The tombs left in the Neolithic Age can be divided into three categories: ① Courtyard cone-shaped stone piles, characterized by covered stone pile corridors, the whole tomb group is located in a long stone pile, some of which are more than 45 meters long and found in Northern Ireland; (2) The passage tomb, the most important type in early Irish history, is characterized by being concentrated on the top of the mountain, and a large number of abstract geometric patterns are carved on the cross-shaped stone surface in the tomb. The new Granci cemetery in Boyne's tomb is the most beautiful megalithic cemetery in Europe; ③ Wedge-shaped promenade, smaller in scale.
In the early bronze age, Ireland became an important metal manufacturing center, exporting metal products to Britain and northern Europe, crescent-shaped gold coins to France and the Baltic region, and carving decorative patterns on daily dishes made of gold coins. The exquisite metal products such as gold earrings, pins, rings and bracelets in this period are very similar to the early Irish culture and the early Michelin culture in Greece.
The early iron age art in Ireland is mainly represented by metal products, which are preserved in small quantities but of high quality and occupy a particularly important position in Irish art history. Later, the origin of Christian artistic style can be traced back to here. Bronze ware is the dominant metal product in this period. Horn pattern is one of the basic patterns in early Irish art.
From the 5th century to10th century, Irish art has made outstanding achievements in manuscript decoration, stone carving and metalworking. In Ireland, the use of calligraphy came into being at the same time as Christianity. Christian culture combines Roman culture, Cartesian tradition and German tradition. Irish priests developed a clear and beautiful calligraphy with Celtic semi-Ansel font, which can be found in hymn manuscripts at the end of the 6th century. From this, we can see the decoration of Irish manuscripts, which is characterized by using vermilion to enlarge the 1 letter and decorating it with patterns. This method continued until the eighth century when the first letter occupied the whole page. The most important center of Irish color decoration research is Trinity College in Dublin. The college has a book of heroes in the legal field, which is a gospel written after the middle of17th century, and it is also the earliest work with Irish local style in early Christianity. Its full-page decoration is a mixture of Celtic patterns (spiral patterns and horn patterns), Anglo-Saxon patterns and Mediterranean patterns. In addition, Trinity College also has books by kells, Ma Di and Alma.
The monument preserved in Ireland is not a church, but a carved circular cross. Its arm extends out of the ring, its rod stands on a pyramid-shaped or conical base, and the surfaces of the cross and the base are engraved with decorative reliefs. The earliest cross in the 7th century was in the peninsula of Inishowen, and the most important group was in Condona. The center of the best monument in the 8th century is in Ahenny-Kilkeelen, which is characterized by striking decorative reliefs on the rings, columns, roofs and panels, with a spiral horn. In the Barrow Valley, a group of 9th-century monuments are characterized by a circular top: the carved board engraved with biblical scenes on the front column of the cross is simple and stylized. Crohn McNoyce is probably the most important center of early Irish stone carving. Besides the cross, there are many tombstones. These tombstones are beautifully designed. 10 century is the peak of its development. The most complete one is preserved in Muradah, which describes the final trial, suffering and other scenes in high relief.
Early Irish buildings were all made of wood, so they were not preserved. Stone buildings generally appeared in10 ~12nd century. Although there are many churches, they are all small. The best example is Gallerous's stone chapel with winged support structure, which is shaped like an inverted ship without mortars. It is worth noting that the monastery was built on the Rocky Mountain in Michael, Scarling, Atlantic Ocean. The best example of the early stone church is St. Kevin's church. The monastery building is characterized by a round tower-a bell tower and a monk's refuge. The time limit is from the late 9th century to12nd century.
Exquisite decoration was first used in Irish churches at the beginning of 12 century. Colemark church first introduced Romanesque style to Ireland; In Cachere, Romanesque style has also been absorbed into sculpture. Romanesque zigzag flowers, human heads and animal patterns are intertwined with local patterns in Normandy, and the convent in Cronmonois is an example. The most Irish-Roman sculpture is the entrance of Kirchen and Cronfeld, and the low relief lines are beautifully decorated and wild.
The Anglo-Norman invasion interrupted the tradition of Irish art, and the tradition of ancient Celtic was also taken away by the mainland style. In the following centuries, only architecture and sculpture can be mentioned. The Sissi Xi 'an religious architecture on the European continent took root in Ireland at this time, and its remains in Melifeng and other places left a deep impression on people. Sculpture combines Irish, French or British traditions. /kloc-In the 3rd century, the Anglo-Normans built early English Catholic churches, with the best examples in Cachere and kilkenny. The main center of Irish-Norman architecture and sculpture is Triem, where there are castles, Catholic churches, monasteries and statues. The buildings that retain Irish traditions are Franciscan monasteries and towers.
In Ireland, the Renaissance came very late. It first appeared on Tudor-style interior decoration, fireplaces and other small objects in England, but most of them were destroyed by the war, and only Aumund Castle, the main residence of Elizabethan manor, was preserved. It was not until the late17th century that Duke Ormond redesigned Dublin, and the full influence of the Renaissance was revealed. During the period of great development of civil and public buildings, painting and sculpture did not make achievements, while minor arts such as book binding and glass mosaic flourished in the second half of the18th century. At this time, the art center was in Dublin, and the representative works in the buildings included Irish Bank, Kiel Mayham Hospital, Trinity College Library, Tyrone Building, Clanwilliam Building, Powerscourt Building and leinster Building (now Parliament Building). /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/8th century or/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, Carlo's palace buildings and Dunlavin's market buildings were also famous. Irish architecture declined in the late19th century. Famous buildings in Dublin include Trinity College Museum and Kildare Street Club. Outstanding printmakers J. Ma Erdun and G. Peteris made some excellent etchings depicting Dublin at the beginning of the 9th century. In Ireland, painting and sculpture only occupy a small position in art, and painting has literary characteristics, which can be seen from the works of W Auburn, H Horn and D O 'Neill. Artists with their own characteristics and originality after World War II are P Scott, H Heron, O Kelly and I Stewart.
Irish literature Irish literature (Gaelic: litrí ocht &; English: Irishliterature refers to literary works produced in Ireland or created by Irish people. Ireland is a country with a small area and population, but it has made great contributions to world literature that are disproportionate to its land area. Irish literature written in English can be regarded as a branch of English literature. In addition, there are literary works written in Gaelic and other ancient Celtic languages in Ireland. The development of Gaelic literature is mainly confined to the fields of poetry, myths and legends.
Ireland's unique historical and cultural heritage makes English literature in Ireland quite different from that in other English-speaking countries. Irish writers who write in English have inherited many characteristics from the ancient Celtic culture, including the exploration of natural mysteries, exaggerated and absurd narrative style, and ironic creative attitude, and so on. Gaelic and English interact with each other, forming a unique Irish English in grammar and style. Most Irish English writers use this dialect-like English to write.