Chen (1848— 1935), whose real name is also An and The Old Man Listening to Water. Han nationality, ancestral home in Luozhou (now Fuzhou), Min County, Fujian Province. Chen, the great-grandson of the minister of punishments, was an important official and scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. He is the deputy commander-in-chief of Zhenghongqi Han Army and the adviser minister of Zhongbi in the cabinet. He studied under Emperor Xuan Tong of the Qing Dynasty.
Chen Shisan entered the Jinshi at the age of 18 and was chosen at the age of 18. Seven years of Tongzhi (1868), at the age of twenty-one, he was admitted to Chen Wu Tongzhi and was awarded the title of imperial academy. Ten years of Tongzhi (187 1), thirteen years of Tongzhi (1874), Chen was promoted to assistant lecturer in imperial academy, full-time lecturer, bachelor of cabinet, and assistant minister of does. After the Sino-French War, Tang Jiong and Yan Xu participated in praising the improper military affairs, and were demoted by the Ministry by grade nine. Since then, they have been idle at home for 25 years. In my spare time, I am keen on the education in my hometown. Xuantongyuannian (1909) was re-appointed as the president of Chongli College in Beijing. After the Revolution of 1911, he was still the teacher of Puyi. /kloc-died in Jingyu in 0/935, and was given a gift by posthumous title, a "Wen" and a "Tai Shi".
Chen entered the Hanlin in his early years and dared to remonstrate. Together with Zhang Zhidong, Zhang Peilun and Bao Ting, he was called "four admonitions in Shu" and was deeply loved by the Qing emperors.
Chinese name: Chen.
Chen Baochen Mbth
Alias: Bo Qian, An Hao, an old man listening to water.
Nationality: China (Qing Dynasty)
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Place of Birth: Luozhou, Min County, Fujian Province
Date of birth:1848101October 19.
Date of death:1March 5, 935
Occupation: official, scholar
Main achievements: the last emperor
Representative works: Poems of Cang Qu Lou, Poems of Listening to Shui Zhai.
Posthumous title: Wen.
Posthumously awarded: Taishi
Place of death: Tianjin
Tomb site: Denglongling, 300m west of Zhu Jun Village, Mawei District, Fuzhou.
Official position: Bachelor of Cabinet and Assistant Minister of Rites
The life of the character
early stage
In the 28th year of Daoguang (1848), Chen was born in Luozhou, Min County, Fujian Province, and his great-grandfather Chen was an official of the Ministry of Justice. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Chen family moved south from Gushi, Henan Province to Fujian, and settled in Luojiang during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty. It was called "Luozhou Chen" in history and has been passed down to this generation for the 19th century. The sixth ancestor of Chen family was the first scholar in the eleventh year of Ming Jiajing. Since then, the first generation often entered the official career from the imperial examination. Since Chen Ruolin and Chen became a great teacher. After Chen, the five generations of Jinshi were 2 1 person,11person.
Tongzhi seven years (1868), Chen Zhong Jinshi, selected works of the academician courtyard. Chen's six brothers, his younger brothers Chen Bao _ and Chen, are all scholars, while Chen's three younger brothers Chen Baoqi, Chen Bao _ and Chen Dou are from juren backgrounds, so they are called "six sons' family", which shows their prominence.
In the first year of Guangxu (1875), Bobby Chen served as assistant minister of Hanlin, and discussed politics with Zhang Peilun, a bachelor, the general political affairs envoy and assistant minister Bao Ting, which were collectively called "four remonstrances for clean flow".
Safeguard sovereignty
Guangxu four years (1878), the Qing court sent Wan Yan Chonghou to Russia. Respect for thick and fear of death, signing unequal treaties without authorization. Chen burst into tears, pointing out that the country cannot lose its sovereignty, and insisting that "the whole country should respect and destroy the Russian Covenant". His subsequent suggestion that officials in the three northeastern provinces should be both Manchu and Han Chinese was undoubtedly far-sighted. In the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), Russia occupied nine cities in Yili, Xinjiang, and Chen tried to recover them.
