Word circulation

Pinyin lí u t not ng

English circulation; ; Circulation; Running around; spread

The transfer of money or other means of exchange between people in a whole group or society to recover gold coins in circulation.

Basically explain the transfer of money or other means of exchange between people in the whole group or society.

detailed description

meaning

(1) In the whole group or society, the transfer of money or other means of exchange between people.

Take back the gold coins in circulation.

(2) Lending books or other books and materials for use outside the library.

(3) Communication between people or between regions.

(4) Circulating flow.

Air circulation. [ 1]

source

1. Circulation; It's not stagnation

"corpse" volume: "water has four virtues, group bath, circulation of everything, benevolence." "Zi Tongzhi Han Jian Guangwu Jianwu Two Years": "The three counties are quiet, and the bypass circulation." The first act of Hong Shen's "Wugui Bridge" "This is the relationship between the height of the ground, the circulation of air and the role of electromagnetism."

2. Especially the circulation of goods and money.

Han Huan Kuan's "On Salt and Iron": "The mountain lives in Zechu, the wormwood is rugged, and the property flows smoothly." "Shu Epitaph" in Song Dynasty: "The meat of Lun Guo Zhu is so good that it can't be changed, so there is no private money and the official casting has been passed down to this day." Qu Qiubai's History of Chidu Heart V: "The circulation of the economic market is like this." [ 1]

3. Smooth.

The language is based on the third volume of the Best King Classic: "Peace and happiness, Buddhism spread." Metaphor Buddhism unimpeded. "Ten Stories" Volume 1: "Spreading celebrities can be spread without hesitation." Multi-finger teaching method makes it smooth. The last part of the Buddhist scriptures is called the "distribution point", and the place where Buddhist supplies are sold in the temple is called the "Legal Logistics Communication Office". Proverbs also refer to a link in the process of social reproduction under the condition of commodity economy.

Economic terminology editor

concept

(1) generally refers to the exchange of goods with money as the medium of exchange. Including the behavior of buying and selling goods and the sum of the cycles formed by the interrelated and intertwined commodity form changes.

(2) Circulation in a broad sense also includes the continuous production process in the field of commodity circulation, such as transportation, inspection, classification, packaging, storage and safekeeping of commodities.

(3) Under certain conditions, it also refers to the circulation process of capital or socialist funds, which includes the unification process of two circulation stages and one production stage that capital or socialist funds repeatedly experience in constant movement.

meaning

The movement process of commodities. Generalized circulation is the general process of circulation formed by commodity buying and selling behavior and interrelated commodity morphological changes, which makes the social production process move endlessly. In a narrow sense, circulation is the movement process of goods from the production field to the consumption field, which consists of the selling process (W-G) and the buying process (G-W), and is the premise and condition of social reproduction.

Circulation is caused by social division of labor and socialization of production. At the end of primitive society, due to the development of social productive forces, there was a division of labor between agriculture and animal husbandry, resulting in barter (W-W). Then, the division of labor between handicraft industry and agriculture appeared again, resulting in the production of goods directly for the purpose of exchange, which made the exchange of goods regular, and then produced money, and the exchange of goods became the exchange with money as the medium (W-G-W), that is, the circulation of goods. Commodity circulation divides the exchange process into two independent stages: the selling process (W-G) and the buying process (G-W), thus dividing the exchange process into two independent behaviors: selling and buying. The interruption or obstruction of any link in the two stages of commodity circulation will make the connection between economic activities impossible, thus hiding the possibility of economic crisis. In the further development of commodity circulation, when an independent social and economic department-commercial department appeared in the society, the business of commodity sales began to be undertaken by the commercial department. At this time, commodity circulation has developed to a developed stage.

Circulation does not directly create value, but it is a necessary condition for creating and realizing value. Monetary funds can be converted into production funds through circulation, and commodity funds can be converted into monetary funds; Circulation reflects the total process of capital form transformation and capital continuous circulation. The main functions of circulation in the implementation of commodity economy are: ① to ensure the normal production process. After any commodity is produced, if it does not enter the sales link, funds will accumulate in the form of commodities, and the production department will not be able to continue production; Before any production department starts work, if it does not enter the procurement process of production materials, it will be impossible to produce. (2) The commercial department specializes in activities in the circulation field, which helps the production department to spare more time and energy for production and organization, save labor and labor time, expand the production process, save labor consumption and labor time in the circulation field, and improve social and economic benefits.

