In the current residence, the kitchen and bathroom have risen from the original auxiliary space to the space that is equally valued by residents as the living room and bedroom. Because of its strong functionality, it is called the "heart" of the house. This is a multifunctional and frequently used space. Its rationality directly affects the quality of life of residents and becomes an important factor to reflect the hygiene, safety and comfort of a house. Because it contains the most kinds of products, all kinds of pipelines are concentrated in a narrow space, involving more specialties and types of work, and must meet the requirements of various specifications, the design, construction and installation are complex and technically difficult.
At present, China's housing advocates one-time decoration, but many of them only do initial decoration, and kitchens and bathrooms are often not equipped, so tenants will carry out decoration and secondary decoration. Because the types and sizes of equipment selected by residents are not uniform, and the installation locations are different, it is very difficult for designers to adapt to the design completed in advance. Moreover, there are many kinds of kitchen and bathroom products at home and abroad with poor compatibility and interchangeability, which makes the design of kitchen and bathroom more difficult. In addition, the layout of living room and bedroom is given priority in general residential design, and the layout and position of kitchen and bathroom are unfavorable, which involves cross-cooperation with various equipment specialties and is difficult to handle. In addition, some developers are not active in adopting new products and technologies from the perspective of investment cost, which also limits the design in many aspects.
At present, residents' requirements for kitchen and bathroom are increasing day by day, and they are willing to invest more and do more, and the newly renovated house just leaves room for this. However, due to various reasons, it has caused certain difficulties to the decoration work. First, the pipes are clustered and irregular, which not only affects the appearance but also makes it difficult to install the whole kitchen cabinet; Second, various interfaces are not in place, which greatly limits residents' choice and installation of various equipment; Third, the pipeline passes through other spaces, which is difficult to handle and affects the decoration and use of other rooms; Fourthly, most households are decoration enthusiasts, so it is difficult to fully understand the performance and characteristics of various products and materials in a short time, and they lack the ability of unified design and configuration. As a result, a lot of money has been spent, but there are many shortcomings, and the characteristics of products and materials have not been fully exerted.
In view of this situation, the thinking of residential design should be updated. First of all, in design, we should change the previous concept of mainly living room and bedroom. In the design, we should not only consider the space quality of living room, bedroom and other bedrooms, but also leave a reasonable space position for kitchen and bathroom, instead of treating it as a secondary space, thinking that just giving a position is enough, which is the premise to improve the quality of kitchen and bathroom. The next step is to consider the overall design of the kitchen and bathroom. It should be recognized that the functional quality of kitchen and bathroom is the confluence of design, products, materials, construction and other aspects, and it should be considered comprehensively. From the requirements of its functional quality, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the plane layout, area scale, equipment configuration, line layout, interface technology, ventilation and decoration materials. Avoid doing only partial, single professional and single decoration materials.
At present, many cities have relevant standards for the initial decoration construction and decoration design of houses. In this way, in house design, design and project acceptance can be carried out according to the overall design policy and relevant standards and specifications, which can provide great convenience for decoration, reduce the waste of materials, manpower and financial resources, meet the needs of different levels and achieve the expected results.
Combined with our work and engineering design practice of compiling national architectural standard design atlas such as "Residential Kitchen" and "Residential Bathroom", this paper introduces several new methods of kitchen and bathroom design.
1 Laying method of concealed pipe for toilet water supply and drainage pipeline
There are three ways to arrange the water supply and drainage pipes in the bathroom: sinking type, cushion type and pipe through wall type, and there are different types of toilets, floor drains and other supporting parts. The concrete methods of laying submerged pipes are as follows: the structural layer of the bathroom sinks locally, the sinking layer is waterproof, the water supply and drainage pipes are laid according to the design elevation and slope, and the concrete precast slab is set overhead, and the waterproof and surface layer is made after leveling. In order to ensure the clear height of the toilet is 2.2m, and the sinking space should be 0.35-0.4m Combined with the actual situation of the project, light materials such as cinder can also be used to replace the overhead concrete slab. Cushion method is to lay the water supply and drainage pipeline in the cushion of light material, and the height of the cushion is within the range of 0. 15-0.2m, that is, there is a height difference between the living room floor and the bathroom floor, so a multi-channel floor drain with good performance should be selected. These two methods ensure that horizontal water supply and drainage pipes are laid in the house, and avoid the disadvantages of neighbors such as maintenance. The pipe wall type is to add a wall with an interval of about 0.2m behind the sanitary ware to form a special space for placing pipes. This method is suitable for the situation of large bathroom area, and the hanging washbasin and toilet are selected. Combined with the actual situation of the project, column washbasin and rear drainage toilet can also be used instead. The elevation of the indoor drainage branch pipe is higher than the floor where the residents are located, and the water supply and drainage supervisor, horizontal pipe and vertical pipe of the bathroom are laid in the sandwich wall to meet the requirements of hygiene, neatness and beauty.