In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), he served as the official of Wuying Hall. The eunuchs around Cixi fought with the guards at the meridian gate of the Qing Palace. Cixi favored the eunuch who caused the accident and ordered the guards who stood by their posts to be severely punished. Chen's persuasion finally made Cixi take back her life. This "Chen Geng Wumen case" caused a sensation in the ruling and opposition parties. The following year, he was awarded a bachelor's degree, worked as an assistant lecturer in imperial academy, and compiled The Biography of Mu Zong. In the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), he studied politics in Jiangxi and rebuilt Bailudong Academy. In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), he was awarded a bachelor's degree in cabinet and assistant minister of rites for being ordered to proofread the sermon of Emperor Mu as a reward. At that time, China was being invaded by the French, and Zhang Peilun, the leader of Chen Heqing School, strongly recommended Tang Jiong and Xu for military posts.
In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), Chen wrote that Emperor Guangxu should recruit and train soldiers with reference to the western training methods, and listed four major events: salary increase, selection of generals, training and simple equipment. He advocated changing training methods to achieve Qiang Bing's goal, appointing talents according to the actual situation, and making training lasting and long-term by raising salary. After Emperor Guangxu promoted Chen, he had to deal with Nanyang. Later, because Tang Jiong's defeat and Xu recommended by him were implicated, the official department negotiated to drop him by five grades.
Live in Fuzhou
In the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), Chen went to Taiwan at the invitation of Liu Mingchuan, the governor of Taiwan Province. After Chen returned to Fujian, he restored the ancestral library and built the Tibetan music building. Since then, he has been reading, writing poems and writing behind closed doors. In the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), he was the dean of Aofeng Academy in Chen Ren. With the goal of cultivating a large number of talents and popularizing education, he advocated the establishment of East Literature School, Normal School, Politics and Law School and Business School. Japanese law, politics, business, industry and agriculture students go to Pai Cheng to study.
In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Chen was appointed as the general manager of Fujian Railway, presided over the railway construction, and Chen was appointed as the supervisor of Fujian University. He was overwhelmed by the busy academic work. To this end, he invited the provincial gentry to have a discussion, and the proposal to create an all-Fujian education consulting organization was unanimously passed. In the same year 1 1 month, Fujian Society (the predecessor of Fujian Education Society) was announced and Chen was elected as its president. After the establishment of the Society, due to the concerted efforts of Qi Xin, a small climax of setting up primary schools was set off in Bamin. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), the normal school (now Fujian Normal University) was founded under the auspices of Chen.
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), after Puyi ascended the throne, Chen initiated the initiative of "Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898" and called for the promulgation of laws to praise him. He was taught by Emperor Puyi for three years and was greatly favored.
The Last Emperor
In the first year (1909), Chen was called to Beijing as the editor-in-chief of the museum. In three years (19 1 1), Chen walked in Yuqing Palace, served as the teacher of Emperor Puyi, and rode horses for the Forbidden City. He succeeded the Deputy Commander-in-Chief and Minister of Advice of the Han Army.
In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), 12 February, the Qing emperor abdicated and still followed Puyi. He ordered the revision of Dezong's records. In the early years of the Republic of China, Chen still belonged to the small court in the Forbidden City, which shows that he was deeply influenced by the traditional thought of loyalty to the monarch and repaying the kindness. In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), Chen was ordered by the major to take notes.
In the tenth year of the Republic of China (192 1 year), it was given to Taifu. In the 12th year of the Republic of China (1923), Zheng was introduced into the palace. In October of the 13th year of the Republic of China (1924), Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City. When Puyi saw Chen, she cried and said, "I am ashamed to see my ancestors!" Chen quickly comforted him: "The emperor must not be sad. Since ancient times, how can there be an immortal dynasty? And I came to this point in the Qing Dynasty not because I lost my virtue and was usurped, nor because the emperor was the king of national subjugation. The emperor is still young and knowledgeable, and he should become the president of the Republic of China in the future. At that time, it was impossible to comfort our ancestors. "
die a natural death
In the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), Puyi moved to Tianjin and Chen Ye moved to Tianjin to work. In November of the 20th year of the Republic of China (193 1), Puyi was lured to the northeast by the Japanese invaders as a puppet of Manchuria, and followed the next year. He strongly advocated the restoration of the Qing empire and opposed Puyi's appointment as the president of the puppet Manchukuo controlled by Japan, but he disagreed with Puyi and Zheng. He persuaded: "If you rush in, it will be easier to go back." Although Puyi thought he was "honest and pedantic", he risked his life to go to the northeast to remonstrate and was almost imprisoned by the Japanese Kwantung Army. He returned to Tianjin in frustration.