classify

commodity circulation

Developed forms of commodity exchange. The original form of commodity exchange is barter. The person in charge of the product completes two actions at one time: changing out one's own product and changing into someone else's product; The owner and demander of the product, as the two sides of the exchange, trade directly, without money as the medium and without anyone except the two sides. With the development of productive forces, more and more goods are exchanged, and the direct exchange of things is becoming more and more difficult. Because barter must be exchanged, both sides need each other's products, otherwise, the exchange will not succeed. People gradually turn their own commodities into commodities that act as universal equivalents, that is, money, and then exchange money for other commodities they need. The exchange process has become a currency-based exchange (commodity-currency-commodity), that is, commodity circulation. Commodity circulation decomposes the exchange process into two independent stages: commodity-currency, that is, the sale stage; Money-commodity, that is, the stage of purchase. In this process, the form of commodities has changed twice accordingly: first, commodities have been transformed into money, and then money has been transformed into commodities. In this way, commodity circulation itself contains constant exchange; Moreover, the morphological changes of one commodity are intertwined with those of other commodities, forming a series of exchanges. Therefore, circulation must be understood as "exchange as a whole" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 2, p. 10 1 page). Although the emergence of commodity circulation has overcome the difficulty of barter exchange, it has further developed and expanded the internal contradictions in commodity production. Circulation decomposes the exchange process into two independent behaviors: selling and buying, so that they are completely separated in time and space. This may lead to the phenomenon that some people sell goods instead of buying them immediately, thus causing the disconnection between buying and selling and the formal possibility of economic crisis.

Commodities have been in circulation for thousands of years. Before the emergence of the socialist system, circulation was linked to the private ownership of the means of production. Therefore, circulation is characterized by private circulation. Like the production at that time, it was also dominated by the state of no * * *, and it was also dominated by its parties as an alien force.

Capitalist commodity circulation

The circulation of capitalist goods is essentially the circulation of capital. Under the capitalist system, circulation is of great significance. Surplus value is of course created in the field of production, but the special commodity of labor force that creates surplus value is purchased in the field of circulation. Surplus value is produced and must be realized in the field of circulation. Therefore, circulation is the condition for every capitalist enterprise to achieve the purpose of capitalist production, which is related to the fate of every capitalist. If the goods can't be sold and the circulation is interrupted, the production can't be carried out, and the machinery, equipment and raw materials of the enterprise will lose the function of capital. In connection with this, circulation is also of decisive significance to the reproduction of the whole social capital, because whether the social capital can be reproduced depends on circulation. The realization of social total product constitutes the core problem of social capital reproduction. In essence, capitalist circulation serves the capitalists to realize surplus value, which is exploitative. Capitalist exploitation should be based on developed circulation. However, due to the inherent contradiction of capitalism, the demand of the working people who have the ability to pay lags behind the growth of production, which makes the supply and demand of goods out of line and makes the sales of goods encounter great difficulties. When it develops to a sharp level, an economic crisis will occur.

Socialist commodity circulation

The circulation of socialist commodities reflects the relationship between workers United on the basis of public ownership of means of production, and exchanges their activities by selling commodities in the market. It mainly includes: ① the commodity exchange relationship between the economy owned by the whole people and the economy owned by the collective. The existence of two kinds of socialist public ownership is the basis of this exchange relationship. Because the main body of the national ownership economy is concentrated in cities, mainly engaged in industrial production, while the main body of the collective ownership economy is scattered in rural areas, mainly engaged in agricultural production, this kind of market commodity exchange has formed the economic ties between cities and villages, industry and agriculture, and embodied the socialist workers' group based on the two public ownership, that is, the mutual cooperation and collaboration between workers and farmers in exchange activities. (2) the exchange relationship between enterprises owned by the whole people. The nature of enterprises owned by the whole people as relatively independent economic entities and the status of socialist commodity producers operating independently and taking responsibility for their own profits and losses are the basis of this exchange relationship. It is not an exchange between different owners, but an exchange between various components within the ownership of the whole people. After the exchange of products, the ownership still belongs to the socialist countries. This kind of communication communicates the economic ties between enterprises owned by the whole people in different sectors of the national economy, and embodies the mutual assistance and cooperation among joint workers with the same fundamental interests and different geographical interests among enterprises in the economy owned by the whole people. (3) Commodity exchange relationship between collectively-owned enterprises. The means of production and labor products belong to different collective enterprises and are the basis of this commodity exchange. Through this commodity exchange, urban and rural collective enterprises with different social division of labor obtain each other's products to meet the needs of reproduction. This exchange reflects the mutual assistance and cooperation of joint workers in different collective enterprises in exchange activities. (4) Commodity exchange relationship in which state functionaries purchase consumer goods from enterprises owned by the whole people. According to the principle of distribution according to work, the state pays wages and bonuses to employees in the form of money, which is the basis of this exchange. This kind of business between state employees and enterprises owned by the whole people must also follow the principle of equivalent exchange of commodities, and the prices of various commodities should also be based on value. After the exchange, the ownership of the goods is transferred to the workers and becomes their personal property. From these aspects, it has the basic characteristics of commodity circulation. However, the labor force of employees is not a commodity. In this kind of commodity circulation, workers can only buy but not sell, and the state can only sell but not buy. From this perspective, this is a socialist commodity exchange relationship different from the general commodity exchange.

