, and make a book with black ink and red, that is, vermilion. People call it "Zhu Mo overprint", and more often they call it "overprint".

Edit this picture book.

It's engraved with books.

, commonly known as "picture book", can also be called "picture book", and then derived from it with books as the main body, commonly known as "book spectrum." These are all things inherent in engraving printing in China.

Edit the transcript of this paragraph.

I used to write notes, but now I'm used to taking notes. The codex mentioned here refers to the codex derived from woodblock printing, that is, most books copied from the old woodblock printing that was rare at that time and transferred to the exhibition.

Edit this manuscript.

"Manuscript", in a broad sense, refers to all articles and works written without printing, which should be called manuscripts, and manuscripts are still manuscripts after printing. However, the manuscripts in the version of ancient books only refer to the manuscripts of books within the scope of ancient books in the first chapter of the general introduction. In addition, the manuscripts of modern works with valuable names should be treasured, but they are not included in this ancient manuscript.

Manuscripts should be divided into three categories, namely "original manuscript", "clear manuscript" and "sample manuscript to be engraved". Manuscript: It is the author's manuscript, usually written by hand. Clear manuscripts: Manuscripts are often revised by authors. If it is changed a lot, the author himself or others will copy it again, which is called clearing the manuscript. Writing sample to be engraved: When a book is to be printed, write the whole book on printed square paper, and write down the engraved font and requirements, which is called "writing sample".

Edit this paragraph to approve schools.

School-based examination and approval is a general word, including school-based examination and approval, school-based examination and approval and school-based examination and approval. Criticism: it is to impose criticism on a section or manuscript. School-based: it is to proofread different languages and correct words with other engravings or other ancient books on manuscripts. School-based criticism: this is a narrow school-based criticism, that is, a book that is both proofreading and commenting.

In addition to these three kinds, there is another kind called "over-recorded edition", which borrows a group of famous or valuable books, school-based or batch-based, and naturally finds an identical engraving book and over-records these books as they are.

Edit a copy of this paragraph.

What I'm talking about here is photocopies, which in a narrow sense refers to photocopies of ancient books in China. It is the engraving of ancient books and the plate-making printing of movable type, overprint, illustrated book, manuscript and batch book mentioned above.

Printed into a book that basically retains its original appearance. This photography and plate-making technology are imported from abroad. Before that, the only way to keep the original appearance of new books was to use the above-mentioned methods of imitation and engraving, but no matter how fine engraving is, it is not as good as this new photocopying technology. After the introduction of this new technology, it was quickly used to copy ancient books. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, it basically replaced the previous imitation engraving and became an important way of publishing ancient books. The technologies used in photocopying ancient books in China generally include lithograph printing, collograph printing, metal plate printing and photolithography.