He died in the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935) at the age of 87 and was buried in Fuzhou.
Major achievements
Military thought
Before the Sino-French War, Chen published his views on the "Vietnam issue" for the first time in the book "Chen's Military Affairs in Vietnam" written on April 10th, the eighth year of Guangxu (1882). He said that Vietnam is to Yunnan and Guangdong, and the so-called auxiliary vehicles are dependent on each other. Once Vietnam became a French colony, China's southwest frontier was "forced by other nationalities everywhere". He also believes that after the French control Vietnam, they will immediately "compete for space, frame others and expand business" with China. And France is "determined to gnaw" and "insatiable". Chen foresaw that France would provoke a war against China sooner or later, and the Sino-French war would inevitably break out.
In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), Chen once again reminded the Qing government to resolutely resist France's expansionist ambitions with a tough attitude towards Vietnam. It is precisely because of "the fall of Vietnam" that China's southwest frontier will feel insecure. Therefore, Chen thinks that "instead of peeling off its skin, getting close to it, taking the frontier defense sea as the left and right, why not take advantage of the black flag, Ruan Jinyong's heart has not gone, take a righteous teacher to make it flat, and take a treaty to set its alliance"? The so-called "teacher promotion" obviously contains a tit-for-tat view of the main battle. In view of the fierce debate between "peace" and "war", Chen believes that the survival of Vietnam is the key to decide the issue of peace and war. "If Vietnam is not lost, it will be easy to fight, and if Vietnam is lost, it will be difficult to fight", which is quite insightful. The Sino-French war is imminent. Chen believes that France is afraid of a protracted war and needs a quick decision, but it is unable to maintain the long-term consumption of confrontation. Obviously, Chen's analysis is more objective.
During the Sino-French negotiations with Vietnam and the Sino-French war, Chen's leading thought in solving the conflict was the main battle. The three strategies put forward by Chen in Vietnam's military affairs, namely, "seeking the governor of Guangdong", "gathering water" and "attaching importance to land", can be said to be the keynote of his overall military strategy in the future.
Diplomatic thought
During the Sino-French War, Chen clearly put forward the idea of "United States" for the diplomacy of the Qing government. He believes: "Morality, law and hatred are also involved, so why should the law temporarily forget morality?" ? Russia is in trouble, Germany has no help, and France dares to speak out. The stronger the law, the more powerful it is, and it is not the benefits of virtue that are feared. Therefore, if China wants to refuse the law, it must unite with Germany. "So I suggested:" I should be ordered to make the German minister take the opportunity to talk about your relationship, happiness and contact. "At the same time, we promoted the construction of iron boats in German factories and bought more guns from Mao Se. When negotiating with German officials and businessmen, we can doubt the law. Virtue and sincerity avoid the law, but they are solid with me and full of yin to help me, that is, they can't get the gist, but they make the French army have scruples, fully share their potential and disturb their plans. "
Chen's so-called "union with the state" points out two points: (1) We should pay full attention to the contradiction between Germany and France. If France becomes stronger because of the occupation of Vietnam, this is what Germany is most worried about, so Germany is bound to unite with China and secretly help China contain France; (2) It has aroused widespread public opinion that China and Germany have close diplomatic relations. Even if the Sino-German alliance failed in fact, the French had great doubts and could not concentrate on dealing with China. Chen's analysis and proposition that "China wants to refuse to unite with France" shows that he has noticed the use of contradictions in diplomacy.
Although Chen's diplomatic means of "uniting Germany and rejecting France" has not been implemented in practice, it reflects that Chen's flexible diplomatic strategy is feasible and has practical significance.