It has different meanings in different situations. Here are some explanations, hoping to help you.

1. The transfer of money or other means of exchange between people in the whole group or society.

2. Lending books or other books and materials

3. Communication between people or between regions

4. Circulating flow

By means (), and by means ()? "Communication" means comprehensive understanding and mastery. "Three links" refers to Tsinghua University's "linking China and the West", "linking ancient and modern times" and "linking arts and sciences". This sentence is aimed at Xin Wei's eccentricity. The competition of national strength depends on the competition of talents. 2 1 century is a society with rapid development of knowledge economy, which puts forward higher requirements for talents.

What is the basic explanation of dredging?

1, unblock the blockage, make the water flow or traffic smooth, dredge.

Dredge the field drains.

2. Mediation of disputes between the two parties; Eliminate mutual obstacles

What does it mean to be coherent and fluent?

What does the avatar mean? Have extraordinary abilities.

Such as the eye of heaven, the foot of heaven, etc.

Gods and great avatar

It is easy to move the mountain into the sea.

What does communication mean? Communication refers to the process in which people communicate with each other directly or indirectly in a certain social environment by means of the same symbol system, such as language, characters, images, symbols, gestures, etc., and convey their own views, thoughts, knowledge, hobbies, emotions, wishes and other information.

According to different standards, communication can be divided into different types.

(A) according to whether there is organizational relationship between communicators to classify dependence.

Formal communication.

Informal communication.

Formal communication

Refers to the information transmission and exchange according to the structural system and the path, direction and medium of information flow stipulated by the organization. Formal communication is to use the normal channels between the leader and the led to spread all kinds of information, some of which should be household names, and some only reach a certain range.

The advantages of this kind of communication are formal, serious and authoritative; People who participate in communication generally have a strong sense of responsibility and obligation, so it is easy to maintain the accuracy and confidentiality of communication information. The disadvantages are rigidity, lack of flexibility, limited information dissemination scope and slow communication speed.

Informal communication

Refers to the information transmission and exchange in a certain social system through channels other than formal organizations. This kind of communication is mainly through personal contact, in many ways and amorphous. For example, rumors among colleagues, gossip among acquaintances and so on. Information can't control its flow, commonly known as "gossip".

This kind of communication is often a non-serious flow under the conditions of place, time and occasion without organizational constraints and interference, and has the characteristics of spontaneity, flexibility, rapidity and randomness.

Its advantage is that it is easy to express the true mentality, so it is easy to obtain useful information that is difficult to obtain in formal communication, which can enhance emotional communication and play an important and positive role in changing people's attitudes and behaviors. However, due to the randomness of this kind of communication, information distortion and distortion are more likely.

(two) according to the different media.

1. Language exchange

Use spoken and written language to communicate.

2. Nonverbal interpersonal communication

It uses informal language symbols to communicate, such as body movements and facial expressions.

3. Electronic communication

(3) According to whether the identities of the sender and the receiver of the information are interchangeable.

one-way communication

Two-way communication

one-way communication

Refers to the equal status of the sender and the receiver, such as technical lectures, speeches, radio and television, etc. , mainly spread ideas and opinions, not pay attention to feedback. One-way communication has the characteristics of high speed, low interference, strong organization and wide coverage. If the opinions are clear and there is no need for discussion, it is urgent to let the other party know that one-way communication should be adopted.

both-way communication

In the process of communication, constantly exchange the status of the sender and the receiver, and exchange information and feedback many times, such as group discussion and consultation. Two-way communication is slow and easy to be disturbed, but it can get feedback information and understand the acceptance situation, and at the same time make the two sides of communication have psychological interaction, which can make the two sides explain and understand the information carefully and fully.

Exchange ideas, exchange needed goods ~

Understand with your heart if you don't understand ~ communication between people is very important.

Mutual understanding is a good thing.

What does self-study mean? Hello!

Self-study means that you can understand, understand or be familiar with something without the help of teachers or others.