2 kitchen piping layout
In the kitchen, in order to adapt to the complete configuration of kitchen cabinets and kitchen appliances; There are three ways to hide pipes. One is to reserve a riser area of 0. 1m on the back of the kitchen cabinet, lay water supply, hot water, gas and drainage pipes along the wall from top to bottom, and open valves and inspection doors needed to clean the opening at the corresponding parts of the back panel of the kitchen cabinet. Second, there is a gap of 0.05-0. 1m between the kitchen cabinet and the floor (Figure 3), which is suitable for the situation that the washing pool is close to the main drainage pipe and the slope of the branch drainage pipe is small. If new pipes such as aluminum-plastic composite pipe are selected, the water supply pipe and hot water pipe can be laid on the surface, and there is no pipe joint in the buried part. This practice affects a certain storage space because there are vertical branch pipes passing through the kitchen cabinet. The third is that the drain pipe of the washing pool is in the cabinet, the water supply pipe and hot water pipe are laid along the wall, the ceiling or hanging cabinet board is hidden, and the vertical branch pipe is laid. It also achieves the purpose of neatness, beauty and easy maintenance. The layout of gas pipes and meters shall conform to the regulations, and the decoration shall be as convenient as possible.
3 pipeline well
Tube well is a space containing all kinds of risers and instruments, and its location is planned to be set around the kitchen and bathroom with the most pipes and instruments. In order to make the vertical main pipe close to the corresponding equipment and reduce the length of the horizontal pipe, considering that there is no need to look up the table at home, several pipe wells can be set indoors. Its plane layout can be located in the inner corner of the kitchen, and the section size should meet the modulus standard and coordinate with the depth size of the console or exhaust duct; It can also be located at the partition wall adjacent to the kitchen. The pipe shaft in the bathroom space can be located in the inner corner of the bathroom or at the adjacent partition wall, and the cross-sectional size conforms to the modulus standard, which can be designed integrally with the exhaust pipe.
4 equipment location reservation and various interface design
Reserve the location of water heater and design all kinds of interfaces in place. The Code for Residential Design (GB50096- 1999) clearly stipulates that "the kitchen or bathroom where the water heater is installed should reserve the installation position and holes for exhaust". Regarding the electrical design, it is stipulated that "the kitchen power socket and the bathroom power socket should be provided with independent circuits" and "the cross section of incoming line of each household should not be less than 10mm, and the cross section of branch circuit should not be less than 2.5mm". According to this design, the storage electric water heater has sufficient power supply. For the installation of wall-mounted large-capacity electric water heater, it should also be considered that the material and structure of the wall must ensure sufficient connection strength. In gas water heaters, except for the balanced type and forced air supply and exhaust type, which can be located in toilets with external windows, other types should be designed according to the settings in the kitchen, and the air supply and exhaust conditions should be considered. From the point of view of safety and large hot water flow, the design should be balanced, forced discharge or forced discharge. For the selected products, exhaust holes (or exhaust pipes) should be reserved for the through-wall holes, and concrete prefabricated blocks with holes can be built, and attention should be paid to keeping a certain distance between the hole and the adjacent windows to prevent waste gas from flowing into the room. In addition, at the height of 1.6- 1.7m beside the water heater body, a power socket (earth leakage protection) is provided for the flue gas exhaust motor. The installation height of hot and cold water pipes and gas pipes of gas water heater is1.1-kloc-0/.3m, which is convenient for piping and maintenance. In the climate without icing, the gas riser and instrument can be designed on the service balcony (closed) outside the kitchen, which is convenient for the installation of the gas water heater body and exhaust pipe (supply and exhaust pipe).
5 Application of new pipes and fittings
Adopting new pipes and fittings is a revolution to change the traditional piping mode, starting with design. The production and promotion of chemical building materials in China have gradually achieved results. At present, rigid PVC pipes, foamed PVC pipes, aluminum-plastic composite pipes, cross-linked polyethylene pipes, cross-linked polybutylene pipes and polyethylene gas pipes have formed production capacities of different scales. This new type of pipeline has the advantages of small occupied space, good water flow condition, long service life, few joints and convenient connection. When designed, it can be used as kitchen and bathroom pipes according to local supply conditions. In addition, in the water supply system, the water separator can be selected as the connecting pipe between the household pipeline and each water supply branch pipe to keep the balance of water quantity and water pressure and ensure the uniform water supply of all water appliances. Moreover, due to the reduction of pipe joints, the local resistance of the pipeline is reduced, the water pressure is stable, and the water supply noise is reduced.
These practices in kitchen and bathroom design are not only suitable for one-time decoration of residential buildings, but also suitable for newly renovated residential buildings, and have wide applicability. Only when the design is in place can we create conditions for product selection, installation and pipeline connection. , improve the overall functional level of kitchen and bathroom.
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