modern education
1895, Xian Lijun, Yongtai Township, Fuzhou, used the profit from the opening of the silver dollar bureau to set up Cangxia Jingshe. 1897 Japanese literature was added, called "Oriental Literature Museum", and Chen Ren was the curator and prime minister. After the Reform Movement of 1898, all parts of Fujian proposed to run primary and secondary schools, but the teachers of new education were particularly lacking. At that time, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang negotiated with Chen to expand the "East Literature Museum" into a formal all-Fujian normal school, and fully trained teachers of new education to solve the urgent need. Chen Xinran agreed and became the school inspector (principal). This school is also one of the earliest normal schools in China. Chen personally wrote the school motto for the school: "If you turn people into customs, you must learn their ways, learn from their old ones and learn from their new ones." . In addition, he also wrote a "Caution for Starting School", which is quite similar to the later "Code for Normal Students" and has become the criterion for all normal schools in Fujian to train students. From 1903 to 1909, * * * trained 700 graduates, most of whom became the backbone of primary and secondary school teachers in Fujian. In July 25, Fujian Normal School merged with Fuzhou Normal School and Jian 'ou Normal School. In March 27, the provincial normal school was moved to Yong 'an, and it was renamed as the provincial Yong 'an Normal School in March1. After the founding of New China, it was taken over by the people's government. 1966 After the Cultural Revolution began, Yongan Normal School once stopped enrolling students. 197 1 year1kloc-0/month, the Revolutionary Committee of Fujian Province decided to reopen Sanming Normal School on the basis of the original Yong 'an Normal School. On May 8, 2004, the Ministry of Education approved the Fujian Provincial People's Government to upgrade sanming university to Sanming University.
1905, Chen was appointed as the supervisor of Fujian higher education institutions, and his busy academic affairs overwhelmed him. To this end, he invited the provincial gentry to have a discussion, and the proposal to create an all-Fujian education consulting organization was unanimously passed. 1 1 year, Fujian Society (the predecessor of Fujian Education Society) was announced and Chen was elected as the president. After the establishment of the Society, due to the concerted efforts of Qi Xin, a small climax of setting up primary schools was set off in Bamin. By 1909, when Chen resumed his official position in Jinjing (also served as a bachelor of cabinet and assistant minister of rites), more than 30 public and private primary schools had been established in urban and rural areas of Fuzhou, and new education became a common practice. During this period, I forgot to eat and sleep, and I worked hard, which really contributed.
What is more commendable is that Chen also generously supported his wife Wang Meishou to establish a new type of women's education. 1906, Wang Meishou founded the "Women's Normal College" and was responsible for its management. 1907, the women's vocational school came out, and Wang Meishou was in charge; 1909, the two schools merged into "Women's Normal School", and Wang Meishou was the supervisor. It can be said that without Chen's full support, the foothold and development of Fujian's new women's education is unimaginable. People have their own steelyard. Chen's contribution to modern education in Fujian is obvious to all. Therefore, it is natural for future generations to have a good reputation for him.
Personality assessment
Personal work
His works include Poems of Cangjie Building, Wencun of Cangjie Building, Green Fu of Cangjie Building, Grass in the South, Chen Wenzhong Memorial, etc. And 90 entertainment couplets are included in Cang Qu Lou.
family member
parents
Madame
Little brothers and sisters
son
Chen Maoyi (premature death), Chen Maofu, Chen Maogen, Chen Maoxu and Chen Maosui.
Commemoration of future generations
Former?Residence?
Chen's former residence is located in Luozhou Town, a suburb of Fuzhou, also known as "the fifth floor of Chen", covering an area of 4 1 13 square meters. According to the construction time, the "fifth floor" is "Book Donation Building", "Reading Building", "Tibetan Music Building", "Wangbei Building" and "_ Building" in turn. Chen's great-grandfather, Chen Jian, has a "gift kiosk" to collect books given by the emperor. Later, the emperor gave many books to Chen, and changed the "gift kiosk" to "gift library". "Huandu Building" collected a large number of folk rare books and rare books, which was the largest private library in Fuzhou at that time. "Tibetan Qu Lou" was built after Chen retired to Luozhou, with a large collection of antiques, epigraphy, calligraphy and painting. "Chen's fifth floor" is a small wooden building with delicate and elegant details such as window grilles and column bases.
On 1983, "the fifth floor of the Chen family" was announced as a municipal cultural relics protection unit. On June 20 10, the restored Tibetan Qulou, Huandu Loulou, Wangbei Loulou and _ Loulou, as well as iron poles and folding corridors, were all completely renewed.
graveyard
Chen Tomb is located in Denglongling, 300 meters west of Mawei Village, Fuzhou. It was built in the 12th year of the Republic of China (1923). It is located in the northeast-southwest zigzag with a four-level tomb level. The top of the earth is covered with a kettle and a tombstone stands in front. The inscription reads: "Chen Wenzhong Cemetery, a Qing Dynasty Taishi and Taifu.
Artistic image